Human Uses of Outer Space: Return to the Moon

Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Returning Humans to the Moon
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Returning Humans to the Moon…to Stay
1.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Optimising Mission Success: A Holistic Approach to Selecting the Best People to Travel to Space
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Technical Expertise
2.3 Physical Characteristics
2.4 Psychological Characteristics
2.5 Social Characteristics
2.6 Considerations of Missions Length
2.7 Summary/Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Clear Thinking in Deep Space: A Guide by Cognitive Scientists
3.1 Introduction
3.2 How Do We Select the Best People for Deep Space Habitation?
3.3 Can We Effectively Train People for Deep Space Habitation?
3.4 How Do We Preserve Optimal Cognitive Functioning for Deep Space Habitation?
3.5 What Does the Basic Science Say About the Types of Challenges That Long Duration Space Habitation Might Present to Human Metacognition?
3.6 How Do We Monitor and Preserve Metacognitive Functioning in Deep Space Environments?
3.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: The Challenges and Opportunities of Human-Robot Interaction for Deep Space Habitation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Key Challenges for Human-Machine Teaming Research: Real Time Utility of Measures and Prediction
4.3 Complexity of the Off-Earth Environment and the Relation to Human-Robot Interaction and Human-Machine Teaming
4.3.1 What Proportion of the Day Is Spent on Human-Machine Teaming?
4.3.2 How Can Trust Be Maintained and Built in an Extreme Environment?
4.3.3 How Can Situational Awareness Be Maintained and Built in an Extreme Environment?
4.3.4 How Do We Build Models that Account for the Interaction Between Physiological Changes, Teaming Challenges and Technical Challenges?
4.3.5 How Do We Prepare People to Transition Back to Life on Earth, Away from Intensive Human-Robot Interaction?
4.3.6 How Do You Set Standards for Crewing and Shift Length in an Off-Earth Environment?
4.3.7 What “Relaxation” Environment Is Effective in a Heavily Automated Environment?
4.4 Summary
References
Chapter 5: Legal and Ethical Planetary Protection Frameworks for Crewed Missions
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Return to the Moon and on to Mars
5.1.2 Planetary Protection
5.1.3 Microbes in Space
5.2 Historical Context
5.3 International Space Law
5.3.1 The UN Space Treaties
5.4 COSPAR
5.5 Ethical Considerations
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Moon Resources and a Proposition for Supply Chains
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Supply Chains
6.2.1 Composition of a Supply Chain
6.2.2 Supply Chain Management
6.2.3 Supply Chain Event Management (SCEM)
6.2.4 Supply Chain Performance Management (SCPM)
6.3 Space Industry: Features and Current Trends
6.4 Supply Chains in the Space Industry
6.4.1 Areas of Action for the Implementation of Supply Chains in Space
6.5 Moon Resources
6.5.1 Use of Resources for Lunar Exploration
6.5.2 Use of Resources for Activities in Cislunar Space
6.5.3 Use of Exportable Resources for the Economy of the Earth
6.6 In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU)
6.7 Structuring of Supply Chains for the Use of the Resources of the Moon
6.7.1 Cislunar Space
6.7.2 Supply Chains in Cislunar Space
6.7.2.1 Products
6.7.2.2 Suppliers and Marketers
Transportation
Building
In-Situ Resource Utilization
Communications
Private Goods and Services
Production of Goods for the Supply Chain
Scientific Investigation
6.7.2.3 Facilities
ISRU Plants
In-Space Manufacturing Facilities
Space Stations
Facilities for the Permanence of People and the Performance of Scientific Activities
In-Space Logistics Bases
6.7.2.4 Transport Channels
Capacity
Costs or Freights
Means of Transport
Frequencies
6.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: CSR/ESG in Commercial Space Operations and the Artemis Accords
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Existing and Space-Based CSR/ESG Principles and the Corporate Shareholder Purpose
7.1.2 ‘Shareholder Primacy’ and the ‘Stakeholder Model’ Distinguished
7.1.2.1 ‘Nexus of Contracts’, Agency Theory, the Shareholder Wealth-Maximisation Principal
7.1.2.2 ‘Stakeholder’ Model of Corporate Governance, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ (‘CSR’), ‘Environmental, Social and Governance’ (‘ESG’) and ‘Triple-Bottom-Line’ Reporting
7.1.2.3 ‘Environmental, Social and Governance’ (‘ESG’) Is Derived from CSR and ‘Triple-Bottom-Line’ Reporting
7.1.2.4 The Artemis Accords Provide for CSR/ESG Areas, Activities, Principles and Disclosures That Are Space-Specific
7.2 The Purpose of the Artemis Accords
7.2.1 The Revolving and Evolving Themes Around the Space Treaties
7.2.2 The Relationship Between ‘Civil Space Agencies’ and Domestic Corporate Space Actors Enables the Operation of CSR/ESG Areas, Activities, Principles and Disclosures
7.2.2.1 The ‘Implementation’ Provision of the Accords and CSR/ESG
7.2.2.2 Example of Rescue and Return of an Astronaut – the ‘Implementation’ Provision, the Abolition of the ‘Ultra Vires’ Doctrine in Corporate Law, and the ‘Frustration’ Doctrine in Contract Law
7.2.2.3 Rescue and Return of an Astronaut – Directors’ Duties Under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), the Approaches to CSR/ESG and the ‘Business Judgement Rule’
The Provisions of Sections 181, 180(1) and 180(2) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth)
CAMAC Views on Corporate Benefit and the ‘Amended’ Business Judgement Rule Defence
Opposing Arguments for S 181(1) Best Interests of the Corporation and S 180(2) ‘Business Judgement Rule’ Defence
No ‘Frustration’ of the Contract if the Obligation Merely Becomes More Difficult or Expensive
7.2.3 Interpretation Assisted by ‘Peaceful Purposes’
7.3 Transparency and Release of Scientific Data
7.3.1 Section 4 Transparency and CSR/ESG Disclosures
7.3.2 Section 8 Excludes Proprietary and/or Export-Controlled Information and Private Operations Not on Behalf of a Signatory from CSR/ESG Disclosures
7.3.2.1 Exclusion for Proprietary and/or Export-Controlled Information
7.3.2.2 Exclusion for Private Sector Operations Not Being Conducted on Behalf of a Signatory
7.3.3 Informing the Public and Scientific Community of Space Resources Extraction
7.4 Interoperability
7.5 Registration of Space Objects
7.6 Preserving Outer Space Heritage
7.7 Space Resources Is Not National Appropriation Under Article II Outer Space Treaty
7.8 Deconfliction of Space Activities – Provisions of ‘Due Regard’, ‘Harmful Interference’ and ‘Safety Zones’ Allow for CSR/ESG Areas and Principles
7.8.1 ‘Due Regard’, ‘Harmful Contamination’ and ‘Potentially Harmful Interference’
7.8.1.1 Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty and Section 11 of the Accords
7.8.1.2 Section 11 of the Accords Adds ‘Safety Hazard’ and ‘Safety Zone’ to Activities
7.8.1.3 Principles Relating to Safety Zones
7.8.1.4 Protection of Public and Private Personnel, Equipment, and Operations Reflects CSR/ESG Outcomes But Subject to Proprietary and Export-Controlled Information
7.8.1.5 Principle of Free Access to all Areas of Celestial Bodies Under Outer Space Treaty
7.9 Mitigation of Orbital Debris
7.9.1 Planning for Mitigation of Orbital Debris and Limiting the Generation of “New, Long-Lived Harmful Debris”
7.9.2 Sources of Orbital Debris
7.9.3 Relationship Between Safety Zones (Section 11) and Orbital Debris (Section 12) Is Unclear
7.9.3.1 ‘Orbital Debris’ (Section 12) Reference to ‘Normal’ Operations Does Not Appear in Section 11 on ‘Safety Zones’
7.10 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 8: Back to the Moon: Cooperation and Conflict
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Way to the Moon: A Polarised Endeavour?
8.2.1 An Enhanced Role for International Cooperation…
8.2.2 …Amidst Stronger Competition Dynamics
8.3 On the Moon: A More Challenging Interaction
8.3.1 Lunar Safety
8.3.2 Lunar Security
8.3.3 Lunar Sustainability
8.4 Conclusions
References