Herbal Medicine Applications for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Forewords
Editors
Preface
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): Signs, Symptoms, Epidemiology, Environmental Stress, Management Strategies and Current Therapies
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Characteristics
1.1.2 Signs and Symptoms
1.2 History of PCOS
1.3 Pathogenesis of PCOS
1.3.1 Hormones
1.3.2 Environmental Stressors
1.3.3 Genetic Factors
1.4 Risk Factors of PCOS
1.5 Prevalence of PCOS
1.6 Effect of the Diagnostic Criteria on Prevalence
1.7 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 2 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): Regulation of Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Steroidogenesis: A Perspective Toward Control of PCOS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Brief Account on PCOS
2.3 Risk Factors of PCOS and their Implications
2.3.1 Obesity
2.3.1.1 Role of Obesity as a Risk Factor in PCOS Patients
2.3.2 Dyslipidemia
2.3.2.1 Role of Dyslipidemia in the Development of Various Anomalities
2.3.3 Insulin Resistance and PCOS
2.3.4 Premature Ovarian Failure
2.3.5 Genetic Causes
2.3.6 Genetics of PCOS and its Inheritance
2.3.7 Adrenal Dysfunction and PCOS
2.3.7.1 Metabolism of Cortisol and Adrenocortical Biosynthesis in Women with PCOS
2.3.8 Elevation of APA in PCOS
2.3.8.1 Elevated APA May Act as a Risk Factor in PCOS
2.3.9 Oxidative Stress
2.3.9.1 Sources Producing Free Radicals in PCOS
2.3.10 Markers of Inflammation
2.3.10.1 C-Reactive Protein
2.3.10.2 Cytokines and Chemokines Involved in Chronic Inflammation
2.3.11 Lifestyle and Hormonal Misbalance to Develop PCOS
2.3.11.1 Lifestyle Changes
2.3.11.2 Smoking
2.3.11.3 Sleep
2.3.11.4 Impact of Stress in Lifestyle
2.3.11.5 Diet
2.3.11.6 Obesity
2.3.11.7 Hormonal Imbalance in PCOS
2.4 Management of PCOS
2.4.1 Management of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Failure
2.4.1.1 Neurokinin 3 Receptor Reducing GnRH Pulsatility
2.4.1.2 Use of Oral Contraceptives and Letrozole
2.4.1.3 Mechanistic Pathways Information
2.4.2 Evaluation and Management of Ovarian Insufficiency
2.4.2.1 Hyperandrogenism
2.4.2.2 Chronic Anovulation
2.4.3 Therapeutic Interventions for PCOS
2.4.3.1 Treatment of Androgen-Related Symptoms
2.4.3.2 Treatment of Infertility
2.4.3.3 Treatment of Mensuration Dysfunction
2.4.3.4 Other Therapeutic Possibility Against PCOS
2.4.3.5 Statins
2.4.3.6 Traditional/Folk Medicine in PCOS
2.4.3.7 Vitamin D and Calcium
2.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 3 Potential Phytotherapeutic Intervention for the Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
3.1 Introduction
3.2 PCOS and Reproductive Impairments
3.3 Therapeutic Drugs in PCOS
3.3.1 Oral Contraceptive Pill
3.3.1.1 Metformin
3.3.1.2 Clomiphene Citrate
3.4 Phytotherapeutic Interventions in PCOS
3.4.1 Quercetin
3.4.1.1 Quercetin as Phytotherapeutics
3.4.2 6-Gingerol
3.4.3 6-Gingerol as Phytotherapeutics
3.4.4 Resveratrol
3.4.4.1 Resveratrol as Phytotherapeutics
3.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 4 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): The "Green Healers" an Ayurvedic Eye
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Etiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
4.3 Symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
4.4 Management of PCOS
4.4.1 Allopathic Therapy
4.4.1.1 Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills (COCPs)
4.4.1.2 Clomiphene Citrate
4.4.1.3 Tamoxifen
4.4.1.4 Metformin (Side Effects)
4.4.1.5 Letrozole (Side Effects)
4.4.2 Treatment of PCOS Through Medicinal Plants and Herbs
4.4.2.1 Mentha Spicata (Spearmint)
4.4.2.2 Cinnamomum sp. (Cinnamon)
4.4.2.3 Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea)
4.4.2.4 Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera)
4.4.2.5 Actaea Racemosa (Black Cohosh)
4.4.2.6 Ocimum sp. (Holy Basil)
4.4.2.7 Linum Usitatissimum (Flaxseed)
4.4.2.8 Curcuma Longa (Curcumin)
4.4.2.9 Vitex Agnus-Castus (Chaste Berry)
4.4.2.10 Sesamum Indicum (Sesame Seeds)
4.4.2.11 Cucurbita Pepo (Pumpkin Seeds)
4.4.2.12 Trigonella Foenum (Fenugreek)
4.4.2.13 Trifolium Pretense (Red Clover)
4.4.2.14 Foeniculum Vulgare (Fennel Seeds)
4.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 5 Concept of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Anti-PCOS Plantsin the Unani System of Medicines
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Brief Account on PCOS
5.3 Principles of Unani Medicine
5.3.1 Arkan or Anasir (Element)
5.3.2 Mizaj (Temperament)
5.3.3 Akhlat (Humors-Body Fluids)
5.3.4 Aaza (Organs)
5.3.5 Arwah (Spirits)
5.3.6 Quwa
5.3.7 Afa'l (Functions)
5.4 Different Plants and their Utilization in Unani Medicine System
5.4.1 Melissa Officinalis
5.4.2 Azadirachta Indica
5.4.3 Abrusprecatorius
5.4.4 Tephrosia Purpurea
5.4.5 Trigonella Foenum-Graecum
5.4.6 Linumusitatissimum
5.4.7 Mentha Spicata
5.4.8 Cinnamomum Zeylanicum
5.4.9 Camellia Sinensis
5.4.10 Nigella Sativa
5.5 Challenges in the System of Unani Medicines
5.6 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 6 Therapeutic and Pharmacological Perspectives of Some Herbal Resources for the Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Fast-Spreading Endocrine Disorder
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Causes of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
6.2.1 Obesity
6.2.2 Insulin Resistance
6.2.3 Hyperandrogenism
6.2.4 Hormonal Alteration
6.2.5 Genetic Factors
6.3 Prescribed Treatment for PCOS
6.4 Therapeutic Effects of Some Herbal Resources on PCOS
6.4.1 Aloe Vera
6.4.1.1 Major Bioactive Constituents of Aloe Vera
6.4.1.2 Pharmacological Effects
6.4.2 Cinnamon
6.4.2.1 Major Bioactive Constituents of Cinnamon
6.4.2.2 Pharmacological Effects
6.4.3 Fennel
6.4.3.1 Major Bioactive Constituents of Fennel
6.4.4 Liquorice
6.4.4.1 Major Bioactive Constituents of Liquorice
6.4.4.2 Pharmacological Effects
6.4.5 Pomegranate
6.4.5.1 Major Bioactive Constituents of Pomegranate
6.4.5.2 Pharmacological Effects
6.4.6 Soybean
6.4.6.1 Major Bioactive Constituents of Soybean
6.4.6.2 Pharmacological Effects
6.4.7 Spearmint
6.4.7.1 Major Bioactive Constituents of Spearmint
6.4.7.2 Pharmacological Effects
6.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 7 Molecular Insight of Active Plant-Based Drug Moleculesfor the Treatment of PCOS
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 A Concise Description of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
7.1.2 Clinical Manifestations of PCOS
7.1.3 The Pathophysiology and Etiology of PCOS
7.1.4 Management of PCOS
7.2 Plant-Based Drug Molecules for the Treatment of PCOS
7.2.1 Chamomile and its Natural Molecules
7.2.1.1 Effects of Bioactive Compounds of Chamomile on PCOS
7.2.2 Liquorice and its Natural Molecules
7.2.2.1 Effects of Bioactive Compounds in Liquorice on PCOS
7.2.3 Cinnamon and its Natural Molecules
7.2.3.1 Effects of Bioactive Compounds in Cinnamon on PCOS
7.2.4 Flaxseed and its Natural Molecules
7.2.4.1 Effects of Bioactive Compounds in Flaxseed on PCOS
7.2.5 Aloe vera and its Natural Molecules
7.2.5.1 Effects of Bioactive Compounds in Aloe Vera on PCOS
7.3 Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 8 Current Understanding on Pathophysiological Insight and Experimental Animal Model to Study Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and the Role of Phytobiotics as a Potential Therapeutic Intervention
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Classification and Etiology of PCOS
8.3 Pathophysiology of PCOS
8.3.1 Clinical Features
8.3.2 Endocrine Characteristics of PCOS
8.3.3 Sex Hormones
8.3.4 Importance of Neuroendocrine Control of Gonadotropin in PCOS
8.4 Metabolic Characteristics of PCOS
8.4.1 Hyperandrogenism
8.4.2 Oxidative Stress and ROS Production
8.4.3 Inflammatory Response
8.4.4 Hypertrophy of Adipose Tissue
8.5 Molecular Pathophysiology and Role Mitochondrial Dysfunction in PCOS
8.6 Oxidative Stress and Novel Risk Markers in PCOS
8.7 Role of Mitochondrial and Endoplasmic Reticulum
8.8 High-Altitude Environment and Hypoxia in PCOS
8.9 Various Risk Factors in PCOS
8.10 Incidence of PCOS in Men
8.11 Herbal Medicines in Management and Treatment of PCOS
8.11.1 Vitexagnuscastus
8.11.2 Cimicifugaracemosa
8.11.3 Tribulusterrestris
8.11.4 Glycyrrhiza Spp
8.12 Animal Models for PCOS Studies in Human
8.13 Limitations of Using Animal Models in PCOS Studies
8.14 Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 9 Tanshinone IIA, Curcumin, and Rutin Phytotherapy: A Natural Treatment for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Phytotherapy for PCOS
9.2.1 Allopathic Drug
9.2.2 Clomiphene Citrate
9.2.3 Metformin
9.2.4 Gonadotropins
9.2.5 Aromatase Inhibitors
9.2.6 Tamoxifen
9.2.7 Troglitazone
9.2.8 Spironolactone
9.3 Tanshinone II A
9.3.1 PCOS: Effects of TSIIA on Ovarian Morphology in Mice
9.4 Curcumin
9.5 Rutin
9.6 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 10 Apigenin, Catechins and Soy Isoflavones as a Natural Treatment for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
10.1 Background
10.1.1 PCOS: Its Symptoms and Etiology
10.1.2 Conventional PCOS Treatment and its Secondary Effects
10.1.2.1 Clomiphene Citrate
10.1.2.2 Metformin
10.1.2.3 Oral Contraceptives (OCCs)
10.1.2.4 Gonadotropins
10.2 Flavonoids
10.2.1 Classification of Flavonoids
10.2.1.1 Flavonols
10.2.1.2 Flavones
10.2.1.3 Flavanones
10.2.1.4 Flavanols
10.2.1.5 Anthocyanins
10.2.1.6 Isoflavones
10.2.1.7 Chalcones
10.2.2 Therapeutic Implications of Flavonoids
10.3 Therapeutic Potential of Apigenin in PCOS Treatment
10.3.1 Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidative Activities of Apigenin
10.3.2 Regulation of Hormonal Imbalances and Reproductive Health by Apigenin
10.4 Therapeutic Potential of Catechin in PCOS Treatment
10.4.1 Anti-Inflammatory Plus Antioxidative Properties of Catechin
10.4.2 Management of Weight and Hormonal Disturbances with Catechins
10.5 Therapeutic Potential of SIFs in PCOS Treatment
10.5.1 Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of SIFs
10.5.2 Anti-Osteoporotic Activity of SIFs
10.5.3 SIFs Affect Hormonal Disturbance, Lipid Profile and Reproductive Health of PCOS Tolerants
10.6 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 11 Resveratrol, 6-Gingerol, and Quercetin as a Natural Treatment for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Resveratrol
11.2.1 Structure and General Features of Resveratrol
11.2.2 Resveratrol for the Treatment of PCOS
11.3 Gingerol
11.3.1 Structure and General Features of Gingerol
11.3.2 Gingerol for the Treatment of PCOS
11.4 QUERCETIN
11.4.1 Structure and General Features of QUERCETIN (QUR)
11.4.2 QUERCETIN for the Treatment of PCOS
11.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 12 Role of Environmental Factors in PCOS Development and Progression
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Prevalence of PCOS
12.3 Sign and Symptoms
12.4 Pathophysiology
12.5 Environmental Toxins
12.5.1 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) and PCOS
12.5.1.1 Bisphenol A (BPA)
12.5.1.2 Phthalates
12.5.1.3 Triclosan (TCS)
12.5.1.4 Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)
12.5.1.5 Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)
12.5.2 Lifestyle
12.5.2.1 Effect of Diet and Nutrition
12.5.2.2 Induction of PCOS by Hyperglycemic Food
12.5.2.3 Mechanism
12.5.3 Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota (DOGMA)
12.5.3.1 Metabolic Endotoxemia
12.5.3.2 Activation of Immune System/Inflammation
12.5.4 Hyperinsulinemia
12.5.5 Hyperandrogenism
12.5.6 Obesity and Exercise
12.5.7 Socioeconomic Status
12.5.8 Geographical Variations
12.6 Conclusion
12.7 Future Perspectives
Bibliography
Chapter 13 Melatonin as a Possible Chronobiotic/Cytoprotective Therapy in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Melatonin in PCOS
13.3 Conclusion
Bibliography
Index