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Human Machine Collaboration and Interaction for Smart Manufacturing: Automation, robotics, sensing, artificial intelligence, 5G, IoTs and Blockchain

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Advanced technologies such as robotics, 5G mobile communications, IoT, cloud computing and wireless sensor networks have had a huge impact and influence on manufacturing, with an increased collaboration between humans and smart systems. As the manufacturing process becomes more automated using real-time data, communication systems, Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques and robotics feed data back into the manufacturing process. This enables the design of products that are more customized and personal, and leads to a more competitive, efficient and value-added production process by reacting more quickly to technical or human errors to avoid product and system damage while increasing workplace safety, and reducing waste, pollution, and associated costs.

This edited book covers challenges, concepts, systems, architectures, technologies, and design characteristics of human-machine cooperation and interaction systems in smart manufacturing environments using state of the art technologies including AI, 5G, IoTs, Blockchains, CPS, sensing, automation and robotics.

The book is aimed at researchers and engineers working on the applications of robotics and automation, HMI, HCI, CPS, sensing, information and communications technology, data science, ML/DL/AI, AR/VR, cybersecurity and electronics. It is also a useful reference for advanced students and lecturers in these fields, and will appeal to manufacturers and automation system developers.

Author(s): Wai Yie Leong
Series: IET Control, Robotics and Sensors Series, 132
Publisher: The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 580
City: London

Cover
Contents
About the editor
1 Introduction to HMI—current and future, systems, features, and benefits Human–machine interfaces in smart manufacturing
1.1 HMI on a growth drive
1.2 Origins of smart manufacturing
1.3 HMIs
1.3.1 Industry 4.0
1.3.2 Cause and development of the term
1.4 HMI features
1.5 HMI benefits
1.6 Disadvantages of HMI
1.7 Total global HMI dedicated AR/VR devices 2020–2030
References
2 Human–machine interaction (HMI) technology—Malaysia National Technology Roadmap Industry4WRD leading the human intelligence transformation in smart manufacturing
2.1 Smart manufacturing—a global overview
2.2 Malaysia smart manufacturing using HMI technologies—the call for a national policy in Malaysia
2.2.1 Industry4WRD: Malaysia national policy roadmap for HMI technologies
2.2.2 Shift factors in Malaysia national policy roadmap for smart manufacturing using HMI technologies
2.3 Convergence of emerging technologies
2.4 Malaysia readiness for Industry 4.0
2.5 Industry4WRD—framework
2.5.1 Industry4WRD objectives
2.5.2 Industry4WRD strategic enabler
2.5.3 Industry4WRD readiness assessment
2.6 Case study—Pentamaster—embracing Industry 4.0 automation
2.6.1 Background
2.6.2 Pentamaster implementation of Industry 4.0
2.6.3 Pentamaster implementation of Industry 4.0
2.7 Conclusion—moving forward
References
3 Challenges and impact of human–machine interaction systems in smart manufacturing
3.1 Smart manufacturing
3.2 HMI
3.2.1 Socio-technical approach in HMI
3.2.2 Framework of HMI
References
4 Robotics and autonomous systems in smart manufacturing
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Development of robots
4.1.2 Future of robotics
4.2 Introduction to autonomous systems
4.2.1 Concept of robotics laws
4.2.2 Communication system used in robotics
4.2.3 Advantages of robots
4.2.4 Disadvantages of robots
4.3 Fifth industrial revolution
4.3.1 Robotics beyond 2030
4.3.2 Robots in architecture
4.3.3 Five applications of robotics
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Artificial intelligence implementations in HMI for smart manufacturing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Applications
5.3 Advantages and disadvantages of AI
5.3.1 The components
5.3.2 Working principles
5.3.3 Conclusion
5.4 AI technology
5.5 The ethics of AI
5.6 Stage of intelligence
5.7 AI in 2030
5.8 Conclusions
References
6 5G and beyond environment for smart manufacturing
6.1 The current communication system
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Differences between 4G and 5G
6.4 Why is 5G a big deal?
6.5 What makes 5G faster?
6.6 Difference between 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G
6.6.1 First-generation 1G
6.6.2 Second-generation 2G
6.6.3 Third-generation 3G
6.6.4 Fourth-generation 4G
6.6.5 Fifth-generation 5G
6.7 The evolution of the 5G
6.8 How does 5G work?
6.9 Features and advantages of 5G technology
6.10 Disadvantages of 5G technology
6.11 Applications
6.12 5G innovation
6.12.1 Introduction to 5G innovation
6.12.2 Past technologies
6.12.3 Gap analysis and benchmarking analysis
6.12.4 Benchmarking analysis
6.12.5 Suitable concept(S) law (S) for 5G
6.12.6 Mathematical model(s)
6.12.7 The communication system and modulation system for 5G
6.13 Beyond 5G
6.13.1 Introduction
6.13.2 One advanced communication technology beyond 2030
6.13.3 Features in 6G
6.13.4 Characteristics of 6G
6.13.5 Future system for 6G
6.13.6 Architecture of 6G
6.13.7 Five real applications on the 6G technology
6.14 Conclusion
References
7 Drone supports applications in smart manufacturing
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Applications
7.2.1 Amazon Air Service for drone transportation
7.2.2 Automated aircraft used in agriculture
7.2.3 Construction aircraft
7.2.4 Advantages of drones
7.2.5 Disadvantages of drones
7.2.6 The component of drone
7.3 Future of drone technology
7.4 The history of drone
7.5 The working principle of drone
7.6 Conclusion
7.7 Introduction to drone use
7.8 Data collection and analysis
7.9 Applications
7.10 Conclusion
7.11 Introduction to drone and telecommunications
7.12 What is 6G technology?
7.13 6G concept
7.14 What do we expect from the 6G?
7.15 Service requirements
7.16 Applications of 6G
7.17 Conclusion
References
8 VoIP technology in manufacturing
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 What does VoIP means?
8.2 History of VoIP technology
8.3 Technology working principle
8.4 Specialized activity steps
8.5 Requirements for the technology to work
8.6 Some of the benefits of the VoIP technology
8.7 Minimize cost
8.8 Mobility
8.9 Scalability
8.10 Features
8.11 Easy to use
8.12 VoIP technology standards
8.12.1 Closed systems
8.12.2 Open systems
8.13 How VoIP is transferred?
8.13.1 NAT diagram
8.13.2 Advantages of VoIP
8.13.3 Disadvantages of VoIP
8.13.4 What to look for in a VoIP provider?
8.14 Literature review
8.14.1 Introduction
8.14.2 Conclusion
8.15 Beyond 2030
8.15.1 Introduction
8.15.2 Beyond 2030 in 6G technology and the improve for VoIP
8.15.3 The disturbance brought by these correspondence advances
8.15.4 Conclusion
References
9 Industrial Internet of Things solutions in smart manufacturing
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Application area
9.3 IoT principle
9.4 Conclusions
9.5 IoT vs Artificial Intelligence, RFID, and wireless communication
9.6 Introduction
9.7 Discussion
9.8 Introduction
9.9 Future application
9.10 Conclusion
References
10 Metal powder bed fusion: an overview on processes, materials, and challenges
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Metal powder bed fusion process
10.2.1 Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and selective laser sintering (SLS)
10.2.2 Selective laser melting (SLM)
10.2.3 Electron beam melting (EBM)
10.3 Materials used in metal powder bed fusion processes
10.3.1 Steel
10.3.2 Titanium alloys
10.3.3 Aluminum alloys
10.3.4 Nickel–chromium alloys
10.3.5 Cobalt–chromium alloys
10.4 Key challenges
10.5 Size of the global market and future trend
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 3D processing for human–machine interaction and additive manufacturing
11.1 Manufacturing process
11.2 Human–machine interaction
11.3 3D processing
11.4 Additive manufacturing
11.4.1 3D processing to 3D model
11.4.2 Materials used
11.4.3 Post processing
11.5 3D printing in medical healthcare
11.6 3D printing in food science
11.7 Future aspects
11.8 Limitations
References
12 Augmented reality technology in smart manufacturing
12.1 Augmented reality technology
12.1.1 Introduction
12.1.2 Brief history
12.1.3 How does AR work
12.1.4 Application of AR technology
12.1.5 Future of AR
12.1.6 Advantages
12.1.7 Disadvantages
12.1.8 Statistics of AR
12.1.9 Conclusion
12.2 Literature review
12.2.1 Introduction
12.2.2 AR in education
12.2.3 Advantages of using AR in education
12.2.4 AR in video game
12.2.5 AR in healthcare
12.2.6 Healthcare-focused AR apps
12.2.7 AR technology is in nascent stages of market penetration
12.2.8 AR in glasses
12.2.9 AR in business
12.2.10 Conclusion
12.3 Industry Revolution 5.0
12.3.1 Introduction
12.3.2 AR technology characteristics
12.3.3 AR features
12.3.4 Future system standards include
12.3.5 5G smart city
12.3.6 Future of commercial transportation – Toyota e-Palette
12.3.7 Applications
12.3.8 Complete anatomy
12.3.9 Conclusion
References
13 Extended reality on smart manufacturing
13.1 Difference between VR/AR/MR/XR
13.2 What “R” technology can do now?
13.3 What sensory experiences can XR simulate in the future?
13.4 Current statistics of XR simulate
13.5 What security issues will XR encounter?
13.6 Concept of XR
13.7 AR in education
13.8 Advantages of AR in education
13.9 Disadvantages of AR in education
13.10 Previous technologies on XR
13.11 What is the concept of XR in 2030?
13.12 The future of VR, livable VR technology
13.12.1 Can be used continuously for a long time
13.12.2 Can be used at high frequency for a long time
13.12.3 Support basic survival maintenance system needs
13.13 Current application of XR technology
13.14 AR glasses in the future
13.15 Conclusion
References
14 Intelligent transportation systems
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Intelligent transportation system
14.3 Types of ITS
14.4 The necessities of this system
14.5 Statistics of the car connections
14.6 History
14.7 How connected vehicles work
14.8 Literature review (introduction)
14.9 Fundamental autonomous vehicle technology
14.10 Intelligent driver model (IDM)
14.11 Vehicle networking
14.12 Enabling technologies
14.13 Modulation system in intelligent vehicles
14.14 Advantages and disadvantages of SM
14.15 Gap analysis and benchmarking
14.16 Industry Revolution 5.0
14.17 Important technologies in intelligent transportation system
14.18 Smart transportation architectures
14.19 Intelligent transportation applications
14.20 Conclusions
References
15 Optical fibres for data interoperability and real-time production
tracking in medical manufacturing
15.1 Current technology
15.1.1 Optical fibre in modern technology
15.1.2 Optical fibre communication in the twenty-first century
15.1.3 Statistics and graphs
15.1.4 Trends of optical fibre
15.1.5 History search and who developed it
15.1.6 Types of optical fibres:
15.1.7 How optical fibres work and how it conducts light
15.2 Literature review
15.2.1 Introduction
15.2.2 Comparison between DSL, cable Internet lines and fibre optics
15.2.3 Gap analysis and benchmarking
15.2.4 Mathematical model of the transmission of light in optical fibre
15.2.5 Snell’s law
15.2.6 Modulation system in optical fibre
15.3 Beyond 2030
15.3.1 Industrial Revolution 5.0
15.3.2 Additional technology, feature and characteristics beyond 2030
15.3.3 Types of future systems
15.3.4 FIVE real applications of optical fibre
15.3.5 Conclusion
References
16 Human–Machine Interface for Healthcare Technology Manufacturing
16.1 The subsystems within the healthcare system
16.1.1 Primary care system
16.1.2 Secondary care system
16.1.3 Tertiary care system
16.1.4 Public health system
16.2 The patient journey
16.3 Healthcare stakeholders
16.4 Impact of technology on healthcare
16.5 Types of technology impacting healthcare
16.6 Human–machine interface (HMI) in healthcare
16.6.1 CPS
16.6.2 Nanomedicine and genomics
16.6.3 Robotic medicine
16.6.4 Rehabilitation and robots
16.6.5 3D printing
16.6.6 Case studies
16.6.7 Challenges of blockchain
16.7 Conclusion
References
17 Smart manufacturing workplace safety with virtual training, AR and haptic technologies
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Robot design
17.3 Fire detection using YOLO
17.4 Shortest path using A* algorithm
17.4.1 A* algorithm
17.4.2 Map and node design
17.4.3 How the robots work
17.5 Results and discussions
17.5.1 Position of robots and fire
17.5.2 Collecting data for YOLO
17.5.3 Training YOLO
17.5.4 Evaluation of the shortest path
17.5.5 Receiving data
17.5.6 Evaluation of the entire system
17.6 Conclusions
References
18 Blockchain technology in smart manufacturing
18.1 Blockchain technology
18.2 Why is blockchain popular?
18.3 Advantages
18.4 Disadvantages
18.5 Blockchain technology’s possibilities
18.6 Statistics of Blockchain technology
18.7 Inventor of blockchain technology
18.8 The role of bitcoin
18.9 How blockchain technology works?
18.10 Important points
18.11 The Blockchain three principal components
18.12 Chain of blocks
18.13 Literature review
18.13.1 Introduction
18.13.2 Methodology
18.13.3 Blockchain in education
18.13.4 Blockchain in cryptocurrency
18.13.5 Blockchain in medical care
18.13.6 Conclusion
18.14 Comparison
18.15 Gap analysis and benchmarking of Blockchain technology
18.16 Industry Revolution 5.0
18.16.1 Blockchain technology Industry Revolution 5.0
18.16.2 Features
18.16.3 Characteristics
18.16.4 Architecture of blockchain technology
18.17 Characteristics of Blockchain technology
18.18 Professional standards of Blockchain technology
18.19 Applications of Blockchain technology
18.20 Conclusion
References
19 Reducing Waste and Pollution with Automation and CPS in Manufacturing
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Waste
19.2.1 Types of waste in manufacturing
19.3 CPS
19.3.1 Concept of CPS
19.3.2 Benefit of CPS
19.4 Architecture CPS for manufacturing
19.5 Implementation of CPS
19.6 CPS in waste management
19.7 Conclusion
References
20 Smart manufacturing workplace safety with virtual training, AR, MR and haptic technologies
20.1 What is virtual reality (VR)?
20.2 Principle of VR
20.3 Application of VR
20.4 Application of VR in safety of smart manufacturing
20.5 What is AR?
20.6 Principle of AR
20.7 Application of AR
20.8 Application of AR in safety of smart manufacturing
20.9 What is MR?
20.10 Principle of MR
20.11 Application of MR
20.12 Application of MR in the safety of smart manufacturing
20.13 What is haptic technology and its importance in VR/AR/MR in smart manufacturing?
Conclusion
References
21 Conserving environment using resources wisely with reduction of waste and pollution: exemplary initiatives for Education 4.0
21.1 Introduction and SEAMEO LeSMaT Education 4.0 project initiative
21.2 Development and evaluation for future HMI educational system to promote CT
21.2.1 Background
21.2.2 Design of this activity
21.2.3 System overview
21.2.4 Conclusion
21.3 Scratchtopia Challenge as an exemplary initiative to promote CT at elementary level
21.4 Exemplary projects on conservation of energy and/ or other resources as well as waste reduction integrating IoT concept and
21.5 Development and wise use of tools for monitoring, evaluation and research activities
References
22 Conserving cultural heritage, monitoring health
and safety in the environment integrating
technology: issues, challenges and the way
forward
22.1 Environmental conservation for sustainability in fulfilling SDGs
22.2 Monitoring occupational health and safety in small and medium industrial (SMI) manufacturing sector: challenges and future
22.3 Enhancing awareness on environmental and preventive healthcare for sports science supported by technology: a systematic rev
22.4 Conserving cultural heritage through Minecraft digital tool
22.5 Development of digital platforms to manage sustainable edutourism programmes: lessons learnt and the way forward
Special mention
References
23 Rethinking and redesigning strategies related
to IR4.0 to bridge the gap of human resource
development in ICT industries and
smart manufacturing
23.1 Lifelong learning for human resource development in the era of IR4.0
Acknowledgment
23.2 Redesigning strategies to enculture lifelong learning for the success of smart manufacturing
Acknowledgment
23.3 Designing techno-based mathematics tasks for learning geometry
23.4 Building young minds through Minecraft digital tool to embrace smart manufacturing
23.4.1 Special mention
References
24 Summary
24.1 Challenges and technology roadmap for HMI for smart manufacturing
24.2 Leading the human intelligence transformation, a technology roadmap for future HMI systems in smart manufacturing
24.3 Human–machine interaction (HMI) in smart manufacturing
24.4 AI implementations in HMI for smart manufacturing
24.5 Industrial IoT in a 5G and beyond environment for smart manufacturing
24.6 Simulations to support data analytics (DA) applications in smart manufacturing
24.7 Cyber-physical systems engineering for manufacturing
24.8 Industrial cloud-based solutions in smart manufacturing
24.9 3D processing for human-machine-interaction and additive manufacturing
24.10 Reinforcement learning for human-robotinteraction in smart manufacturing
24.11 Networked sensing in smart manufacturing
24.12 Intelligent autonomous systems using AI, sensing, and machine cognition in smart manufacturing
24.13 Networked sensors for data interoperability and real-time production tracking in smart manufacturing
24.14 Industrial automation and interoperability
24.15 Smart manufacturing workplace safety with virtual training, AR, and haptic technologies
24.16 Blockchain technology in smart manufacturing
24.17 Reducing waste and pollution with automation in manufacturing
Index
Back Cover