Front cover
Half title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction to Himalayan region and wild edible diversity
1.1 General introduction
1.2 Subdivision of Himalaya
1.3 Climate
1.4 Biodiversity
1.4.1 Floral diversity
1.4.2 Faunal diversity
1.5 Biodiversity hotspots
1.6 Wild edible fruits and Berries
1.7 Research gaps
1.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Aegle marmelos
(L.) Correa
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and the market value
2.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
2.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
2.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
2.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
2.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
2.7.1 Antiulcer activity
2.7.2 Antioxidant activity
2.7.3 Antimalarial activity
2.7.4 Anti-diabetic activity
2.7.5 Anti-inflammatory activity
2.7.6 Antifungal activity
2.7.7 Antibacterial activity
2.7.8 Antiviral activity
2.7.9 Anticancer activity
2.7.10 Radio protective activity
2.7.11 Antihyperlipidemic activity
2.7.12 Antithyroid activity
2.8 Clinical studies
2.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
2.10 Toxicological studies
2.11 From field to industry: case studies
2.11.1 Bael mash
2.11.2 Bael nectar
2.11.3 Bael piece
2.11.4 Whey protein-enhanced bael refreshment
2.11.5 Bael toffee
2.11.6 Dried out bael
2.11.7 Bael wine
2.11.8 Bael jam
2.11.9 Bael candy
2.11.10 Bael panjiri
2.11.11 Bio-diesel
2.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 3 Artocarpus lacucha Buch. -Ham
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
3.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
(including vegetative, seed, and in vitro propagation methods)
3.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
3.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
3.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
3.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
3.7.1 Carbohydrate recognition property
3.7.2 Antiproliferative effect
3.8 Clinical studies
3.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
3.10 Toxicological studies
3.11 From field to industry: case studies
3.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 4 Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
4.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
4.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
4.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
4.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
4.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
4.7.1 Antioxidant activity
4.7.2 Cytotoxicity activity
4.7.3 Analgesic activity
4.7.4 Anti-inflammatory activity
4.7.5 Antidiarrheal activity
4.7.6 CNS depressant activity
4.7.7 Antidiabetic activity
4.7.8 Hypolipidemic activity
4.7.9 Antifungal activity
4.8 Clinical studies
4.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
4.10 Toxicological studies
4.11 From field to industry: case studies
4.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 5 Bischofia javanica Blume
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses
5.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
5.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
5.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
5.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
5.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
5.8 Clinical studies
5.9 Available formulations, administration methods and pharmacokinetic studies
5.10 Toxicological studies
5.11 From field to industry: case studies
5.12 Challenges and future recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 Carissa carandas L.
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Traditional/ ethnomedicinal/ local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
6.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
6.3.1 Soil
6.3.2 Climate
6.4 Propagation
6.4.1 Seed
6.4.2 Asexual propagation
6.4.3 Planting
6.4.4 Harvesting
6.4.5 Yield
6.4.6 Storage and postharvest technology
6.5 Bioactive/neutraceutical and nutritional composition
6.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
6.6.1 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
6.7 Toxicological studies
6.8 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 7 Choerospondias axillaris
(Roxb.) B.L.Burtt & A.W.Hill
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspects, and market value
7.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
7.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
7.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
7.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
7.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
7.7.1 Antioxidant activity
7.7.2 Anti-inflammatory activity
7.7.3 Antitumor activity
7.7.4 Antiangiogenic activity
7.7.5 Cardioprotective activity
7.7.6 Antiarrhythmic activity
7.7.7 Antibacterial activity
7.8 Clinical studies
7.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
7.10 Toxicological studies
7.11 From field to industry: case studies
7.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 8 Citrus medica L.
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
8.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
8.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
8.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
8.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
8.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
8.7.1 Antioxidant activity
8.7.2 Antimicrobial activity
8.7.3 Anti-inflammatory activity
8.7.4 Anticancer activity
8.7.5 Antimutagenicity
8.7.6 Antihelmintic activity
8.7.7 Hypoglycemic activity
8.7.8 Antiproliferative activity
8.7.9 Estrogenic activity
8.7.10 Antiulcer activity
8.8 Clinical studies
8.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
8.10 Toxicological studies
8.11 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 9 Crataegus rhipidophylla Gand.
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local Uses
9.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
9.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
9.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
9.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
9.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
9.7.1 Cardioprotective activity
9.7.2 Antioxidant activity
9.7.3 Antimicrobial activity
9.7.4 Anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective activities
9.7.5 Hypolipidemic activity
9.7.6 Neurological and anticholinesterase activity
9.8 Clinical studies
9.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
9.10 Toxicological studies
9.11 From field to industry: case studies
9.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 10 Cydonia oblonga Mill
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses
10.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
10.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
10.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
10.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
10.7 Nutritional and pharmacological activities
10.7.1 Antioxidant activity
10.7.2 Antimicrobial activities
10.7.3 Antiallergic activity
10.7.4 Anti-inflammatory activity
10.7.5 Cardiovascular activity
10.7.6 Antidiabetic activity
10.7.7 Hypolipidemic activity
10.7.8 Wound healing activity
10.7.9 Antidiarrheal activity
10.8 Clinical studies
10.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
10.10 Toxicological studies
10.11 From field to industry: case studies
10.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 11 Cyphomandra betacea
(Cav.) Sendtn.
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Origin and geographical distribution
11.3 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socioeconomic aspect, and the market value
11.4 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
11.4.1 Propagation
11.4.2 Vegetative propagation
11.4.3 Germplasm preservation and tissue culture method
11.5 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
11.6 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors on nutritional aspects
11.7 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
11.8 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
11.8.1 Antioxidant activity
11.8.2 Antiproliferative activity
11.8.3 Antiobesity activity
11.8.4 Antimicrobial activity
11.8.5 Antidiabetic activity
11.9 Clinical studies
11.10 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
11.11 Toxicological studies
11.12 From field to industry
11.13 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 12 Dillenia indica L
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Taxonomy and morphology
12.2.1 Importance
12.2.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal use/local uses
12.2.3 Socioeconomic aspect and the market value
12.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
12.3.1 Distribution and availability
12.3.2 Cultivation methods
12.3.3 Cultivation
12.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
(classification and structures of few representatives)
12.4.1 Chemical constituents
12.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on Nutritional attributes
12.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
12.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
12.7.1 Pharmacological activities
(in vitro and in vivo studies)
12.8 Clinical studies
12.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
12.9.1 Formulations
12.10 Toxicological studies
12.11 From field to industry: case studies
12.12 Challenges and future recommendations
12.12.1 Recommendations
References
Chapter 13 Diospyros spp.
(Diospyros kaki L.f., Diospyros lotus L., Diospyros tomentosa Roxb.)
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
13.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
13.4 Bioactive nutraceuticals and nutritional/chemical composition
13.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stage on nutritional attributes
13.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
13.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
13.7.1 Antioxidant activity
13.7.2 Antimicrobial activity
13.7.3 Anti-inflammatory activity
13.7.4 Antimelanogenic activity
13.7.5 Lipid-lowering activity
13.7.6 Cytotoxic activity
13.7.7 Antidiabetic activity
13.7.8 Neuroprotective activity
13.7.9 Antihypertensive activity
13.8 Clinical studies
13.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
13.10 Toxicological studies
13.11 From field to industry: case studies
13.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 14 Diploknema butyracea
(Roxburgh) H. J. Lam
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
14.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
14.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
14.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
14.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
14.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
14.7.1 Antioxidant activity
14.7.2 Feeding deterrent and insect growth inhibitory effect
14.7.3 Antifungal activity
14.8 Clinical studies
14.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
14.10 Toxicological studies
14.11 From field to industry: case studies
14.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 15 Elaeagnus spp.
(Elaeagnus latifolia L., Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.)
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and market value
15.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
15.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
15.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
15.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
15.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
15.7.1 Antioxidant activity
15.7.2 Cytotoxicity activity
15.7.3 Antimicrobial activity
15.7.4 Antidiabetic activity
15.7.5 Antihypertensive activity
15.7.6 Anti-cholinesterase activity
15.8 Clinical studies
15.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
15.10 Toxicological studies
15.11 From field to industry: case studies
15.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 16 Entada phaseoloides
(Linn.) Merr.
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal uses, socio-economic aspect, local uses, and market value
16.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
16.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
16.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
16.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
16.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
16.7.1 Anticancer activity and cytotoxic activity
16.7.2 Memory enhancing and antistress activity
16.7.3 Antiarthritic Activity
16.7.4 Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity
16.7.5 Hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activity
16.7.6 Antiulcer activity
16.7.7 Wound healing activity
16.7.8 Antioxidant activity
16.8 Clinical studies
16.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
16.10 Toxicological studies
16.11 From field to industry
16.12 Challenges and future recommendation
References
Chapter 17 Eriolobus indica
(Wall.) Decne
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
17.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
17.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
17.4.1 Macro nutraceutical elements of E. indica
17.4.2 Micro nutraceutical elements of E. indica
17.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
17.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
17.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
17.8 Clinical studies
17.9 Available formulations, administration methods and pharmacokinetic studies
17.10 Toxicological studies
17.11 From field to industry: case studies
17.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 18 Ficus species
(Ficus auriculata Lour., Ficus benghalensis L., Ficus carica L., Ficus religiosa L., Ficus semicordata Buch.Ham. ex Sm).
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Socio-economic, cultural, and market values
18.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation
18.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
18.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on Nutritional attributes
18.6 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
18.6.1 Antioxidant activity
18.6.2 Anti-inflammatory activity
18.6.3 Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity
18.6.4 Antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity
18.6.5 Antimicrobial activity
18.6.6 Anthelmintic activity
18.6.7 Antispasmodic and antiplatelet activity
18.6.8 Anticoagulant activity
18.7 Clinical studies
18.8 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
18.9 Toxicological studies
18.10 From field to industry
18.11 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 19 Fragaria spp.
(Fragaria indica, Fragaria nubicola)
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and the market value
19.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
19.3.1 Antipyretic activity
19.4 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stage on nutritional attributes
19.5 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
19.6 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
19.7 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
19.8 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 20 Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex Choisy
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Local, traditional, ethnomedicinal uses, socioeconomic aspects, and market value
20.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
20.4 Bioactive/neutraceutical, and nutritional composition
20.5 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
20.6 Nutritional pharmacological activities
20.6.1 Anti-inflammatory activity
20.6.2 Antioxidant activity
20.6.3 Antimutagenic activity
20.6.4 Antiplatelet activity
20.6.5 Anticancer activity
20.6.6 Antimicrobial activity
20.6.7 Antidiabetic activity
20.7 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 21 Traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Grewia sps
(Grewia asiatica and Grewia serrulata)
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Traditional uses, socioeconomic aspect and market value
21.3 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
21.3.1 Flavonoids
21.3.2 Isoflavonoids
21.3.3 Phenols and others
21.3.4 Volatile compounds
21.4 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
21.4.1 Analgesic activity
21.4.2 Anticancer activity
21.4.3 Antidiabetic activity
21.4.4 Antiemetic activity
21.4.5 Anti-inflammatory activity
21.4.6 Antimalarial activity
21.4.7 Antimicrobial activity
21.4.8 Antipyretic/antinociceptive activity
21.4.9 Antioxidant activity
21.4.10 Antiplatelet activity
21.4.11 Hepatoprotective activity
21.4.12 Radioprotective activity
21.5 Toxicological studies
21.6 Challenges and future recommendations
Conflict of interest statement
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 22 Gynocordia odorata R. Br.
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspects, and market value
22.2.1 Bioactive compounds
22.3 Pharmacological studies
22.4 Clinical studies
22.5 Toxicological studies
22.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 23 Lycium spp.
(Lycium barbarum L., Lycium chinense Mill.)
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and the market value
23.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
23.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
23.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
23.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
23.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
23.7.1 Antioxidant activities
23.7.2 Nephroprotective activities
23.7.3 Neuroprotective activities
23.7.4 Hepatoprotective activities
23.7.5 Immunomodulatory activities
23.7.6 Anticancer activities
23.7.7 Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities
23.6 Clinical studies
23.7 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
23.8 Toxicological studies
23.9 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 24 Machilus edulis: An underutilized wild edible fruit species of North-eastern Himalaya, India
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and the market value
24.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
(including vegetative, seed, and in vitro propagation methods)
24.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
24.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
24.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
(drying, extraction, storage, packaging, how the nutritional composition changes from fresh to processed products)
24.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
(all major therapeutic activity with in vitro and in vivo studies, mechanism of action)
24.7.1 Antioxidant activities
24.7.2 Cytotoxicity activity and anti-inflammatory activity
24.7.3 Antimicrobial activity
24.7.4 Antidiabetic activity
24.7.5 Antihypertensive activity
24.8 Clinical studies
(ongoing, proposed, and completed studies)
24.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
(with special focus on bioavailability and metabolism of active constituents)
24.10 Toxicological studies
(dose and safety profile, acute, chronic, and mutagenicity studies to demonstrate broad spectrum safety, GARS status)
24.11 From field to industry: case studies
(used as a raw product (fresh/dry berries/fruits), industrial products extract/powder (pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals) utilizing these natural berries/fruits, functional foods, types of product, market consumption and value, uses)
24.12 Challenges and future recommendations
(on legislation, biodiversity act, conservation status (IUCN/CITES), nutraceutical research, availability of raw material, biodiversity loss, sustainable utilization, supply chain, climate change, value addition, future products)
References
Chapter 25 Mahonia species
(M. jaunsarensis Ahrendt, M. nepalensis DC, M. aquifolium Nutt, M. acanthifolia Don, M. borealis Takeda, M. oiwakensis Hayata and M. leschenaultii Takeda)
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
(including vegetative, seed, and in vitro propagation methods)
25.3 Propagation studies
25.4 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and market value
25.5 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
25.6 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stage on nutritional attributes
25.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
25.8 Clinical studies
25.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
25.10 Toxicological studies
25.11 From field to industry: case studies
25.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 26 Morus alba L.
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Plant description
26.2.1 Synonyms
26.2.2 Local names
26.3 Distribution
26.4 Cultivation
26.5 Traditional uses
26.6 Phytoconstituents
26.7 Phytoconstituents present in roots bark
26.8 Phytoconstituents present in leaves
26.9 Phytochemicals present in mulberry fruit
26.10 Pharmacological activities of M. alba
26.10.1 Antidiabetic potentials
26.10.2 Antimicrobial studies
26.10.3 Antioxidant studies
26.10.4 Atherosclerosis
26.10.5 Immunonutrition and anticancer properties
26.10.6 Neuroprotective properties
26.10.7 Skin toning potentials
26.10.8 Hepatoprotective potentials
26.10.9 Antidepressant and anxiolytic potentials
26.11 Clinical studies
26.11.1 Hypoglycemic effects
26.11.2 Hypolipidemic effects
26.11.3 Cognitive enhancing effects
26.11.4 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
26.11.5 Administration methods and pharmacokinetic studies
26.12 Toxicological studies
26.13 From field to industry
26.13.1 Used as a raw product
(fresh/dry berries/fruits and functional foods)
26.13.2 Nutritional value
26.13.3 Industrial products extract/powder
(pharmaceuticals)
26.13.4 Nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals potential
26.14 Future challenges and recommendations
References
Chapter 27 Murraya koenigii
(L.) Spreng.
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
27.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
27.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
27.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
27.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
27.6.1 Seed and fruits
(Curry berries)
27.6.2 Processing of curry berries
27.6.3 Oleoresins or curry oil
27.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
27.7.1 Pharmacological activity
27.8 Clinical studies
27.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
27.10 Toxicological studies
27.11 From field to industry: case studies
27.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 28 Myrica esculenta
28.1 Introduction
28.1.1 Description
28.1.2 Botanical classification
28.1.3 Morphology
28.1.4 Importance
28.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and the market value
28.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
28.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
(classification and structures of few representatives)
28.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors on nutritional attributes
28.5.1 M. esculenta as a nitrogen-fixing \(actinorhizal\) plant species
28.6 Pharmacological activities
28.6.1 Antiallergic activity
28.6.2 Antioxidant activity
28.6.3 Antipyretic activity
28.6.4 Analgesic activity
28.6.5 Anti-inflammatory activity
28.6.6 Reducing nephrotoxicity
28.6.7 Antiulcer activity
28.6.8 Antihelminthic activity
28.6.9 Anti-diabetic and anti-dyslipidaemic properties
28.6.10 Neuroprotective property
28.7 Toxicological activities
28.8 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
28.9 Conclusion
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 29 Opuntia dillenii
(Ker Gawl.) Haw
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
29.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
29.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
29.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
29.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
29.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
29.7.1 Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity
29.7.2 Antioxidant activity
29.7.3 Thrombolytic activity
29.7.4 Cytotoxicity activity
29.7.5 Antimicrobial activity
29.7.6 Antihypertensive activity
29.7.7 Hepato-protective effect
29.7.8 Antiviral activity
29.7.9 Antidiabetic activity
29.7.10 Neuroprotective activity
29.8 Clinical studies
29.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
29.10 Toxicological studies
29.11 From field to industry: case studies
29.12 Challenges and future recommendation
References
Chapter 30 Phoenix spp.
(Phoenix acaulis, Phoenix sylvestris)
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and the market value
30.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
30.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
30.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
30.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
30.7 Processing of sap
30.8 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
(all major therapeutic activity -in vitro and in vivo studies, mechanism of action)
30.9 Clinical studies
30.10 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
30.11 Shatavaryadi Choorna-dried herbal powder used for rejuvenation and to relive stress and tiredness
30.11.1 Toxicological studies
30.12 From field to industry: case studies
30.13 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 31 Pyracantha crenulata
(Roxb. ex D.Don) M.Roem
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and the market value
31.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
31.4 Nutraceutical and nutritional composition
31.4.1 Proximate and nutritional analysis
31.4.2 Polyphenolic and other compounds in P. crenulata
31.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
31.6 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
31.6.1 Antiurolithogenic activity
31.6.2 Antiaging activity
31.6.3 Anti-inflammatory activity
31.6.4 Antihypertensive activity
31.6.5 Antimicrobial activity
31.6.6 Antioxidant activity
31.8 Clinical studies
31.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
31.10 Toxicological studies
31.11 From field to industry: case studies
31.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Further reading
Chapter 32 Pyrus spp.
(Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f) Nakai)
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
32.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
32.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
32.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attribute
32.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
32.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
32.8 Antioxidant activities
32.9 Anti-inflammatory activity
32.10 Cytotoxic activity
32.11 Antimicrobial activity
32.12 Clinical studies
32.13 Toxicological studies
32.14 From field to industry: case studies
32.15 Challenges and future recommendation
References
Chapter 33 Rhus chinensis Mill.
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
33.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
33.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
33.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
33.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
33.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
33.7.1 Antiviral activity
33.7.2 Antimicrobial activity
33.7.3 Antidiabetic properties
33.7.4 Hepatoprotective activity
33.7.5 Lipase inhibitory activity
33.7.6 Antidiarrheal activity
33.7.7 Antioxidant activity
33.7.8 Anti-inflammatory activity
33.7.9 Antithrombin activity
33.7.10 Anticancer activity
33.8 Clinical studies
33.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
33.10 Toxicological studies
33.11 From field to industry: case studies
33.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 34 Ribes nigrum
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Production of blackcurrants
34.3 Bioactive nutraceutical composition
34.4 Effect of environmental, edaphic factors, and ripening stages on nutritional contents
34.5 Pharmacological properties of blackcurrants
34.5.1 Antimicrobial activity
34.5.2 Antioxidant activity
34.5.3 Neuroprotectitive activity
34.5.4 Cytotoxic activity
34.5.5 Antidiabetic activity
34.5.6 Anti-inflammatory activity
34.5.7 Antiviral activity
34.6 Pharmacokinetic studies of blackcurrants active constitutes
34.7 Available food processing techniques
34.8 Case studies of blackcurrant-based formulations: from field to industry
34.9 Future recommendation and challenges
References
Chapter 35 Rosa spp. (Rosa canina L.,
R. macrophylla Lindl., R. moschata
Herrm., R. multiflora Thunb.)
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
35.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
35.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
35.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
35.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
35.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
35.7.1 Antioxidant activity
35.7.2 Anti-inflammatory activity
35.7.3 Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic activity
35.7.4 Antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity
35.7.5 Antimicrobial activity
35.8 Clinical studies
35.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
35.10 Toxicological studies
35.11 From field to industry
35.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 36 Rubus spp.
(Rubus armeniacus, Rubus ellipticus, Rubus fruticosus, Rubus nepalensis, Rubus niveus, Rubus occidentalis)
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Traditional/ethnobotanical uses
36.3 Distribution and availability
36.4 Bioactive/ nutraceutical and nutritional composition
36.5 Effect of ripening stages on nutritional attributes
36.6 Pharmacological activities
36.6.1 Antioxidant activity
36.6.2 Antiproliferative activity
36.6.3 Antitumor and wound healing properties
36.6.4 Antimicrobial/antibacterial activity
36.6.5 Anti-inflammatory activity
36.6.6 Antidiabetic activity
36.6.7 Neuro-pharmacological activities
36.6.8 Anti fertility activity
36.6.9 Toxicological activity
36.7 From field to Industry
36.8 Challenges and future recommendation
References
Chapter 37 Spondias pinnata
(L.f.) Kurz.
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspects, and market value
37.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
37.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
37.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
37.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
37.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
37.7.1 Antioxidant activity
37.7.2 Cytotoxicity activity
37.7.3 Thrombolytic activity
37.7.4 Antimicrobial activity
37.7.5 Antihypertensive activity
37.7.6 Anti-inflammatory activity
37.7.7 Antidiabetic activity
37.7.8 Anxiolytic activity
37.8 Clinical studies
37.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
37.10 Toxicological studies
37.11 From field to industry: case studies
37.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 38 Syzygium cumini
(L.) Skeels.
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and market value
38.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
38.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional compositions
38.5 Effects of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
38.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
38.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
38.7.1 Antidiabetic activity of Syzygium cumini seed kernel
38.7.2 Anti-inflammatory activity
38.7.3 Antioxidant activity
38.7.4 Antitumor activity
38.7.5 Antimicrobial activity
38.7.6 Hyperlipidemia and cardio-protective activity
38.7.7 Gastroprotective and antidiarrheal activity
38.7.8 Antianemic, anticariogenic and anticlastogenic activity
38.8 Clinical studies
38.9 Available formulations, administration, and pharmacokinetic studies
38.10 Toxicological studies
38.11 From field to industry: case studies
38.12 Challenges and future recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 39 Taxus baccata subsp. wallichiana
(Zucc.) Pilg.
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socioeconomic aspect, and the Market value
39.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
39.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
39.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on Nutritional attributes
39.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
39.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
39.8 Clinical studies
39.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
39.10 Toxicological studies
39.11 From field to industry: case studies
39.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 40 Terminalia chebula Retz.
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
40.2.1 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses
40.2.2 Socio-economical aspect and market value
40.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
40.3.1 Distribution and availability
40.3.2 Cultivation
40.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
40.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
40.6 Pharmacological activities
40.6.1 Antioxidant activity
40.6.2 Anticancer activity
40.6.3 Antidiabetic activity
40.6.4 Hepatoprotective activity
40.6.5 Antibacterial activity
40.6.6 Antiviral activity
40.6.7 Antifungal activity
40.6.8 Antityphoid activity
40.6.9 Antiatherosclerotic activity
40.6.10 Anticariogenic activity
40.6.11 Anti-Alzheimer's activity
40.6.12 Antiarthritic and analgesic activity
40.6.13 Wound healing activity
40.6.14 Antispasmodic activity
40.6.15 Male contraceptive activity
40.6.16 Antiamnesic activity
40.7 Mechanism of action
40.8 Clinical studies
40.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
40.9.1 Triphala tablet
(Triphala choorna)
40.9.2 Decoction
40.10 Toxicological studies
40.11 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 41 Terminalia bellirica
(Gaertn.) Roxb.
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspects, and market value
41.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
41.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
41.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
41.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
41.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
41.7.1 Antioxidant activity
41.7.2 Antihypertensive activity
41.7.3 Antidiabetic activity
41.7.4 Hypolipidemic activity
41.7.5 Anticancer activity
41.7.6 Anti-inflammatory activity
41.7.7 Antimicrobial activity
41.7.8 Hepatoprotective activity
41.7.9 Analgesics and antipyretic activity
41.8 Clinical studies
41.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
41.10 Toxicological studies
41.11 From field to industry: case studies
41.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 42 Viburnum spp.
(Viburnum erubescens Wall., Viburnum mullaha Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don)
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
42.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
42.4 Bioactive constituents/nutraceutical values
42.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
42.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
42.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
42.7.1 Antioxidant activity
42.7.2 Anti-elastase, anticollagenase, and antityrosinase activities
42.7.3 Antibacterial activity
42.7.4 Antiviral activity
42.8 Clinical studies
42.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
42.10 Toxicological studies
42.11 From field to industry: case studies
42.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 43 Vitis spp. (Vitis elongata (Roxb.)
Wall. ex M.A. Lawson, Vitis
flexuosa Thunb, Vitis heyneana
Roem. & Schult, Vitis himalayana
[Royle] Brandis, Vitis repanda
(Vahl) Wight & Arn,
Vitis vinifera L.)
43.1 Introduction
43.1.1 Scientific name: Vitis elongata
(Roxb.) Wall. ex M.A. Lawson
43.1.2 Scientific name: Vitis flexuosa Thunb
43.1.3 Scientific name: Vitis heyneana Roem. & Schult.
43.1.4 Scientific name: Vitis himalayana
(Royle) Brandis
43.1.5 Scientific name: Vitis repanda
(Vahl) Wight & Arn
43.1.6 Scientific name: Vitis vinifera L
43.2 Traditional and ethnomedicinal, socio-economic aspect, and the market value
43.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
43.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
43.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on Nutritional attributes
43.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
43.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
43.7.1 Antioxidant activity
43.7.2 Antibacterial activity
43.7.3 Anti-inflammatory activity
43.7.4 Anticancer effect
43.8 Clinical studies
43.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
43.10 Toxicological study
43.11 From field to industry
43.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 44 Zanthoxylum armatum DC.
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and market value
44.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
44.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
44.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
44.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
44.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
44.7.1 Antibacterial activity
44.7.2 Antifungal activity
44.7.3 Antioxidant activity
44.7.4 Hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic activities
44.7.5 Hepatoprotective activity
44.7.6 Antispasmodic activity
44.7.7 Cytotoxic and phytotoxic effects
44.7.8 Antiviral activity
44.7.9 Insecticidal activity
44.7.10 Piscicidal activity
44.7.11 Anti-inflammatory activity
44.7.12 Antiproliferative activity
44.8 Clinical studies
44.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
44.10 Toxicological studies
44.11 From field to industry: case studies
44.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 45 Ziziphus spp.
(Ziziphus jujuba Mill., Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.)
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
45.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
45.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
45.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
45.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
45.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
45.7.1 Antimicrobial activity
45.7.2 Antidiabetic activity
45.7.3 Antidiarrheal activity
45.7.4 Antiplasmodial activity
45.7.5 Hepatoprotective activity
45.7.6 Antitumor activity
45.8 Clinical studies
45.9 Toxicological studies
45.10 From field to industry: a case study
45.11 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 46 Nutraceuticals from Himalayan fruits and berries: opportunities and challenges
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Diversity of wild fruits in the Himalayan region
46.3 Traditional uses of Himalayan fruits and berries
46.4 Scientific studies on wild fruits and berries from Himalayas
46.5 Status and challenges of processing wild fruits and berries
46.6 Conclusions
References
Index
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