This book presents a summary of high-pressure phase transitions of minerals and related inorganic compounds. The first part reviews the methods to investigate phase transitions by direct high-pressure and high-temperature experiments together with thermodynamic approaches that consist of calorimetric measurements and thermodynamic calculation. In the second part, phase relations and thermodynamic properties of olivine, pyroxene, garnet, spinel, perovskite, rutile, and related inorganic compounds with A2BO4, ABO3, AB2O4, and AO2 stoichiometries are described. Particular emphasis is placed on spinel- and perovskite-structured phases and their high-pressure polymorphs called post-spinel and post-perovskite phases. The last part of the book focuses on phase relations of mantle rocks and on natural high-pressure minerals from the Earth’s deep mantle and in shocked meteorites.
Author(s): Masaki Akaogi
Series: Advances in Geological Science
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 214
City: Singapore
Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Structure of the Earth’s Interior
1.2 Constituent Minerals of the Earth’s Mantle
1.3 High-Pressure and High-Temperature Experiments and Thermodynamic Calculations for Investigation of Mineral Phase Transitions
1.4 High-Pressure and High-Temperature Experiments for Synthesis of New Materials
1.5 Mineral Names of High-Pressure Silicates and Oxides
References
2 Crystal Chemistry and Thermodynamics of High-Pressure Phase Transition
2.1 Crystal Chemistry of High-Pressure Phase Transition
2.1.1 General Features
2.1.2 High-Pressure Phase Transitions of AO Compounds
2.1.3 Pressure-Induced Electronic Spin Transition
2.2 Thermodynamics of High-Pressure Phase Transition
2.2.1 Gibbs Free Energy and Phase Transition
2.2.2 Configurational and Vibrational Entropies
2.2.3 Thermodynamic Formulation of High-Pressure Phase Transition
2.2.4 Thermodynamic Formulation of High-Pressure Phase Equilibria in a Binary System
References
3 High-Pressure and High-Temperature Experiments with Large-Volume Apparatus
3.1 Large-Volume High-Pressure Apparatus
3.1.1 Piston-Cylinder Apparatus
3.1.2 Multianvil Apparatus
3.2 Materials of Anvils and Pressure Media
3.3 Pressure Calibration
3.4 Cell Assembly for High-Pressure and High-Temperature Experiments
3.5 High-Pressure and High-Temperature Quenching Experiments
3.6 High-Pressure and High-Temperature In Situ X-Ray Diffraction Experiments
References
4 Calorimetric Experiments and Thermodynamic Calculation of High-Pressure Phase Relations
4.1 Enthalpy Measurement
4.2 Low-Temperature Heat Capacity Measurement and Determination of Entropy
4.3 High-Temperature Heat Capacity Measurement
4.4 Lattice Vibrational Model for Heat Capacity Calculation
4.5 Examples of Thermodynamic Calculations of Phase Equilibrium Boundaries: Quartz-Coesite-Stishovite Transitions in SiO2
4.6 Thermodynamic Database for Calculation of High-Pressure Phase Equilibria
4.7 Ab Initio Calculation of Thermodynamic Properties of High-Pressure Phases
References
5 Olivine–Modified Spinel–Spinel Transitions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Olivine-Modified Spinel-Spinel Transitions in Mg2SiO4
5.3 Olivine-Spinel Transition in Fe2SiO4
5.4 Olivine-Modified Spinel-Spinel Transitions in the Mg2SiO4-Fe2SiO4 System
5.5 Hydrous Wadsleyite and Hydrous Ringwoodite
5.6 Spinelloids with Spinel-Related Structures
References
6 Phase Transitions of Pyroxene and Garnet, and Post-spinel Transition Forming Perovskite
6.1 Phase Transitions in MgSiO3 and FeSiO3
6.2 Post-spinel Transition in Mg2SiO4
6.3 Post-spinel Transition in the Mg2SiO4-Fe2SiO4 System
6.4 Phase Transitions in the MgSiO3-Al2O3 System
6.5 Phase Transitions in CaSiO3, CaMgSi2O6, and Other Pyroxene and Garnets
References
7 Crystal Chemistry, Phase Relations, and Energetics of High-Pressure ABO3 Perovskites
7.1 Perovskite Structure and Goldschmidt Tolerance Factor
7.2 Phase Relations of High-Pressure ABO3 Perovskites
7.3 Enthalpy of Formation of A2+B4+O3 Perovskite
7.4 Perovskite-to-LiNbO3-Type Phase Transition of ABO3 Compounds
7.5 Hexagonal Perovskite and Related Structures
References
8 Post-perovskite Transition in ABX3 and Phase Transitions in AO2
8.1 Post-perovskite Transition in MgSiO3
8.2 Post-perovskite Transition in the MgSiO3-FeSiO3 and MgSiO3-Al2O3 Systems
8.3 Post-perovskite Transition of ABX3 Compounds
8.3.1 Phase Transitions of ABO3 and ABF3 Perovskites
8.3.2 Predominant Factors Controlling the Perovskite—Post-perovskite Transition
8.3.3 Phase Transitions of ATiO3 Titanates
8.4 Phase Transitions of AO2 Compounds
8.4.1 Phase Transition Sequences
8.4.2 Phase Relations in SiO2 and TiO2
References
9 Post-spinel Transition in AB2O4
9.1 Post-spinel Structures and Phase Transitions of MgAl2O4 and Related Compounds
9.2 Phase Transitions in MgCr2O4, FeCr2O4 and MgFe2O4
9.3 Stability of Calcium Ferrite-Type and Calcium Titanate-Type A2+B3+2O4 Compounds in Terms of Cation Radius
9.4 Hexagonal Aluminous (NAL) Phase
9.5 Hollandite-Type Phase
References
10 Phase Transitions in Mantle Rocks
10.1 Phase Transitions in Pyrolite
10.2 Phase Transitions in MORB, Harzburgite and Continental Crust Materials
10.3 Phase Transitions in the Lowermost Mantle
References
11 High-Pressure Minerals from the Earth’s Mantle and in Shocked Meteorites
11.1 High-Pressure Minerals Derived from the Earth’s Mantle
11.2 High-Pressure Minerals in Shocked Meteorites and Shocked Terrestrial Rocks
References
Index
