Hydrologic Measurements with Flexible Liners and Other Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Foreword (by Joe Rossabi)
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction/Purpose
Chapter 2: Brief History of Flexible Liner Underground Technologies (FLUTe) Methods
Chapter 3: The Mechanics of Flexible Liners
3.1. The Flexible Liner Characteristics
3.2. The Eversion of a Flexible Liner
3.2.1. The Towing Force
3.2.2. Drag (Friction Effects)
3.2.3. Eversion into a Borehole
3.2.4. Other Factors Influential on the Liner Propagation
3.2.4.1. Hole/Liner Diameter
3.2.4.2. Wet Film Adhesion
3.2.4.3. The Minimum Tension
3.2.4.4. The Difference between the Eversion and the Inversion of the Liner
3.2.4.5. The Air Balloon Drag and the Air Vent
3.2.4.6. Effect of Breakouts on Liner Eversion
3.2.4.7. The Impermeable Borehole Installations
3.2.5. Stretch of the Liner
3.3. The Liner Removal Methods
3.3.1. The Normal Inversion from a Permeable Borehole
3.3.2. The Pump and Drag Removal
3.3.3. The Impermeable Borehole Removal
3.4. The Liner Seal
3.4.1. Interior View of the Sealing Liner
3.4.2. The Highest Head Measurement Method
3.4.3. Artesian Conditions
3.4.4. Liner Seal Comparison with Packers
3.5. Liner Installation Devices
3.5.1. Air Pressure Canisters
3.5.2. Hose Canisters
3.5.3. Gravity-Driven Installations
3.5.4. Magic Gland
3.5.5. The Drop-in-Place Liner Installation
3.5.6. The Bulbous Wellhead for Artesian Installations
3.5.7. Mud-Filled Liners
3.5.7.1. Purpose of Mud Fill
3.5.7.2. An Example of the Mud Pressure Calculation
3.5.7.3. In Summary, How the Heavy Mud Is Used
Chapter 4: Chemistry of the Liners
4.1. Arsenic
4.2. Toluene
4.3. 1,4-Dioxane
4.4. Polyfluoronated Alkyl Substance (PFAS)
4.5. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)
Chapter 5: Kinds of Blank Liners
5.1. Different Diameters
5.2. Fabrics
5.2.1. Nylon Liners
5.2.2. Polyester Liners
5.2.3. Silicon Rubber Liners
5.2.4. Transparent Liners and Geophysical Logging
5.2.5. Different Fabric Weight Liners
5.2.6. Tubular Plastic Film Liners
5.3. Carrier Liners for Coverings
5.4. Lay Flat Hose Liners
Chapter 6: Novel Applications of Blank Liners
6.1. Surface Extensions
6.2. Eversions on or under Water
6.3. Vertical Upward Unsupported Extensions
6.4. Eversions through Crooked Piping Systems
6.5. Lining Boreholes to Prevent Grout Loss or Grout Shrinkage Outside of a Casing
Chapter 7: General Advantages of Flexible Blank Liners
Chapter 8: Hazards to the Liner and Precautions
Chapter 9: Special Devices Designed for Use with Liners
9.1. Green Machine
9.2. Linear Capstan
9.2.1. Background
9.2.2. The Linear Capstan Design
9.3. T Profiler
9.4. Braking Devices of Several Kinds
9.5. The Air-Coupled Water-Level Meter Systems
9.5.1. The ACT (Air-Coupled Transducer)
9.5.1.1. ACT Purpose
9.5.1.2. Background/Comparisons
9.5.1.3. The ACT Design and Theory
9.5.1.4. The Range of Pressure Changes for the ACT Transducers
9.5.1.5. The Temperature Effect
9.5.1.6. First Result of the ACT Measurement
9.5.1.7. The Field Measurements
9.5.1.8. Input Data and Apparatus
9.5.1.9. Usual Applications of the ACT System
9.5.1.10. Resolution of the ACT Method
9.5.1.11. Barometric Corrections
9.5.1.12. How Is the Raw Data Used?
9.5.1.13. Advantages and Limitations of the Method
9.5.2. The Vacuum Water-Level Meter (VWLM)
9.5.3. The Air-Coupled Water-Level Meter (ACWLM)
9.6 Eversion/Inversion AIDS
Chapter 10: Theory and Application of FLUTe Liner Methods
10.1. Blank Sealing Liners
10.1.1. Installation of a Blank Liner
10.1.2. Transparent Blank Liners
10.1.3. Measurements by Others Using FLUTe Flexible Liners
10.2. FLUTe Blank Liners with Special Coverings
10.2.1. The NAPL FLUTe
10.2.1.1. History of NAPL FLUTe Development
10.2.1.2. How the NAPL FLUTe Is Installed in Direct Push Rods
10.2.1.3. NAPL FLUTe Installations in an Open Stable Borehole
10.2.1.4. NAPL FLUTe Covers over Core
10.2.1.5. NAPL FLUTe Sand Bags
10.2.1.6. Examples of NAPL FLUTe Stains
10.2.2. The FACT Application
10.2.2.1. History and Experience
10.2.2.2. The FACT Method
10.2.2.3. Assessment of the FACT Method
10.2.2.4. Quantitative FACT Assessment at the NAWC Site
10.2.2.5. Comparisons of the FACT with Other Methods
10.2.2.6. The daFACT
10.2.2.7. Advantages and Limitations of the FACT Measurement
10.2.3. Absorbers of Other Kinds on Blank Liners
10.2.3.1. Pore Water Collection in the Vadose Zone
10.2.3.2. Radioactive Contamination Absorbers
10.3. The Transmissivity Measurement Method
10.3.1. History of the Transmissivity Profile Method
10.3.2. The Transmissivity Measurement Method
10.3.2.1. The Liner Behavior
10.3.2.2. The Calculational Model
10.3.2.3. When to Terminate the T Profile
10.3.3. The T Profile Results
10.3.4. Examples of Other T Profiles
10.3.5. Calculation of the Effective Fracture Aperture Using the T Profile Results
10.3.6. Corrections to the Simple T Profile Calculational Model
10.3.6.1. Transient Correction
10.3.6.2. The Borehole Diameter Correction
10.3.6.3. The Vertical Head Correction
10.3.7. The Transmissivity Profiling Equipment
10.3.7.1. Maintaining a Constant Tension on the Liner
10.3.7.2. Maintaining the Constant Driving Head
10.3.8. Effect of Well Development on the T Profile
10.3.9. A Special Design for T Profiles of Boreholes with Very High Artesian Heads
10.3.10. T Profile Comparison with Straddle Packer Results
10.3.11. Advantages and Limitations of the T Profile
10.3.11.1. Advantages
10.3.11.2. Limitations
10.4. RHP (Reverse Head Profile) Measurement of a Head Profile
10.4.1. The History of the RHP Method
10.4.2. The Purpose of the Formation Head Measurement
10.4.3. The RHP Calculation
10.4.3.1. The Times to Equilibration for Each Step of the RHP
10.4.3.2. The Use of the RHP to Refine the Transmissivity Profile
10.4.3.3. Selection of the RHP Intervals to Be Measured
10.4.4. A Result of the RHP Method
10.4.5. Calculation of the Synthetic Flow Log
10.4.6. RHP Profile Summary
10.4.7. Advantages and Limitations of the RHP
10.5. FLUTE MLS (Multilevel Sampling) Systems
10.5.1. Water FLUTe
10.5.1.1. History of Water FLUTes
10.5.1.2. The Geometry of the Water FLUTe Design
10.5.1.3. Function of the Water FLUTe
10.5.1.4. Transducer Options for Monitoring Head History
10.5.1.5. The Tracer Monitoring Capability of the Water FLUTe Design
10.5.1.6. Materials in the Water FLUTe Construction
10.5.1.7. Installation and Removal Procedure for Water FLUTes
10.5.1.8. Advantages and Limitations of Water FLUTe System
10.5.2. The SWF (Shallow Water FLUTe)
10.5.2.1. The Design and Function
10.5.2.2. Other Advantages and Limitations of the SWF
10.5.3. CHS (Cased Hole Sampler) Systems
10.5.3.1. Background and History
10.5.3.2. Geometry of the CHS
10.5.3.3. Installation Procedure for CHS
10.5.3.4. Purging and Sampling
10.5.3.5. The Removal Procedure
10.5.3.6. Special CHS Design for Potassium Permanganate
10.5.4. The pdCHS (Positive Displacement CHS)
10.5.4.1. The Design of the pdCHS System
10.5.4.2. Simultaneous Purging and Sampling of the pdCHS
10.5.4.3. Installation and Removal of the pdCHS
10.5.4.4. Installation of CHS and pdCHS with Mud or Grout-Filled Liner
10.5.4.5. Installation of CHS Systems in Uncased Holes
10.5.5. Use of ACT Systems with the CHS Systems
10.5.6. Depth Limitations for CHS and pdCHS Systems
10.5.6.1. Depth Limits for CHS Systems
10.5.6.2. Depth Limits for pdCHS Systems
10.5.7. Relative Cost of the CHS Based Systems
10.5.8. Advantages and Limitations of Both CHS Systems
10.5.9. Use of FLUTe MLS Systems in General
10.5.9.1. Water FLUTe (In Use Since 1996)
10.5.9.2. Shallow Water FLUTe (SWF) (In Use Since 2014)
10.5.9.3. CHS Systems (In Use Since 2018)
10.5.9.4. Mapping Cross-Hole Connection with FLUTe MLS Systems
10.5.10. Comparison of FLUTe MLS Systems with Other MLS Systems
10.5.11. The DEIL
10.5.11.1. The Purpose and Design of the DEIL (Discrete Extraction and Injection Liner)
10.5.11.2. The Geometry of the DEIL Liner
10.5.11.3. The DEIL Design Advantages and Limitations
10.5.12. Other Special CHS Systems
10.5.12.1. Many Head Measurements in a CHS
10.5.12.2. Hybrid pdCHS for Deep Boreholes
10.6. Stretch of Liners as Important to FLUTe Methods
Chapter 11: FLUTe Vadose Multi-Level Measurements
11.1. Pore Gas Sampling
11.1.1. The Geometry
11.1.2. The Gas Sampling Procedure
11.2. Pore Liquid Sampling in the Vadose Zone
11.2.1. The Use
11.2.2. The Geometry of Pore Liquid Sampling
11.2.3. The Sampling Procedure for Pore Water
11.2.3.1. Other FLUTe Measurements in the Vadose Zone
11.2.3.2. In Summary
Chapter 12: The TACL (Traveling Acoustic Coupling Liner)
12.1. The TACL Method
12.2. Use of the Blank Liner to Provide Coupling of Fiber Optic Cables
Chapter 13: Application of Combinations of Liners and Other Methods
13.1. The FLUTe Sequence
13.2. Lahd (Liner Augmentation of Horizontal Drilling)
13.3. Progressive Packers
13.3.1. Purpose of Design
13.3.2. The Method
13.3.3. Emplacement Technique
13.3.4. The Means of Keeping the Liners Pressurized
13.3.5. Other Concepts of Potential Use of the Progressive Packer
13.4. Towing Sondes and Supporting Boreholes for Logging
13.5. Transparent Liner
13.6. Duet Method
13.7. Vertical Conductivity Measurements Using FLUTe MLSs
13.8. Liner Pressurization for Shallow Water Tables or Artesian Conditions
13.8.1. The Problem Addressed
13.8.2. FLUTe’s Weighted Inverted Liner Design (WILD)
13.8.2.1. The Wild Method
13.8.2.2. Advantages and Limitations of the WILD Design
13.8.3. The Submerged Standpipe Design
13.8.3.1. The Function of the Submerged Standpipe Design
13.8.3.2. Details of the Function
Chapter 14: CSC (Continuous Screened Casing) Design
14.1. Purpose and Design
14.2. Calculation of Flow in the Interrupted Annulus
14.2.1. The Results of the Calculation
14.2.1.1. Calculation No. 1: Calculation with No Seals in the Annulus
14.2.1.2. Calculation No. 2: Calculation with Grout Seals in the Annulus
14.2.1.3. Calculation No. 3: Calculation with Seals in the Annulus and Allowing Radial Horizontal Flow from the Annulus
14.2.1.4. Calculation No. 4: Calculation with Seals in the Annulus and Allowing Radial Horizontal Flow from the Annulus and upon Increasing Formation Conductivity by Factor of 10
14.2.2. What May Be the Definition of Significant Vertical Flow?
14.2.3. What Steady-State Flow Calculations Show about Significant Bypass of the Seals
14.2.4. Optimizing the Design
14.3. The Construction of the CSC Design
14.4. Combined Overburden and Bedrock Access
14.4.1. Discussion of the Design Function
14.4.2. Conclusion of the CSC Design
14.5. T Profiles in Continuous Screened Casing
14.5.1. Bypass of the Liner in the Sand Pack
14.6. Conclusion
Chapter 15: Other Applications of Liners
15.1. Use of Liners in Angled, Horizontal, and Tortuous Boreholes or Pipes
15.1.1. The LAHD History
15.1.2. The LAHD Method
15.1.3. Advantages of the LAHD Method
Chapter 16: FLUTe Calculational Models
16.1. The Crooked Pipe Model
16.1.1. History and Purpose
16.1.2. The Drag Model in a Crooked Pipe
16.1.3. Parameters for a Crooked Pipe Calculation of Liner Travel
16.1.4. Advantages of the Crooked Pipe Model
16.2. Transient Correction Model of the T Profile Method
16.3. Extrapolation to the Equilibrium Asymptote for the RHP
16.3.1. How to Calculate an Asymptotic Limit for an Exponential Approach to Equilibrium
16.4. Fracture Aperture Calculation Model Using the T Profile Data
16.4.1. The Model
16.5. Data Reductions of T Profile
16.5.1. Who Does the Data Reduction
16.5.2. When Is the Data Reduced to a T Profile
16.6. Data Reduction of RHP
16.7. Data Reduction for the Act
16.8. Fact Diffusion Models
Chapter 17: Installation Procedures of Many Kinds
Chapter 18: The Manufacturing Machines and Facilities Developed for Liner Fabrication
18.1. Specially Designed RF Welding Machines
18.2. Dye Striping Machine
18.3. Compression Wrapping Machine
18.4. Air-Driven Canisters
18.5. EP Marking Methods
18.6. Port Welding Machines and Other Attachments
18.7. Long Trays for Eversions
Chapter 19: Conclusion
References
Index