Heating and Cooling with Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Moderate and Cold Climates, Two-Volume Set

Cover
Volume1
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface - Volume 1
Biography
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Outlook for Building Heating and Cooling Loads, and Simulation Tools
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Outdoor and Indoor Design Conditions
2.3 Residential Buildings
2.3.1 Heating Loads
2.3.2 Cooling Loads
2.4 Commercial and Institutional Buildings
2.4.1 Heating Loads
2.4.2 Cooling Loads
2.5 Building Simulation Software Tools
References
Chapter 3: Conventional Building HVAC Systems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Residential and Small Commercial/Institutional Buildings
3.2.1 Air-Source Heat Pump and Furnace Split Systems
3.2.2 Dual (Hybrid)-Energy Source Heat Pump Systems
3.2.3 Heat-Augmented Heat Exchanger
3.2.4 Brine Heat Exchanger
3.2.5 Add-On Heat Exchanger
3.2.6 Mini-Split Air-Source Heat Pump Systems
3.3 Large-Scale Commercial/Institutional Buildings
3.3.1 All-Air HVAC Systems
3.3.2 All-Water HVAC Systems
3.3.3 Air-Water HVAC Systems
References
Chapter 4: Geothermal Energy Resources
4.1 Introduction
4.2 High-Temperature (Deep) Geothermal Energy
4.3 Medium-Temperature Geothermal Resources
4.4 Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources
4.5 Very-Low (Shallow) Geothermal Energy
References
Chapter 5: Ground/Soil Types and Thermo-Physical Properties
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Ground/Soil Types
5.3 Density
5.4 Mass Specific Heat
5.5 Thermal Resistivity and Thermal Stability
5.6 Moisture Content
5.7 Thermal and Hydraulic Conductivity
5.8 Thermal Diffusivity
References
Chapter 6: Determination of Ground/Soil Effective Thermal Conductivity
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Laboratory Methods
6.3 In-Field Experimental Method
6.3.1 Mobile Apparatus
6.3.2 Testing Procedure
6.3.3 Evaluation of Thermal Conductivity
References
Chapter 7: Classifications of Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classification According to Application Field
7.3 Classification According to Heat/Sink Sources and Common Configurations
References
Chapter 8: Geothermal Heat Pumps
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Thermodynamic Parameters
8.3 Subcritical Mechanical Vapor Compression Geothermal Heat Pumps
8.3.1 Energy Balance and Thermal Efficiency
8.3.2 Exergy Analysis
8.3.2.1 Definitions
References
Chapter 9: Refrigerant-to-Air Condensers
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Typical Construction
9.3 Thermal Design
Reference
Chapter 10: Air-to-Refrigerant Evaporators
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Construction
10.2.1 Tubes
10.2.2 Refrigerant Distribution
10.2.3 Fins
10.2.4 Air Distribution
10.2.5 Condense Draining
10.2.6 Materials
10.2.7 Moisture Frosting
10.3 Design
10.3.1 Air Side
10.3.2 Refrigerant-Side
10.3.3 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
10.3.4 Heat Transfer Rate
References
Chapter 11: Closed-Loop (Indirect, Secondary Fluid) Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Building Closed-Loops with Distributed Geothermal Heat Pumps
11.3 Central Geothermal Heat Pumps
11.4 Materials
11.5 Brine and Water Pumping
11.5.1 Centrifugal Pumps
11.5.2 System and Pump Curves
11.5.3 Friction Losses and Pressure Drops
11.5.4 Pumping Power
11.5.5 Pump Efficiency
11.5.6 Affinity Laws
11.5.7 Pump Arrangements
11.5.7.1 Parallel
11.5.7.2 Series
References
Chapter 12: Vertical Closed-Loop (Indirect, Secondary Fluid) Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Residential and Small Commercial/Institutional Buildings
12.2.1 Operating Modes
12.3 Large-Scale Commercial/Institutional Buildings
References
Chapter 13: Heat Transfer
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Heat Transfer Inside Boreholes
13.2.1 Borehole Equivalent Diameter
13.2.2 Heat Transfer Structure
13.2.3 Borehole Thermal Resistance
13.3 Heat Transfer Outside Boreholes
13.3.1 Heat Flux and Temperature Profile
13.3.2 Analytical Models
13.3.2.1 Infinite Line-Source Model
13.3.2.2 Infinite Cylindrical-Source Theory
13.3.3 Numerical Models
13.3.3.1 Long-Time Step Temperature Response Factors
13.3.3.2 Short-Time Step Temperature Response Factors
References
Chapter 14: Horizontal Closed-Loop (Indirect, Secondary Fluid) Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Residential and Small-Scale Commercial/Institutional Buildings
14.2.1 Operating Modes
14.3 Large-Scale Commercial/Institutional Buildings
14.4 Heat and Mass Transfer
14.4.1 Ground/Soil Surface
14.4.1.1 Solar Incident (Direct) Short-Wave Radiation
14.4.1.2 Sky Long-Wave Thermal Radiation
14.4.1.3 Convective Heat Transfer
14.4.1.4 Latent (Evaporation/Condensation) Heat Transfer
14.4.1.5 Precipitation (Sensible) Heat Transfer
14.5 Temperature of Ground/Soil
14.6 Heat Transfer Around Horizontal Buried Pipes
14.6.1 Single Horizontal Pipe
14.6.2 Multiple Horizontal Pipes
14.7 Flow Inside Horizontal Pipes
14.7.1 Friction Losses
14.8 Heat Transfer Inside Horizontal pipes
References
Chapter 15: Closed-Loop Direct Expansion (Mono-Fluid) Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basic Concepts and Operating Principle
15.3 Advantages
15.4 Limitations
15.5 Horizontal Direct Expansion Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
15.5.1 Basic Concepts
15.5.2 In-Tube Refrigerant Vaporization
15.5.2.1 Two-Phase Flow Patterns
15.5.2.2 Pressure Drops
15.5.2.3 Heat Transfer
15.5.3 In-Tube Refrigerant Condensation
15.5.3.1 Flow Pattern
15.5.3.2 Heat Transfer
15.5.4 Heat Transfer Around the Horizontal Tubes
15.5.4.1 Single Tube
15.5.4.2 Multiple Tubes
15.6 Vertical Direct Expansion Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
15.6.1 Basic Concepts
15.6.2 Kaye's Improved Concept
15.6.3 Minea's Improved Concept
15.6.4 Refrigerant-Side Vaporization
15.6.4.1 Flow Patterns
15.6.4.2 Pressure Drops
15.6.4.3 Heat Transfer
15.6.4.4 Refrigerant-Side Condensation
References
Chapter 16: Closed-Loop Vertical Thermo-Syphon Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Basic Configurations
16.3 Working Fluids
16.4 Operating Principle
16.5 Density and Pressure Profiles
16.6 Temperature Profile
16.7 Velocity Profile
16.8 Heat Transfer
16.8.1 Pool Boiling in Evaporator
16.8.2 Film Condensation
16.8.3 Thermal Resistances
16.8.3.1 Evaporator
16.8.3.2 Condenser
16.8.3.3 Overall Thermal Resistance
16.8.4 Energy Performance
16.9 Advantages and Limitations
16.10 Further R&D Needs
References
Chapter 17: Open-Loop Groundwater Heat Pump Systems
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Aquifers
17.3 Groundwater Quality
17.4 Groundwater Table
17.5 Physical Properties
17.6 Potential Problems
17.6.1 Scaling
17.6.2 Corrosion
17.6.3 Clogging and Fouling
17.6.4 Organisms
17.6.5 Sand
17.7 Thermal Storage
17.8 Maintenance Aspects
17.9 Advantages
17.10 Limitations
References
Chapter 18: Open-Loop, Dual and Multiple-Well Groundwater Heat Pump Systems
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Basic Configurations
18.2.1 Residential and Small-Scale Commercial/Institutional Buildings
18.2.2 Large-Scale Commercial/Institutional Buildings
18.3 Groundwater Wells
18.3.1 Production (Supply) Wells
18.3.2 Return (Injection) Wells
18.4 Groundwater Pumping
18.4.1 Groundwater Submersible Well Pumps
18.4.2 Groundwater Flow Testing
References
Chapter 19: Open-Loop Single-Well (Standing Column) Groundwater Heat Pump Systems
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Standing Column Wells
19.3 Basic Concepts
19.4 Groundwater Flow
19.4.1 Flow Outside Standing Columns
19.4.2 Flow Inside Standing Columns
19.5 Groundwater Bleeding
19.6 Heat Transfer Around and Inside Standing Columns
19.6.1 Heat Transfer Around Standing Column Wells
19.6.2 Heat Transfer Inside Standing Column Wells
References
Chapter 20: Surface Water Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Basic Concepts
20.2.1 Open-Loop Systems
20.2.2 Closed-Loop Systems
20.3 Moving and Stationary Surface Waters
20.3.1 Thermodynamic Properties
20.3.2 Thermal Stratification, Mixing, and Turnover
20.3.3 Heat Transfer in Lakes
20.4 Design and Installation Principles
20.5 Advantages and Limitations
References
Chapter 21: Advantages and Limitations of Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Advantages
21.2.1 Energy Source Quality and System Efficiency
21.2.2 Technology Feasibility and Building Integration
21.2.3 Capital Costs
21.2.4 Operating Costs
21.2.5 Maintenance Costs
21.2.6 Payback Period
21.2.7 Life Cycle Costs
21.2.8 Environmental Impacts
21.3 Limitations
References
Chapter 22: Future R&D Requirements
22.1 Introduction
22.2 General Heat Pumping Context
22.3 Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
References
Index
Volume2
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface - Volume 2
Author Biography
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Vertical Closed-Loop (Indirect, Secondary Fluid) Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Design Principles and Steps
2.2.1 Types of Vertical Ground-Coupled Heat Exchangers
2.2.2 Borehole Field Configurations
2.2.2.1 Residential and Small Commercial/Institutional Buildings
2.2.2.2 Large Commercial/Institutional Buildings
2.2.3 Design Principles
2.2.4 Length of Vertical Ground-Coupled Heat Exchangers
2.3 Drilling Vertical Boreholes
2.3.1 Drilling Methods
2.3.1.1 Rotary Drilling
2.3.1.2 Auger Drilling
2.3.1.3 Hammer Drilling
2.3.2 Main Components of Drilling Tools
2.3.3 Potential Problems and Environmental Aspects
2.4 Installation Principles
2.4.1 Grouting
2.4.1.1 Cement-Based Grouts
2.4.1.2 Thermally Enhanced and Advanced Grouts
2.5 System Start-Up and Testing
2.6 Outlook on Design Tools
2.6.1 TRNSYS
2.6.2 Earth Energy Design (EED)
2.6.3 GSHPCalc
2.6.4 GLHEPro
2.6.5 GLD
2.6.6 POLYSUN
2.6.7 Modelica
2.6.8 IDA ICE
2.6.9 GS2000
2.6.10 CLGS
2.7 Case Studies
2.7.1 Case Study No. 1: Secondary School in Central Canadian Cold Climate
2.7.1.1 Introduction
2.7.1.2 Building Description
2.7.1.3 System Description
2.7.1.4 Simulation Procedure
2.7.1.5 Simulated Results
2.7.2 Case Study No. 2: Secondary School in Eastern Canadian Cold Climate
2.7.2.1 Introduction
2.7.2.2 Building Description
2.7.2.3 System Description
2.7.2.4 Construction Costs
2.7.2.5 Control Strategy
2.7.2.6 Experimental Results
2.7.3 Case Study No. 3: Commercial Building in Eastern Canadian Cold Climate
2.7.3.1 Introduction
2.7.3.2 Building and System Characteristics
2.7.3.3 Experimental Results
2.7.4 Case Study No. 4: Greenhouse in Japanese Moderate Climate
2.7.4.1 Introduction
2.7.4.2 System Description
2.7.4.3 Experimental Results
2.7.5 Case Study No. 5: Office Building in North American Cold Climate
2.7.5.1 Introduction
2.7.5.2 Old and New Building and HVAC Systems
2.7.5.3 Experimental Results
2.7.6 Case Study No. 6 - Residence in North American Moderate Climate
2.7.6.1 Introduction
2.7.6.2 Home Description
2.7.6.3 System Description
2.7.6.4 Experimental Results
References
Chapter 3: Horizontal Closed-Loop (Indirect, Secondary Fluid) Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Design Principles
3.2.1 Residential and Small Commercial/Institutional Buildings
3.2.2 Large-Scale Commercial/Institutional Buildings
3.3 Installation and Start-up
3.4 Advantages
3.5 Limitations
3.6 Case Studies - Horizontal Closed-Loop (Indirect, Secondary Fluid) Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
3.6.1 Case Study No. 1: Professional School in the Eastern Canadian Cold Climate
3.6.1.1 Introduction
3.6.1.2 Building Description
3.6.1.3 System Description
3.6.1.4 Construction Costs
3.6.1.5 Measurement Strategy
3.6.1.6 Experimental Results
3.6.2 Case Study No. 2: Institutional Building in a Very Cold Climate
3.6.2.1 Introduction
3.6.2.2 Building and System Description
3.6.2.3 Experimental Results
3.6.3 Case Study No. 3: High School in Moderate Climate
3.6.3.1 Introduction
3.6.3.2 Building Description
3.6.3.3 System Description
3.6.3.3 Experimental Results
3.6.4 Case Study No. 4: High School in Moderate Climate
3.6.4.1 Building and System Description
3.6.4.2 Experimental Results
References
Chapetr 4: Open-Loop Multi-Well Groundwater Heat Pump Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Design Principles
4.3 Case Studies - Open-Loop Multiple-Well Groundwater Heat Pump Systems
4.3.1 Case Study No. 1: Institutional (Office) Building in Temperate Climate
4.3.1.1 Geothermal System
4.3.1.2 Historic Operational Problems
4.3.1.4 Leading Results
4.3.2 Case Study No. 2: Institutional (Office) Building in a Cold Climate
4.3.2.1 Introduction
4.3.2.2 System Description
4.3.2.3 Experimental Results
4.3.2.4 Lessons Learned
4.3.3 Case Study No. 3: Institutional (County Jail) Building in a Moderate (Dry and Cool) Climate
4.3.3.1 System Description
4.3.3.2 Original System
4.3.3.3 Operating Problems
4.3.3.4 Recommended Modifications
4.3.4 Case Study No. 4: Institutional (County Courthouse and Jail) Building in a Moderate (Dry and Cool) Climate
4.3.4.1 System Description
4.3.4.2 System Description
4.3.4.3 Operating Experience and System Improvements
4.3.4.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Open-Loop, Single-Well (Standing-Column) Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Design Principles
5.3 Advantages
5.4 Limitations
5.5 Case Study - Laboratory Case Study in an Eastern Canadian Cold Climate
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Context
5.5.3 Experimental Setup
5.5.4 Experimental Results
5.5.4.1 Continuous Heating Mode at Full Capacity
5.5.4.2 Intermittent Heating Mode at Full Capacity
5.5.4.3 Heating Mode at Partial Capacity
5.5.4.4 Mechanical Cooling Mode
5.5.4.5 Direct Cooling Mode
5.5.5 Application Issues
References
Chapter 6: Horizontal Closed-Loop Direct Expansion Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Design Principles
6.3 Case Studies - Horizontal Direct Expansion Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems
6.3.1 Case Study No. 1: Residence in Eastern Canadian Cold Climate
6.3.1.1 Introduction
6.3.1.2 House Description
6.3.1.3 System Description
6.3.1.4 Experimental Results
6.3.2 Case Study No. 2: Residence in Central Canadian Cold Climate
6.3.2.1 House and System Description
6.3.2.2 Experimental Results and Lessons Learned
6.3.3 Case Study No. 3: Greenhouse in Canadian Eastern Cold Climate
6.3.3.1 Introduction
6.3.3.2 Greenhouse Description
6.3.3.3 System Description
6.3.3.4 Experimental Results
6.3.3.5 Lessons Learned
6.3.4 Case Study No. 4: Pig Nursery (Piggery) in Eastern Canadian Cold Climate
6.3.4.1 Introduction
6.3.4.2 Building Description
6.3.4.3 System Description
6.3.4.4 Experimental Results
6.3.4.5 Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 7: Vertical Direct Expansion Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Design Principles
7.3 Case Studies
7.3.1 Laboratory Case Study No. 1: United States
7.3.1.1 Experimental Results
7.3.2 Laboratory Case Study No. 2: Japan
7.3.2.1 System Description
7.3.2.2 Experimental Results
7.3.3 Case Study No. 3: Japan
7.3.3.1 System Description
7.3.3.2 Experimental Results
7.3.4 Laboratory Case Study No. 4: Canada
7.3.4.1 Design of Experimental Setup
7.4 Experimental Validation
7.4.1 Short Cycles in Heating Mode
7.4.2 Long Cycles in Heating Mode
References
Chapter 8: Closed-Loop Vertical Thermo-Syphon Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Design Principles
8.3 Thermal Operating Limits
8.4 Case Studies
8.4.1 Case Study No. 1: CO2
8.4.1.1 Description of Laboratory Setups
8.4.1.2 Experimental Results
8.4.1.3 Optimization Aspects
8.4.2 Case Study No. 2: CO2
8.4.2.1 Test Rig Setup
8.4.2.2 Experimental Results
8.4.3 Case Study No. 3: Propane
8.4.3.1 System Description
8.4.3.2 Experimental Results
8.4.4 Case Study No. 4: Inclined Horizontal CO2 Thermo-Syphon
8.4.4.1 Laboratory Setup
8.4.4.2 Experimental Results
References
Chapter 9: Municipal Water-Based Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Municipal Water Sources and Distribution Networks
9.3 Geothermal Heat Pump Systems Using Municipal Water
9.4 Benefits and Limitations
9.5 Case Study
References
Chapter 10: Municipal Sewage-Based Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sewage Wastewater Quality
10.3 Design Principles
10.4 Advantages and Limitations
References
Chapter 11: Building Energy Foundation-Based Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Design Configurations and Construction Principles
11.3 Heat Transfer Aspects
11.4 Potential Benefits
11.5 Potential Limitations
11.6 Case Studies
11.6.1 Case Study No. 1: Japanese Experimental Building
11.6.1.1 Building and System Description
11.6.1.2 Experimental Results
11.6.2 Case Study No. 2: European Single- and Two-Story Houses
11.6.2.1 Houses' Locations and Characteristics
11.6.2.2 Simulation Strategy and Main Results
11.6.3 Case Study No. 3: North American Single-Story Houses
11.6.3.1 Simulation Strategy and Main Results
11.6.4 Case Study No. 4: Swedish Single-Story Houses
11.6.4.1 House and System Description
11.6.4.2 Simulated Results
References
Chapter 12: Solar-Assisted Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Solar Radiation
12.3 Solar Passive Thermal Collectors
12.4 Configurations of Solar-Assisted Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
12.4.1 Series Arrangements
12.4.2 Parallel Arrangements
12.5 Control Strategies
12.6 Advantages
12.7 Limitations
12.8 Case Studies
12.8.1 Case Study No. 1: Residence in a Moderate Climate
12.8.1.1 Introduction
12.8.1.2 House and System Description
12.8.1.3 Experimental Results
12.8.2 Case Study No. 2: House in a Cold Climate
12.8.2.1 House Description
12.8.2.2 System Description
12.8.2.3 Simulated Results
12.8.2.4 Experimental Results
12.8.3 Case Study No. 3: Typical School Building in Several North American Climates
12.8.3.1 Typical School Building
12.8.3.2 System Description
12.8.3.3 Simulated Results
12.8.4 Case Study No. 4: Greenhouse in a Moderate Climate
12.8.4.1 System Description
12.8.4.2 Experimental Results
References
Chapter 13: Snow Melting Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Surface Conditions
13.2.1 Roads and Pavements
13.2.1.1 Mass Transfer
13.2.1.2 Heat Transfer
13.2.2 Bridge Decks
13.3 Conventional Snow/Ice Melting Systems
13.4 Ground-Source Heat Pump-Based Melting Systems
13.4.1 Advantages and Limitations
13.5 Further R&D Needs
13.6 Case Studies
13.6.1 Case Study No. 1: Snow/Ice Melting on Pavements
13.6.1.1 Introduction
13.6.1.2 Prediction Tool for the Snow Melting System
13.6.1.3 Simulated Results
13.6.2 Case Study No. 2: Snow/Ice Melting on a Bridge Deck
13.6.2.1 System Description
13.6.2.2 Simulation Procedure
13.6.2.3 Simulated Results
References
Chapter 14: Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems for Low-Energy Buildings
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Definitions
14.3 Technologies for Low-Energy Buildings
14.4 Benefits and Limitations
14.5 Case Studies
14.5.1 Case Study No. 1: Canadian Low-Energy House
14.5.1.1 Introduction
14.5.1.2 House Description
14.5.1.3 Description of HVAC System
14.5.1.4 First Winter Experimental Results
14.5.1.5 Annual Experimental Results
14.5.1.6 Multi-Year Experimental Results
14.5.2 Case Study No. 2: Japanese Low-Energy House
14.5.2.1 Introduction
14.5.2.2 House and HVAC System Description
14.5.2.3 Experimental Results
14.5.3 Case Study No. 3: Canadian Net-Zero Energy House
References
Chapter 15: Mine Water Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Characteristics of Mine Water
15.3 Open-Loop Systems
15.4 Closed-Loop Systems
15.5 Potential Benefits
15.6 Limitations
15.7 Present and Future Opportunities
References
Chapter 16: District Heating and Cooling Geothermal Systems
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Conventional District Heating and Cooling Systems
16.2.1 High- and Medium-Temperature District Heating Networks
16.2.1.1 Energy Sources and Heat Generation
16.2.1.2 Heat Distribution
16.2.2 District Cooling Networks
16.2.3 Benefits
16.2.3.1 District Heating
16.2.3.2 District Cooling
16.2.4 Limitations
16.3 Low-Temperature Ground-Source Heat Pump-Assisted District Systems
16.4 Future R&D Needs
16.5 Case Studies - District Heating and Cooling
16.5.1 Case Study No. 1: Helsinki, Finland
16.5.2 Case Study No. 2: London, UK
16.5.3 Case Study No. 3: The Hague, Netherlands
16.5.4 Case Study No. 4: Stockholm, Sweden
References
Chapter 17: Hybrid Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Description of Technology
17.2.1 Heating-Dominated Buildings
17.2.2 Cooling-Dominated Buildings
17.3 Design Principles
17.4 Advantages and Limitations
17.5 Case Studies
17.5.1 Case Study No. 1: Administrative Building
17.5.2 Case Study No. 2: Small Office Building
17.5.3 Case Study No. 3: Navy Training Center
17.5.4 Case Study No. 4: Kindergarten School Building
References
Index