Ices in the Solar-System : A Volatile-Driven Journey from the Inner Solar System to its Far Reaches

Front Cover
Ices in the Solar System: A Volatile-Driven Journey from the Inner Solar System to its Far Reaches
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Ice song
The Solar System’s ices and their origin
The ice frontier for science in the upcoming decades: A strategy for Solar System exploration?
Introduction
References
Chapter 1 Cold-trapped ices at the poles of Mercury and the Moon
1 Introduction
2 Observations of ices in cold traps
2.1 Initial observations of water ice
2.2 Detailed observations of PSRs
2.2.1 MESSENGER at Mercury
2.2.2 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and other recent spacecraft at the Moon
3 Sources and delivery of polar volatiles
4 The accumulation and loss of ice in cold traps
5 Summary and future missions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Glaciation and glacigenic geomorphology on Earth in the Quaternary Period
1 Introduction
2 The global glacial system (GGS) and the cryosphere
3 The process environments of the GGS that integrate it with climate and the broader global environment
3.1 The subglacial process environment
3.2 The supraglacial process environment
3.3 The glacial Lake process environment
3.3.1 Supraglacial lakes
3.3.2 Subglacial lakes
3.3.3 Proglacial Lakes
3.4 The glaciofluvial process environment
3.4.1 The englacial (including subglacial) glaciofluvial process environment
3.4.2 The proglacial glaciofluvial process environment
3.5 The tidewater and Fjord glacimarine process environment
3.5.1 Controls and feedbacks
3.5.2 The glacimarine sedimentary system
3.5.3 The glacimarine land system
3.6 The pelagic glacimarine process environment
4 Synthesis—The global glacial system, Earth’s cryosphere, and planetary analogues
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3 Ice on Noachian and Hesperian Mars: Atmospheric, surface, and subsurface processes
1 Introduction
2 Question 1: How was ice distributed at the surface of Mars in the Noachian and Hesperian?
3 Question 2: What fraction of observed fluvial geology on Mars is due to ice melt?
4 Question 3: How did the subsurface water inventory and cryosphere evolve with time, and what is its effect on the globa ...
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Glacial deposits, remnants, and landscapes on Amazonian Mars: Using setting, structure, and stratigraphy to unde ...
1 Introduction
2 Key questions about Mars’ Amazonian ice and climate history
2.1 What history of the Late Amazonian Epoch climate is archived in the North and South polar layered deposits?
2.2 What sequence of Late Amazonian Epoch glaciation and deglaciation developed non-polar glacial remnants?
2.3 How widespread were warm-based viscous flow features during the Amazonian?
3 Constraints on the timing of Martian glaciations
4 Conclusions and outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5 Evidence, arguments, and cold-climate geomorphology that favour periglacial cycling at the Martian mid-to-high l ...
1 Introduction
2 Ice-rich landscapes on Earth and on Mars
2.1 Ice complexes on Earth
2.2 Possible ice-complexes and ice-rich landscapes on Mars
2.3 Excess ice on Mars
3 Low to high-centred polygon ratios in Utopia Planitia: Statistical support of an ice-wedge origin
3.1 Ice-wedge polygons (Earth)
3.2 Possible ice-wedge polygons (Mars)
3.3 Testing the ice-wedge hypothesis statistically
3.4 Results and interpretation
4 Periglaciation and time
5 Brine-related eutectic temperatures and water
6 Volcanism and endogenic heat
6.1 Endogenesis (I)
6.2 Endogenesis (II)
7 Periglacial landscapes: relatively recent, ancient, or both?
8 Cold-room (permafrost/active layer) experiments
8.1 Background
8.2 Experiments and results
9 The periodicity of periglacial/glacial cycles, on Mars as on Earth?
10 Discussion and conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 6 Ice Exploration on Mars: Whereto and when?
1 Introduction
2 What on Earth?
2.1 Glacial landscapes and ice (see Gallagher, 2024, pp. 31–72)
2.2 Periglacial landscapes and ice-rich permafrost
3 What on Mars?
3.1 Icy radargrams
3.2 Icy exposures
3.3 Icy scarps
3.4 Ice-rich deposits
3.5 Excess vs glacial ice
4 In the works!
5 Whereto?
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 Ceres—A volatile-rich dwarf planet in the asteroid belt
1 Pre-Dawn evidence for a volatile-rich Ceres
1.1 Discovery and early telescopic observations
1.2 Density and relaxed shape from Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data
1.3 Exosphere
2 Dawn mission background and timeline
2.1 Instruments
2.2 Data coverage and types
3 State of knowledge after Dawn
3.1 Volatile composition
3.2 Exosphere
3.3 Expressions of water at the surface and shallow subsurface
3.3.1 Ice-rich sites
3.3.2 Permanently shadowed regions
3.4 Evidence for a water-rich crust from geological features
3.4.1 Relaxed and central pit craters
3.4.2 Large domes and small mounds
3.4.3 Fluidized landslides
3.4.4 Pits, depressions, and fractures
3.4.5 Salt-rich sites
4 Ceres’ evolution and current interior structure
4.1 Role of water in shaping Ceres’ interior evolution and current state
4.2 Implications for large ice-rich body evolution
5 Ceres origin and implications for the origin of the Main Belt
5.1 Telltale of origin
5.2 Ceres migration—State of understanding
6 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 Small icy bodies in the inner Solar System
1 Introduction
2 Icy bodies: Distinct types or a broad continuum?
3 So where is the ice?
4 How to know if a small body is “icy”?
4.1 Observations of recurrent activity
4.2 Earth-based and space telescope spectral observations
4.3 “In situ” measurements from space missions
5 “How did you get here, and where do you come from?”
6 “What happens to you and your ice?”
7 Future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Jupiter’s ocean worlds: Dynamic ices and the search for life
1 Introduction to the icy Galilean satellites
1.1 Spacecraft exploration history and outlook
1.2 Modern telescopic observation
2 The unique geology of Jovian ice shells
2.1 Europa’s geology
2.1.1 Archetypical European landforms
2.1.2 Geologic history of Europa
2.2 Geology of Ganymede
2.2.1 Archetypical Ganymede landforms
2.2.2 Geologic history of Ganymede
2.3 Geology of Callisto
2.3.1 Archetypical Callisto landforms
2.3.2 Geologic history of Callisto
3 Origin and evolution of the H 2 O layers
3.1 Accretion of volatiles and early evolution
3.2 Powering change within the ice
3.2.1 Construction of the outer icy shells
3.2.2 Radiogenic heating
3.2.3 Tidal heating
3.2.4 Laplace resonance and thermal-orbital evolution
4 Interior structures and dynamics of Jovian hydropsheres
4.1 Outer ice shells
4.1.1 Conductive icy layer: Tectonics and cryovolcanism
4.1.2 Convective icy layer
4.2 Ice-ocean interfaces
4.3 Interior oceans
4.4 Seafloors
4.5 High-pressure ice layers
4.5.1 Ganymede’s high-pressure ice layer
4.5.2 Callisto’s high-pressure ice layer
5 Ice and life
6 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 Titan, Enceladus, and other icy moons of Saturn
1 Introduction
2 Missions to the Saturnian system
3 Titan
3.1 Overview
3.2 Titan’s interior and subsurface ocean
3.3 Geologic features and ice structures Titan’s surface
3.3.1 Surface composition and Cassini VIMS 5- μ m bright features
3.3.2 Equatorial region
3.3.3 Tectonics and labyrinth terrain
3.3.4 Cryovolcanic flows
3.4 Titan’s liquid hydrocarbons and potential for transient freezing
3.4.1 Titan’s lakes and seas
3.4.2 Transient ice formation in Titan’s seas?
3.4.3 Transient ice formation on Titan’s surface?
3.5 Ice in Titan’s atmosphere
4 Enceladus
4.1 Overview
4.2 Enceladus’ Tiger Stripes, plumes, and Saturn’s E ring
4.3 Enceladus’ icy surface and geology
4.4 Comparing Enceladus to other moons
5 Iapetus
5.1 Albedo variation on Iapetus
5.2 Iapetus’ equatorial ridge
6 Dione
7 Hyperion
8 Other Saturnian icy satellites
9 Prebiotic chemistry on icy moons
10 Future missions to Titan and Enceladus
11 Summary
References
Chapter 11 Geocryology of Pluto and the icy moons of Uranus and Neptune
1 Introduction and background
2 Pre-New Horizons understanding
3 Ices in the outer solar system
3.1 Pluto’s ices
3.2 Ices elsewhere
4 Subsurface oceans
4.1 Radiogenic history of Pluto and a possible subsurface ocean
4.2 Triton’s ocean
5 Cryovolcanism
5.1 Cryovolcanism on Pluto
5.2 Triton and the Uranian moons
6 Pluto and Arrokoth
7 Summary and conclusions
References
Index
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