Hypersonic Meteoroid Entry Physics

PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the editors
Gianpiero Colonna
Mario Capitelli
Annarita Laricchiuta
Contributors
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Considerations on meteoroid entry physics
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk impactor
2.1 Trajectory
2.2 Structure
2.3 Origin
2.4 Implications
Acknowledgements
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Properties of meteoroids from forward scatter radio observations
3.1 Radio meteor theory
3.2 The BRAMS project
3.2.1 The BRAMS network
3.2.2 The BRAMS data
3.2.3 Determination of meteoroid trajectories using BRAMS data
3.2.4 Comparisons of optical observations with BRAMS data
3.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 The flux of meteoroids over time: meteor emission spectroscopy and the delivery of volatiles and chondritic materials to Earth
4.1 The meteor phenomenon and the origin of Earth’s volatiles
4.2 Meteor spectroscopy: an added value to Meteoritica
4.3 Relative elemental abundances and cosmochemical ratios from photographic, video and CCD spectroscopy
4.3.1 Obtaining meteoroid chemical abundances
4.3.2 Some examples of elemental abundance ratios
4.3.3 Other ratios of cosmochemical interest
4.4 The Na overabundance: clues on the delivery of volatiles from fragile meteoroids and IDPs
4.5 Astrobiological implications of the continuous arrival of chondritic components to Earth’s surface
4.6 Conclusions and future work
Acknowledgements
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Compositional, mineralogical and structural investigation of meteorites by XRD and LIBS
5.1 The XRD technique
5.1.1 Principles and basic instrumentation
5.1.2 Field instrumentation
5.1.3 Qualitative analysis
5.1.4 Quantitative analysis
5.1.5 Advantages and disadvantages of powder XRD analysis
5.1.6 Meteorite characterization using XRD
5.2 The LIBS technique
5.2.1 Instrumentation, principles, mechanisms and processes of plasma formation and dynamics
5.2.2 Field LIBS instrumentations
5.2.3 Qualitative analysis
5.2.4 Quantitative analysis
5.2.5 Advantages and disadvantages of LIBS analysis
5.2.6 Meteorite characterization by LIBS
5.3 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Radiation gas dynamics of centimeter meteoric bodies at an altitude of 80 km
6.1 Computer RadGD model
6.2 Numerical simulation results
6.3 Conclusion
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Super-orbital entry of artificial asteroids (Apollo, Hayabusa) and CFD/radiation/thermal analysis of the entry of the Chelyabinsk meteorite
7.1 A simplified model for meteoroid entry
7.1.1 Fluid dynamics and chemistry
7.1.2 Predictions for small meteoroids
7.2 Entry of large meteoroids
7.2.1 The Chelyabinsk meteor
7.2.2 The Saint Valentine meteor
7.2.3 CFD computations
7.3 Heating
7.3.1 Convective heating
7.3.2 Meteoroid composition
7.3.3 Radiation computations
7.4 Thermal analysis
7.5 Conclusions
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 High-enthalpy ionized flows
8.1 Modeling of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium plasmas
8.1.1 Development of reduced-order models
8.1.2 Application: radiative shock waves in a hydrogen plasma
8.2 Self-consistent state-to-state approach
8.3 The self-consistent model in hypersonic flows
8.3.1 Boundary layer
8.3.2 Nozzle flow
8.3.3 Shock tubes
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Precursor ionization during high-speed Earth entry
9.1 Langmuir probe analysis
9.1.1 Basics
9.1.2 Measurement of electron properties
9.2 Experimental set-up
9.2.1 The HVST facility
9.2.2 Velocity measurements
9.2.3 Shock location measurements
9.2.4 Electron measurements
9.3 Test conditions
9.4 Results
9.4.1 Electrical measurements
9.4.2 Electron properties
9.4.3 Ionization mechanism
9.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Response of the meteoroid/meteorite to aerodynamic forces and ablation
10.1 Ablation models
10.1.1 Mass conservation
10.1.2 Energy conservation
10.2 An example
10.3 Porosity
10.4 The presence of a fluid phase
10.5 Creation of surface patterns
10.5.1 Diffusion–reaction mechanisms
10.5.2 Convection–reaction mechanisms
10.5.3 Radiative-reaction mechanisms
10.6 Fragmentation processes
10.6.1 Physical processes
10.6.2 Modeling
10.7 Chemically reacting surfaces
References
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Experimental investigation of meteorites: ground test facilities
11.1 The CP50 plasma torch facility at CentraleSupélec
11.1.1 The 50 kW CP50 plasma torch facility
11.1.2 Diagnostics
11.1.3 Characterization of the plasma free stream
11.1.4 Characterization of plasma–material interactions
11.1.5 Characterization of chemical species in the gas phase
11.2 The PWT facility for testing meteorites at CIRA
11.2.1 Hypersonic plasma wind tunnels
11.3 Optical emission spectroscopy (OES)
11.3.1 Basic principles of OES
11.3.2 Typical set-up for OES: description of the main components of a spectrometric system
11.3.3 Techniques for plasma experimental characterization through OES
11.3.4 Meteor characterization through OES
11.4 Laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIF)
11.4.1 Basic principles of LIF
11.4.2 Typical set-up for an LIF measurement system
11.4.3 LIF O atom investigation on hypersonic plasma flow
11.5 Ion beam analysis (IBA) on meteorites
11.6 Infrared thermography
11.7 The HEAT facility at SITAEL
11.7.1 Facility description
11.7.2 HEAT features and performance
11.7.3 HEAT for micrometeoroid entry simulation
11.7.4 Experimental set-up and runs
11.7.5 Concluding remarks
References
CH012.pdf
Chapter 12 Advanced state-to-state and multi-temperature models for flow regimes
12.1 General kinetic theory method for non-equilibrium flow modeling
12.2 State-to state theoretical model of kinetics and transport properties
12.2.1 State-resolved reaction rate coefficients
12.2.2 State-resolved transport coefficients
12.2.3 New challenges
12.3 Multi-temperature models for reacting air flows
12.3.1 Vibrational distributions and governing equations
12.3.2 Vibrational–chemical coupling
12.3.3 Applications for shock heated air flows
12.4 Multi-temperature models for flows containing CO2
12.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
CH013.pdf
Chapter 13 State-to-state kinetics in CFD simulation of hypersonic flows using GPUs
13.1 Physical model
13.1.1 State-to-state air kinetics
13.1.2 Multi-temperature Park’s model
13.1.3 Multi-temperature CAST model
13.2 Numerical method
13.3 Computational approach and hardware specifications
13.4 Results
13.4.1 Simulation of nitrogen supersonic expansion
13.4.2 Hypersonic flows past a sphere
13.4.3 Code performance analysis
References
CH014.pdf
Chapter 14 Thermodynamic and transport properties of reacting air including ablated species
14.1 The EquilTheTA code
14.2 Thermodynamics and equilibrium
14.3 Transport properties
14.3.1 Collision integrals
14.3.2 Transport coefficients
14.4 Conclusions
References
CH015.pdf
Chapter 15 Electron–molecule processes
15.1 Non-resonant inelastic e–H2 collision processes
15.1.1 Excitation of singlet electronic states
15.1.2 Excitation of triplet electronic states
15.1.3 Non-dissociative and dissociative ionization of H2
15.2 Resonant inelastic e–H2 processes
15.2.1 Dissociative electron attachment processes
15.2.2 Associative detachment processes
15.2.3 Vibrational excitation processes
15.2.4 Dissociative excitation processes
15.3 Resonant electron-induced reaction cross sections in Earth atmosphere molecules
15.3.1 Methodology
15.4 Non-resonant vibronic excitations in Earth atmosphere molecules
15.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
CH016.pdf
Chapter 16 Heavy-particle elementary processes in hypersonic flows
16.1 The quasi-classical method
16.1.1 QCT accuracy and issues
16.1.2 The problem of binning
16.1.3 A classification of trajectories
16.1.4 The zero point energy issue
16.1.5 Other issues
16.2 Energy transfer and dissociation of N2
16.2.1 Nitrogen systems
16.2.2 Results
16.2.3 Discussion
16.3 Specifics of O2–N2 collisions
16.3.1 O2N2 potential energy surface
16.3.2 Results of O2N2 kinetic simulations
16.3.3 Summary of O2–N2 kinetic study
References
CH017.pdf
Chapter 17 Non-empirical analytical model of non-equilibrium dissociation in high-temperature air
17.1 Description of the Macheret–Fridman model
17.2 Macheret–Fridman model for CFD
17.3 Macheret–Fridman model for DSMC
Algorithm 17.1. MF-DSMC model
17.4 Concluding remarks
References
CH018.pdf
Chapter 18 The role of vibrational activation and bimolecular reactions in non-equilibrium plasma kinetics
18.1 Reactive channels promoted by heavy-particle collisions
18.1.1 The Boudouard reaction as a prototype
18.1.2 The role of vibrational excitation
18.2 The plasma kinetic model
18.2.1 MW test case
18.2.2 Case study 2: sudden increase of the translational temperature
18.3 Conclusions
References