Heterogeneous Catalysis for Sustainable Energy

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Part I Hydrogen Economy
Chapter 1 Catalytic Hydrogen Production
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Thermocatalytic Decomposition of Methane
1.1.1.1 Metal Catalysts
1.1.1.2 Carbon Catalysts
1.1.2 Partial Oxidation of Methane
1.1.3 Catalytic Reforming of Methane
1.1.3.1 Steam Reforming of Methane (SRM)
1.1.3.2 Oxidative Steam Reforming of Methane (OSRM)
1.1.3.3 CO2/Dry Reforming of Methane
1.1.4 Thermocatalytic Conversion of Other Fossil Fuels
1.2 Conclusions and Prospects
References
Chapter 2 Catalytic Reforming of Oxygen‐Containing Chemicals
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Methanol
2.2.1 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Decomposition of Methanol
2.2.2 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Partial Oxidation of Methanol
2.2.3 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Steam Reforming of Methanol
2.2.4 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Combined Reforming of Methanol
2.2.5 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Aqueous‐Phase Reforming of Methanol
2.3 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Ethanol
2.3.1 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Steam Reforming of Ethanol
2.3.2 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Aqueous‐Phase Reforming of Ethanol
2.4 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Dimethyl Ether
2.4.1 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Partial Oxidation of Dimethyl Ether
2.4.2 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Autothermal Reforming of Dimethyl Ether
2.4.3 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Steam Reforming of Dimethyl Ether
2.4.3.1 Mixed Bifunctional Catalysts
2.4.3.2 Supported Bifunctional Catalysts
2.5 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Glycerol
2.5.1 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Steam Reforming of Glycerol
2.5.1.1 Noble Metal Catalysts
2.5.1.2 Non‐noble Metal Catalysts
2.5.2 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Aqueous‐Phase Reforming of Glycerol
2.6 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Ethylene Glycol
2.6.1 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Steam Reforming of Ethylene Glycol
2.6.2 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Aqueous‐Phase Reforming of Ethylene Glycol
2.7 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Sorbitol
2.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 3 Advances in Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Catalyst Development for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
3.2.1 Fe‐Based FTS
3.2.2 Co‐Based FTS
3.3 Selectivity Control for the Production of Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuels
3.3.1 Modified FTS Catalysts for Selectivity Control of Liquid Fuels
3.3.2 Bifunctional Catalysts for Selectivity Control of Liquid Fuels
3.4 Selectivity Control for Production of Chemicals
3.4.1 Syngas to Olefins
3.4.1.1 Fe‐Based FTO
3.4.1.2 Co‐Based FTO
3.4.1.3 Bifunctional Catalysts for Syngas to Olefins
3.4.2 Syngas to Aromatics
3.4.2.1 STA via Olefins as Intermediates (SOA)
3.4.2.2 STA via Methanol/Dimethyl Ether as Intermediates (SMA)
3.4.3 Syngas to C2+ Oxygenates
3.4.3.1 Co2C‐Containing Co‐Based Catalyst for Syngas to C2+ Oxygenates
3.4.3.2 Cu‐Modified FTS Catalysts
3.5 Summary and Outlook
References
Part II Methane Activation
Chapter 4 Steam and Dry Reforming of Methane
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Steam Reforming of Methane
4.1.2 Dry Reforming of Methane
4.1.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of the SRM and DRM Reactions
4.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts for the SRM
4.2.1 Ni‐Based and Other Catalysts
4.2.2 Theoretical Studies on the SRM
4.3 Heterogeneous Catalysts for the DRM
4.3.1 Noble Metal Catalysts
4.3.2 Ni‐Based Catalysts
4.3.3 Co‐Based and Other Catalysts
4.3.4 Theoretical Studies on the DRM
4.4 Comments on Both SRM and DRM Processes
4.5 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 5 Methane Activation Over Zeolites
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 The Direct Conversion of Methane
5.1.2 Introduction to Zeolites
5.2 Oxidative Coupling of Methane over Zeolite Catalysts
5.3 Methane Dehydroaromatization (MDA)
5.4 Metal‐Modified Zeolites for dMtM
5.4.1 Fe‐Modified Zeolites
5.4.2 Cu‐Modified Zeolites
5.4.2.1 Active Sites for Methane Partial Oxidation in Copper‐Modified Zeolites
5.4.2.2 Reaction Mechanism for the Partial Oxidation of Methane over Copper‐Modified Zeolites
5.4.2.3 Alternatives to Stepwise Methanol Production: Isothermal and Direct Catalytic Conversion of Methane to Methanol over Copper‐Modified Zeolites
5.4.2.4 Effect of Framework Topology and Composition on Methane Partial Oxidation over Copper‐Modified Zeolites
5.4.3 Zn‐Modified Zeolites
5.4.3.1 Mechanism of C–H Activation in Zinc‐Exchanged Zeolites
5.4.3.2 Zinc Oxide Clusters in Zeolites
5.4.3.3 The Role of Brønsted Acid Sites in C–H Activation
5.4.3.4 Reactivity of Methane with Small Molecules on Zinc‐Modified Zeolites
5.4.4 Other d‐Block Metals in Zeolites
5.5 Outlook
References
Chapter 6 The Selective Oxidation of Methane to Oxygenates Using Heterogeneous Catalysts
6.1 Introduction and Historical Context
6.2 Liquid‐Phase Reactions
6.2.1 Zeolite Catalysts
6.2.2 Noble Metal Catalysts
6.3 Gas‐Phase Reactions
6.3.1 Non‐zeolite Catalysts
6.3.2 Zeolite Catalysts
6.3.2.1 Copper as the Active Component
6.3.2.2 Iron as the Active Component
6.4 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Part III Alkane Activation
Chapter 7 Catalytic Cracking of Hydrocarbons to Light Olefins
7.1 Background Introduction
7.2 Reaction Mechanism of Catalytic Cracking over Zeolites
7.2.1 Monomolecular or α‐Protolytic Cracking Mechanism
7.2.2 Bimolecular Cracking Mechanism
7.2.3 Monomolecular and Bimolecular Cracking Mechanism
7.3 Development of Zeolite Catalysts
7.3.1 Zeolites with Different Framework Structures
7.3.2 Adjustment of Acid Properties of ZSM‐5 Zeolite
7.3.2.1 Effect of Si/Al Ratio of ZSM‐5 Zeolite
7.3.2.2 Tuning of Al Siting and Distribution in ZSM‐5 Zeolite
7.3.2.3 Modification of ZSM‐5 Zeolites with Different Elements
7.3.3 Alkaline Metal‐ and Alkali Earth Metal‐Modified ZSM‐5
7.3.4 Transition Metal‐Modified ZSM‐5
7.3.5 Rare Earth Element‐Modified ZSM‐5
7.3.6 Phosphorus‐Modified ZSM‐5
7.4 Nano‐ZSM‐5 Zeolite
7.5 Hierarchical ZSM‐5 Zeolites
7.5.1 Mesoporous/Microporous ZSM‐5 Zeolites
7.5.1.1 Hard Template Method
7.5.1.2 Post‐treatment Method
7.5.1.3 Soft Template Method
7.5.1.4 Other Methods
7.5.2 Macroporous/Mesoporous/Microporous ZSM‐5
7.5.3 Composite Zeolites
7.6 Outlook
References
Chapter 8 Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Light Alkanes
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Direct Dehydrogenation
8.2.1 Commercial Dehydrogenation Processes
8.2.1.1 Catofin Process
8.2.1.2 Oleflex Process
8.2.1.3 ADHO Technology
8.2.1.4 Other Processes
8.2.2 Direct Alkane Dehydrogenation Catalysts
8.2.2.1 CrOx‐Based Catalysts
8.2.2.2 Pt‐Based Catalysts
8.3 Oxidative Dehydrogenation
8.3.1 Transition Metal Oxide and Alkaline‐Earth Metal Oxychloride Catalysts
8.3.1.1 Vanadium Oxide‐Based Catalysts
8.3.1.2 MoVTeNbOx Catalysts
8.3.1.3 Nickel Oxide‐Based Catalysts
8.3.1.4 Alkaline‐Earth Metal Oxychloride Catalysts
8.3.1.5 Chemical Looping ODH
8.3.2 Boron‐Based Catalysts
8.3.2.1 Development of Boron‐Based Catalysts
8.3.2.2 Active Sites of Boron‐Based Catalysts
8.3.2.3 Possible Reaction Pathway
8.3.3 Carbon‐Based Catalysts
8.3.3.1 Development of Carbon‐Based Catalysts
8.3.3.2 Identification of Active Sites
8.3.3.3 Selectivity Control of Olefins
8.4 Summary and Outlook
References
Part IV Zeolite Catalysis
Chapter 9 Zeolites for Sustainable Chemical Transformations
9.1 Introduction to Zeolites and Zeolite Chemistry
9.1.1 Zeolite Chemistry
9.1.2 Zeolites as Catalysts
9.1.3 Size Discrimination: Molecular Sieves
9.1.4 Zeolites as Supports for Metal Catalysts
9.1.4.1 Methods of Metal Deposition
9.1.5 Metals in the Zeolite Framework
9.1.5.1 Methods of Preparation
9.2 The Nature of Active Sites and Deactivation of Zeolite‐Based Catalysts
9.2.1 Active Sites in Zeolite Catalysis
9.2.1.1 Acid Sites
9.2.1.2 Basic Sites
9.2.1.3 Redox Sites in Zeolite Catalysts
9.3 Causes of Deactivation in Zeolite Catalysts
9.3.1 Poisoning
9.3.1.1 Deactivation through Carbonaceous Deposits (Coking)
9.3.1.2 Inhibition of Catalyst Activity Due to Water
9.3.1.3 Poisoning of Palladium Combustion Catalysts
9.3.2 Particle Sintering and Agglomeration
9.3.2.1 Particle Agglomeration in Ventilation Air Methane Oxidation Catalysts
9.4 Future Directions for Zeolite Catalysis
References
Chapter 10 Methanol to Hydrocarbons
10.1 Background Introduction
10.2 The Direct Mechanism for MTH Reaction
10.2.1 The Development and Milestones of the Direct Mechanism
10.2.2 The First CC Bond Formation
10.3 The Indirect Reaction Mechanism for MTH Reaction
10.3.1 Hydrocarbon Pool Mechanism
10.3.2 Dual‐Cycle Mechanism
10.3.3 The Connection Between the Dual Cycles
10.4 Bridging the Direct and Indirect Mechanisms
10.5 Zeolite Catalysts for MTH Conversion
10.6 Summary and Outlook
References
Part V Carbon Dioxide as C1 Building Block
Chapter 11 Overview on CO2 Emission and Capture
11.1 Introduction
11.2 CO2 Emission and Related Problems
11.3 CO2 Capture Technology
11.3.1 Precombustion CO2 Capture
11.3.1.1 Intermediate‐Temperature Adsorbents
11.3.1.2 High‐Temperature Adsorbents
11.3.2 Postcombustion CO2 Capture
11.3.2.1 Amine‐Based Solvents
11.3.2.2 Amine‐Functionalized Adsorbents
11.3.2.3 MOF‐Based Adsorbents
11.3.2.4 Zeolite Adsorbents
11.3.2.5 Carbon‐Based Adsorbent
11.3.3 Oxy‐Fuel Combustion CO2 Capture
11.3.4 Chemical Looping Combustion
11.3.5 Direct Air Capture of CO2
11.3.6 Carbon Capture, Storage, and Utilization
11.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12 CO2 Reduction to Fuels and Chemicals
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Methanation of Carbon Dioxide
12.3 Synthesis of C2+ Hydrocarbons
12.3.1 Alkenes
12.3.2 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
12.3.3 Liquid Fuels
12.3.4 Aromatics
12.3.5 Synthesis of Alcohol
12.3.6 Synthesis of Other Valuable Chemicals
12.4 Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Conversion of CO2 into Valuable Fuels or Chemicals
References
Part VI Biomass Conversion
Chapter 13 Lipids to Fuels and Chemicals
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Lipids to Diesel‐Range Hydrocarbons
13.2.1 Deoxygenation of Lipids over Supported Metal Sulfide Catalysts
13.2.2 Deoxygenation of Lipids over Sulfur‐Free Metal Catalysts
13.3 Lipids to Jet Fuel Hydrocarbons
13.4 Lipids to Alkenes
13.4.1 Lipids to Alkenes over Homogeneous Catalysts
13.4.2 Lipids to Alkenes over Heterogeneous Catalysts
13.5 Lipids to Fatty Alcohols
13.5.1 Hydrogenation of Oils
13.5.2 Hydrogenation of Esters or Methyl Esters
13.5.3 Hydrogenation of Fatty Acids
13.6 Summary
References
Chapter 14 Lignin Upgrading
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Structure of Lignin
14.2 Catalytic Depolymerization
14.2.1 Acid Catalytic Depolymerization
14.2.2 Alkaline Catalytic Depolymerization
14.2.3 Reductive Catalytic Depolymerization
14.2.4 Oxidative Catalytic Depolymerization
14.2.5 Other Catalytic Depolymerization
14.3 Upgrading of Monomers to Fuels and Chemicals
14.3.1 Upgrading Lignin Monomers to Cycloalkanes
14.3.2 Upgrading Lignin Monomers to Aromatic Hydrocarbons
14.3.3 Upgrading Lignin Monomers to Phenols
14.3.4 Upgrading Lignin Monomers to Other Chemicals
14.4 Direct Conversion of Lignin to Fuels and Chemicals
14.5 Conclusions and Perspective
References
Index
EULA