High-Z Materials for X-ray Detection: Material Properties and Characterization Techniques

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
High-Z Materials for X-Ray and Gamma Ray Detection in Medical Imaging
1 Introduction
2 X-Ray and Gamma Ray Basics
2.1 Ionization Radiation
2.2 X-Ray and Gamma Ray Interactions with Matter
2.3 X-Ray Generation
2.4 Radiation Detectors
3 Imagining Using X-Rays
3.1 Radiography
3.2 Fluoroscopy
3.3 Tomographic Imaging
3.4 Spectral Imaging
4 Imaging Using Gamma Rays
4.1 Nuclear Medicine
4.2 Single-Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT)
4.3 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
4.4 Multi-Mode Imaging Modalities
5 Conclusions
Bibliography
Large Area Thin-Film CdTe as the Next-Generation X-Ray Detector for Medical Imaging Applications
1 Introduction
2 Large Area Thin-Film CdTe Detector for Medical Imaging Applications
2.1 Direct Detection Configuration and Imaging Characteristics
2.2 Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging
2.2.1 Detector Optimization
2.2.2 Mammography Application
2.3 Radiation Therapy Imaging
2.3.1 Detector Design and Optimization
2.3.2 Verification Measurements
2.3.3 Multilayer Detector
3 Radiation Effects on CdTe Detector
4 Conclusions
References
Investigation of Structural Defects of(Cd, Zn)Te Crystals Grown by the Traveling Heater Method
1 Introduction
2 Detector Material Requirements
3 Traveling Heater Method
4 Compositional Uniformity
5 Inclusions
6 Defects and Stress
7 Resistivity
8 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Solution Growth of CdZnTe Crystals for X-Ray Detector
1 Introduction
2 Direct Mixed Solution Growth Method
2.1 Design of Direct Mixed Solution Growth Process
2.2 Optimizations of Direct Mixed Solution Growth Process
3 Traveling Heater Method
3.1 Thermal Optimization
3.1.1 Design of Thermal Structure
3.1.2 Temperature Profile Stability
3.2 Interface Control by Rotation of Ampoule
3.3 Numerical Study of ACRT in the THM Growth
3.4 Characterization of THM Samples
4 Conclusion
References
Three-Dimensional Mapping of Carrier Lifetime and Mobility
1 Introduction
2 Review of ps: [/EMC pdfmark [/objdef Equ /Subtype /Span /ActualText (mu tau) /StPNE pdfmark [/StBMC pdfmarkμτps: [/EMC pdfmark [/StPop pdfmark [/StBMC pdfmark Extraction Methods
2.1 Fitting the Hecht Equation
2.2 Direct Measurement Method
2.3 Drift Time Method
2.4 Time of Flight
3 3D Mapping of Mobility and Lifetime in CZT
3.1 Detector Operation
3.2 Measurements and Data
3.3 ps: [/EMC pdfmark [/objdef Equ /Subtype /Span /ActualText (mu Subscript e Baseline tau Subscript e) /StPNE pdfmark [/StBMC pdfmarkμeτeps: [/EMC pdfmark [/StPop pdfmark [/StBMC pdfmark-Product
3.4 ps: [/EMC pdfmark [/objdef Equ /Subtype /Span /ActualText (tau Subscript e) /StPNE pdfmark [/StBMC pdfmarkτeps: [/EMC pdfmark [/StPop pdfmark [/StBMC pdfmark
3.5 ps: [/EMC pdfmark [/objdef Equ /Subtype /Span /ActualText (mu Subscript e) /StPNE pdfmark [/StBMC pdfmarkμeps: [/EMC pdfmark [/StPop pdfmark [/StBMC pdfmark
3.6 Modeling Detector Response
3.6.1 COMSOL Model
3.6.2 Implementation of ps: [/EMC pdfmark [/objdef Equ /Subtype /Span /ActualText (mu Subscript e Baseline tau Subscript e) /StPNE pdfmark [/StBMC pdfmarkμeτeps: [/EMC pdfmark [/StPop pdfmark [/StBMC pdfmark-map
4 Final Remarks
References
Investigation on the Polarization Effect and Depolarization Technique of CZT Detector Under High Flux Rate X-/γ-RayIrradiation
1 Introduction
2 Defects in CZT Crystal
2.1 Source of Defects
2.2 Effects of Defects
2.3 Defect Testing Technique
3 Temporal Response Experiment
3.1 Sensitivity
3.2 Sensitivity Test
3.3 Sub-bandgap Illumination Optimization
4 Analysis and Discussion
4.1 Shape Changes with no IR Illumination
4.2 Effects of IR Illumination on the Temporal Response of CZT Detector
5 Conclusion
References
Research on the Performance of CZT Detector in Alpha Particle Detection
1 Introduction
2 CZT Detecting System
2.1 CZT Detector
2.2 Electronics
2.3 DAQ Program and Upper Computer Program
3 Am-Pu α Particle Source Spectrum Acquisition
3.1 Linear Response Test
3.2 Electronic Noise Measurement
3.3 Am-Pu α Particle Spectrum Acquisition
3.4 Electron Mobility-Lifetime Product Measurement
4 Simulations of CZT Detector's Spectral Response
4.1 Simulation of α Source and α-CZT Interaction
4.2 Simulation of Charge Carrier Transport
4.3 Simulation of Electronic Noise
4.4 Spectrum Reconstruction
4.5 Estimation of the Influence of 100 nm Cr Coating on the Performance of CZT Detector
5 Conclusion
References
CdZnTeSe: Recent Advances for Radiation Detector Applications
1 Introduction
2 Te Inclusions and Sub-grain Boundaries and Their Networks in CZT
3 Effects of Se Addition to the CdZnTe Matrix
References
Investigation of Charge Transport Properties and the Role of Point Defects in CdZnTeSe Room Temperature Radiation Detectors
1 Introduction
2 Growth of CZTS Single Crystals
2.1 Vertical Bridgman Method
2.2 Vertical Gradient Freeze Method
2.3 Crystal Cutting and Detector Fabrication
3 Structural, Electrical, and Spectroscopic Characterization
3.1 Structural and Compositional Characterization
3.2 Electrical and Spectroscopic Characterization
4 Density Functional Theory Calculations: Defect Formation
5 Photo-Induced Current Transient Spectroscopy Measurements
References
Charge Sharing and Cross Talk Effects in High-Z and Wide-Bandgap Compound Semiconductor Pixel Detectors
1 Introduction
2 Charge Sharing and Cross Talk Events in CZT Pixel Detectors
2.1 Charge Sharing Events
2.2 Fluorescence Cross Talk Events
2.3 Weighting Potential Cross Talk Events
3 Detection and Correction of Charge Sharing in CZT Pixel Detectors
3.1 Coincidence Events with Multiplicity m == 2
4 Coincidence Events with Multiplicity m > 2
5 Conclusions
References
Effect of Electron Irradiation on Spectroscopic Properties of Schottky Barrier CdTe Semiconductor Detectors
1 Introduction
2 Cadmium Telluride Detectors
3 Polarization Effect
4 Radiation Hardness of CdTe Detectors
5 Experimental Details
5.1 Detector Fabrication
6 Electron Irradiation
7 Spectroscopic Measurements
8 Simulations of Electron Irradiation
9 Results and Discussion
10 Summary
References
A Path to Produce High-Performance CdZnTe Crystals for Radiation Detection Applications: Crystal Growth by THM, Surface Preparation, and Electrode Deposition
1 Introduction
2 Traveling Heater Method
3 Crystal Defects
4 Surface Preparation and Electrode Deposition
5 CdZnTe Crystal Growth
6 Properties of THM-Grown Crystals
7 Conclusion
References
Index