Hypnosis with Children

Cover
Endorsements
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Note to the Fifth Edition
Preface
Part I: Introduction
1. Scenes of Childhood
Introduction
The Urge for Experience
The Urge for Mastery
The Urge for Social Interaction
The Urge for the Inner World of Imagination
The Urge for Wellness
Implications for Hypnotherapy
References
2. Early Uses of Hypnosis with Children
Introduction
Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)
The Franklin Commission
John Elliotson (1791-1868)
James Braid (1795-1860)
Charles Dickens (1812-1870) and Chauncey Hare Townshend (1798-1868)
Jean-Martin Charcot (1835-1893)
Auguste Ambrose Liebault (1823-1904) and Hippolyte Bernheim (1840-1919)
J. Milne Bramwell (1852-1925)
The Beginning of Child Hypnosis in America
Conclusions
References
3. Norms of Hypnotic Responsivity in Children
Introduction
Normative Studies
Hypnosis as a Function of Induction and Measurement Techniques
Hypnosis and the Young Child
Conclusions
References
4. Correlates of Childhood Hypnotic Responsiveness
Introduction
Variables
Age
Sex
Nature of the Induction and of the Suggestion Item
Genetics
Cognitive Development
Child Behavior
Electroencephalographic Patterns
Response to Thermal Biofeedback Training
Control of Tissue Oxygen
Achievement Motivation
Role-playing
Imaginative Involvement
Attitudes toward Adults
Parent-Child Interaction
Factors that May Compromise Hypnotic Responsiveness
Misconceptions about Hypnosis
Attitudes of Significant Adults
Attitudes in Institutional Settings
Parents
Situational Variables
Conclusions
References
5. Hypnotic Invitations for Children: Techniques, Strategies, and Approaches
Techniques, Strategies, and Approaches
The Pre-Invitation Interview
A Sample of Hypnotic Invitation (Induction) Techniques for Children
Visual (Multisensory) Imagery Techniques
Favorite Place
Multiple Animals
Flower Garden
Favorite Activity
Cloud Gazing
Letter Watching
Television or Movie Fantasy
Auditory Imagery
Favorite Song
Playing a Musical Instrument
Listening to Music
Movement Imagery
Flying Blanket
Movement Imagery
Sports Activity
Bouncing Ball
Playground Activity
Be a Snowman [Snowgirl] → Be a Tree
Storytelling Techniques
Ideomotor Techniques
Hands Moving Together
Hand Levitation
Arm Lowering
Finger Lowering
Arm Rigidity
Mighty Oak Tree
Arm Catalepsy
Progressive Relaxation Techniques
Following Breathing
Teddy Bear
Balancing Muscles
Floppy Raggedy Ann or Andy
Eye Fixation Techniques
Coin Technique
Looking at Point on Hand
Biofeedback
Distraction and Utilization Techniques
Using Modern Technology: Technology-Aided Induction Techniques
Videotapes, Digital Video Recordings on Computers, Smartphones
Smartphone Recording
Telephone
Group Hypnosis Experiences
Arousal: Ending the Hypnotic Experience
Self-Reinforcement Using Patient-Recorded Digital Audio Recording
Hypnosis Invitation Techniques for Different Ages
Modifications for Children with Special Problems
Physical Disabilities
Intellectual Disabilities and Developmental Delay
Learning Differences
Abused Children
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Severely Disturbed Children
Terminally Ill Children and Adolescents
Teaching Self-Hypnosis
Hypnotic Invitations with Other Names
Conclusions
References
Part II: Therapeutic Applications of Hypnosis with Children
6. General Principles of Therapeutic Applications of Child Hypnosis
Introduction
Definition and Boundaries of Hypnotherapy (Therapeutic Hypnosis)
Goals of Therapeutic Hypnosis
Recognizing Developmental Issues
Misinformation about Hypnosis and Clinical Therapeutic Hypnosis
Parental Involvement
Types of Therapeutic Approaches with Hypnosis
Supportive, Ego-Enhancing Methods
Symptom-Oriented Methods
Dynamic, Insight-Oriented Methods
Indications for Therapeutic Clinical Hypnosis
Contraindications
Absolute Contraindication: Risking Physical Endangerment
Absolute Contraindication: Risking Aggravation of Emotional Problems
Absolute Contraindication: Hypnosis for Fun
Absolute Contraindication: Clinical Hypnosis Considered Not the Most Effective Treatment
Absolute Contraindication: Request for Hypnotherapy Based on Misdiagnosis
Relative Contraindication: Immediate Medical or Surgical Treatment Takes Precedence over Therapeutic Hypnosis
Relative Contraindication: Another Form of Psychotherapeutic Management Takes Precedence
Relative Contraindication: The Symptom Provides Significant Secondary Gain for the Child
Conclusions
References
7. Facilitating Effective Interpersonal Relationships with Hypnosis - Language for Clinicians and Parents
Introduction
Introducing Hypnosis to Children and Families
History Taking
Ego Strengthening
Elements of Therapeutic Communication
Words to Use and Words to Avoid
When ... Then
You vs. I
Will vs. May
Try
Reading Minds
"-ic" Words
Time
"Yet" and "just"
Silence
Negative Patient Reaction
Remember the "Because"
Trance Termination
Re-Alerting
Conclusion
Note
References
8. Hypnosis for Psychological Disorders
Introduction
Advantages of Psychological Hypnosis
Risks of Psychological Hypnosis
Behavior Disorders
Assessment of Learning Styles
Behavior Disorders in Young Children
Behavior Disorders in Adolescents
Anxiety Disorders
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Phobic Reactions
School Avoidance
Needle Phobia
Animal Phobia
Weather Phobia
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
Everyday PTSD and Acute Stress Disorder
Performance Anxiety
Sleep Disorders
Fear of Going to Sleep
Nightmares
Night Terrors (Sleep Terrors) Disorder
Psychophysiological Disorders
Conversion Reactions
Psychogenic Seizures
Psychogenic Pain
Anorexia Nervosa
Depression
Conclusions
References
9. Therapeutic Hypnosis for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Introduction
Pervasive Developmental Disorder
References
10. Therapeutic Hypnosis for Habit Disorders
Introduction
Enuresis
Evaluation
General Management
A Therapeutic Hypnosis Approach
Observations about Special Cases
Results of Therapeutic Hypnosis for Nocturnal Enuresis
Soiling
Evaluation and Medical Management
Therapeutic Hypnosis
Speech and Voice Problems
Stuttering
Defects of Articulation
Voice Problems
Vocal Cord Dysfunction
Intractable Cough aka Cough Tic or Habit Cough
Giggle Micturition
Hairpulling, Nail-biting, and Thumb-sucking
Nail-biting
Sleepwalking
Chronic Overeating
Tics and Tremors
Habitual Drug Abuse
Misophonia
Cases Described
Case Examples
Conclusion
References
11. Hypnosis for Problems in Learning, Performance, and Attentional Disorders
Introduction
Applications of Hypnosis in the Classroom
Hypnosis with Children Who Have Intellectual Disabilities
Hypnotic Responsiveness
Studies of Hypnosis Effects on IQ
The Utility of Hypnosis in Counseling Children with Cognitive Impairment
Hypnosis for Children with Learning Disabilities
Attentional Disorders
Reading Disability
Number Reversals
Combination of Learning Problems and Text Anxiety
Test Anxiety
Conclusions
References
12. Hypnotic Approaches and Strategies in the Management of Pain
Introduction - History
Variations in the Experience of Pain
Age
Individual Differences in Tolerance
Cultural Differences
Emotional Significance
Context of Pain
Toward Understanding Hypnoanalgesia
A Psychological Lead: Alternative Cognitive Controls
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies Clarifying Cortical Dimensions of Pain
Neuropeptides and Pain
Pain-Rating Scales and Assessments
General Principles and Guidelines for Teaching Hypnoanalgesia
Positive Side Effects
Techniques of Hypnoanalgesia
Direct Suggestions for Hypnoanesthesia
Distancing Suggestions
Suggestions for Feelings Antithetical to Pain
Directing Attention to the Pain or Discomfort Itself
Distraction Techniques
Reinforcement
Conclusion
References
13. Therapeutic Hypnosis for Pediatric Medical Problems
Introduction
Allergies
Asthma
Therapeutic Hypnosis Approaches to Childhood Asthma
Results of Therapeutic Hypnosis with Children with Asthma
Recurrent Hives
Specific Allergies
Cystic Fibrosis
Dermatological Problems
Itching, Scratching, and Picking
Hyperhidrosis
Warts
Diabetes
Dysphagia
Erythromelalgia
Epistaxis
Hemophilia
Persistent Somatic Complaints
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Recurrent Abdominal Pain (RAP) aka Functional Abdominal Pain (FAP)
Functional Nausea
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Malignancies
Medical Procedures
Neurological Problems
Headaches
Seizures
Urine Retention
Vomiting
Cyclic Vomiting
Neurologically Mediated Intractable Reflexes
Cerebral Palsy
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy)
Rehabilitation Following Central Nervous System Injury
Tics and Tourette's Syndrome
Pelvic Examinations in Adolescent Girls
Sports Medicine
General Recommendations
Conclusion
References
14. Hypnotic Approaches for Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia, and Emergencies
Introduction
Emergency Situations
Modifying Attitudes
Modifying the Child's Experience
Preoperative Visits
Intraoperative and Postoperative Hypnosis
Plastic Surgery
Dermatologic Surgery
Burns
Dentistry
Ophthalmology
Neurosurgery
Orthopedics
Otolaryngology
References
15. Value of Hypnosis in Pediatric Palliative Care, Grief, and Bereavement
Introduction
Approaches That Work
Naturalistic Uses of Hypnotic Language and Therapeutic Hypnosis Strategies
The Uses of Therapeutic Hypnosis in Palliative Care and with Dying Children
Modification of Symptoms and By-products of the Disease and Treatment
Modification of the Disease Process
Modification of Patient's Ability to Respond with Mastery in the Dying Process
Therapeutic Hypnosis in the Broadest Context of Experience
Conclusion
References
16. Biofeedback, Other Mind-Body Interventions, and Hypnosis with Children
Introduction
Clinical Applications with Children
Biofeedback Equipment
Migraine
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Raynaud's Disease
Cerebral Palsy
Neurofeedback
Movement Disorders
Hypertension
Biofeedback Research with Children
Nonpharmacologic Interventions Related to Biofeedback
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Children
References
17. Self-Hypnosis
A Tool for Prevention and Prophylaxis
Infants
Toddlers
Compliance with Medical Regimens
School-Age Stress
Performance Anxiety
Reduction of Morbidity from Allergies
Cost Reduction
Coping and Happiness
Some Guidelines for Teaching Self-Hypnosis
Self-Hypnosis for Child Health Professionals
References
18. Psychoneuroimmunology
Introduction
Conditioning of Immunosuppression and Immunoenhancement
Pharmacological Conditioning
Effects of Stress and Relaxation on Immune Responses
Is There Evidence for Intentional Immunomodulation by Humans?
Intentional Immunomodulation in Children
Mast-Cell Function and Hypnosis in Juvenile Migraine
Warts
The Future in Pediatric Psychoneuroimmunology
References
19. Applications of Hypnosis with Children Globally
Introduction
Therapeutic Hypnosis with Children and Adolescents in Norway
Self-Hypnosis around the World
An Example of a Culturally Appropriate Hypnosis Intervention in Bali
Therapeutic Hypnosis in the Netherlands
Therapeutic Hypnosis in Switzerland
Therapeutic Hypnosis and Education in Germany
Conclusion
References
20. Ethics: Legal Considerations, Children, and Hypnosis
Legal Considerations, Children, and Hypnosis
References
21. Helping Children in Disasters and Pandemics with Hypnosis
Introduction
The COVID-19 Pandemic
Summary
References
22. Teaching Pediatric Clinical Hypnosis to Child Health Clinicians
Introduction
Why Teach Child Hypnotherapy?
Who Are the Learners?
Historical Perspectives
Creating an Interest in Learning
A Recommended Plan of Study for Therapeutic Pediatric Clinical Hypnosis
Education Theory
Introductory and Foundational Learning in Pediatric Hypnosis
Utilization (Level 2, Formerly "Intermediate"), Individualized Consultation (IC, Formerly "Advanced"), and Continuing Learning in Therapeutic Pediatric Clinical Hypnosis
The Evolution of our Teaching Program
The NPHTI Webinar Program
Independent Learning
Independent Learning with a Mentor
Group Supervision with a Mentor
Group Mutual Supervision
Teaching Techniques, Strategies, and Styles
Hypnosis Education in Other Countries
Conclusion
References
23. Helping Parents Help Their Children Help Themselves with Self-Hypnosis
Introduction
References
24. Looking to the Future
Introduction
Research Methodology
Hypnotic Responsiveness
Clinical Research
Consortium Research
Topics for Future Research
Consciousness and Imagination
Links between Mental and Physiological Processes
Role of the Therapist in Hypnosis
Role of the Child in Hypnosis
The Future and Professional Hypnosis Organizations
Art and Science
References
Index