This textbook presents the classical treatment of the problems of heat transfer in an exhaustive manner with due emphasis on understanding of the physics of the problems. This emphasis will be especially visible in the chapters on convective heat transfer. Emphasis is also laid on the solution of steady and unsteady two-dimensional heat conduction problems. Another special feature of the book is a chapter on introduction to design of heat exchangers and their illustrative design problems. A simple and understandable treatment of gaseous radiation has been presented. A special chapter on flat plate solar air heater has been incorporated that covers mathematical modeling of the air heater. The chapter on mass transfer has been written looking specifically at the needs of the students of mechanical engineering. The book includes a large number and variety of solved problems with supporting line diagrams. A number of application-based examples have been incorporated where applicable. The end-of-chapter exercise problems are supplemented with stepwise answers. Though the book has been primarily designed to serve as a complete textbook for undergraduate and graduate students of mechanical engineering, it will also be useful for students of chemical, aerospace, automobile, production, and industrial engineering streams. The book fully covers the topics of heat transfer coursework and can also be used as an excellent reference for students preparing for competitive graduate examinations.
Author(s): Rajendra Karwa
Edition: 2, 2020 Ed.
Publisher: Springer Nature
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 1162
Preface
Contents
About the Author
List of Symbols
Dimensionless Numbers
Greek Symbols
Superscript and Subscript
Space Coordinates
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Heat Transfer by Conduction
1.3 Heat Transfer by Convection
1.4 Heat Transfer by Radiation
1.5 Simultaneous Heat Transfer
1.6 Summary
Review Questions
2 One-Dimensional Steady-State Heat Conduction
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Temperature Field and Temperature Gradient
2.3 Thermal Conductivity
2.3.1 Thermal Conductivity of Solids
2.3.2 Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Alloys
2.3.3 Thermal Conductivity of Construction and Heat-Insulating Materials
2.3.3.1 R-Values of Insulating Materials
2.3.4 Thermal Conductivity of Gases
2.3.5 Thermal Conductivity of Liquids
2.4 General Heat Conduction Equations
2.4.1 General Heat Conduction Equation in Cartesian Coordinates
2.4.1.1 Thermal Diffusivity
2.4.2 General Heat Conduction Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates
2.4.3 General Heat Conduction Equation in Spherical Coordinates
2.5 One-Dimensional Steady-State Heat Conduction
2.5.1 Composite Plane Wall
2.5.2 One-Dimensional Steady-State Heat Conduction Through a Plane Homogeneous Wall Considering Film Coefficients
2.5.2.1 Conduction Heat Transfer Through a Composite Plane Wall Considering Film Coefficients
2.5.3 One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction Heat Transfer Through a Plane Homogeneous Wall Considering Heat Transfer by Convection and Radiation from the Wall Surface
2.6 One-Dimensional Steady-State Heat Conduction Through a Cylindrical Shell
2.6.1 One-Dimensional Steady-State Heat Conduction Through a Cylindrical Shell Considering Film Coefficients
2.6.1.1 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
2.6.2 Composite Cylindrical Wall
2.7 One-Dimensional Steady-State Heat Conduction Through a Spherical Shell
2.7.1 One-Dimensional Steady-State Heat Conduction Through a Spherical Shell Considering the Film Coefficients
2.7.2 Composite Spherical Shell
2.8 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity
2.8.1 Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Solids
2.8.2 Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Liquids and Gases
2.9 Effect of Variable Thermal Conductivity
2.9.1 Plane Wall
2.9.2 Cylindrical Shell
2.9.3 Spherical Shell
2.10 Critical Thickness of Insulation
2.10.1 Critical Thickness of Insulation for Cylinders
2.10.2 Critical Thickness of Insulation for Spherical Vessel
2.11 Thermal Contact Resistance
2.12 Summary
Review Questions
Problems
References
3 Extended Surfaces (Fins)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Heat Transfer from a Fin of Uniform Cross-Section
3.2.1 A Very Long Fin
3.2.1.1 Comments on Parameter M
3.2.2 Negligible Heat Transfer from the Fin End as Compared to the Heat Transferred from the Fin Surface (Ac ≪ PL)
3.2.3 Short Fins (Fin with Heat Loss from the Fin End)
3.3 Hollow Fins
3.4 Composite Fins
3.5 Effectiveness and Efficiency of Fins
3.6 Heat Transfer from a Finned Wall
3.7 Intensification of Heat Transfer by Finning
3.8 Error in Temperature Measurement with Thermometer Well
3.9 When Fins Are to Be Used?
3.10 Heat Transfer from a Bar Connected to Two Heat Sources at Different Temperatures
3.11 Generalized Equation of Fin
3.12 Fin of Minimum Weight (Isachenko et al.1977)
3.13 Straight Fin of Triangular Section
3.14 Straight Fin of Trapezoidal Section
3.15 Annular Fin
3.16 Fin Efficiency Plots
3.17 Summary
Review Questions
Problems
References
4 Conduction with Heat Generation
4.1 Plane Wall with Uniform Heat Generation
4.1.1 Case (A) Surfaces at Different Temperatures
4.1.1.1 The Maximum Temperature and Its Location Within the Wall
4.1.2 Case (B) Surfaces at the Same Temperature
4.2 Cylinder with Uniform Heat Generation
4.3 Solid Sphere with Uniform Heat Generation
4.4 Heat Transfer Through Piston Crown
4.5 Summary
Review Questions
Problems
5 Steady-State Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Analytical Solution of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction Problems
5.3 Conduction Through a Flat Semi-infinite Homogeneous Plate
5.4 Mean Value Theorem
5.5 Graphical Analysis of Two Dimensional Steady-State Conduction: Thermal Flux Plotting and Shape Factor
5.6 Experimental Investigation of Conduction Process by Method of Analogy: Electro-Thermal Analogy
5.7 Numerical Solution Methods
5.7.1 Finite-Difference Method
5.7.2 Solution of Nodal Equations
5.7.2.1 Relaxation Method
5.7.2.2 Gaussian Elimination
5.7.2.3 The Gauss–Seidel Iteration Method
5.8 Two-Dimensional Steady-State Heat Conduction with Heat Generation
5.9 Summary
Review Questions
Problems
6 Unsteady or Transient Heat Conduction
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Lumped Heat Capacity Analysis
6.2.1 Instantaneous and Total Heat Flow
6.2.2 Applicability of the Lumped Heat Capacity Analysis
6.3 Lumped Capacitance, Varying Fluid Temperature
6.4 Multiple-Lumped Capacity Systems
6.5 Transient Heat Flow in Semi-infinite Solids
6.6 Transient Heat Conduction in Infinite Plate
6.7 Heisler and Grober Charts
6.8 Two- and Three-Dimensional Transient Heat Conduction Systems
6.8.1 Two-Dimensional Systems
6.8.2 Three-Dimensional Systems
6.9 Numerical Method of Solving Transient Conduction Problems
6.9.1 The Explicit and Implicit Formulations
6.10 The Schmidt Graphical Method for One-Dimensional Problems
6.11 Summary
Review Questions
Problems
References
7 Convective Heat Transfer
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Natural Convective Heat Transfer
7.1.2 Forced Convection Heat Transfer
7.2 Flow of Fluid Past a Flat Plate
7.3 Flow in Tubes
7.3.1 Laminar Flow Through a Tube
7.3.2 Turbulent Flow Through a Tube
7.4 Equation of Continuity
7.4.1 The Displacement and Momentum Thickness
7.4.2 The Enthalpy and Conduction Thickness
7.5 Momentum Equation of Laminar Boundary Layer Over a Flat Plate
7.5.1 Solution of Momentum Equation (Blasius Solution)
7.6 Integral Momentum Equation of Laminar Boundary Layer Over a Flat Plate: von Karman Solution
7.7 Energy Equation of Laminar Boundary Layer Over a Flat Plate
7.7.1 Pohlhausen’s Solution
7.7.2 von Karman Integral Technique (Integral Analysis of Energy Equation for the Laminar Boundary Layer)
7.8 Turbulent Boundary Layer Over a Flat Surface
7.9 Laminar Flow in Tubes
7.10 Turbulent Flow in Tubes
7.11 Momentum and Heat Exchange in Turbulent Flow (Eddy Viscosity and Eddy Thermal Diffusivity)
7.12 Reynolds Analogy for Flow Past a Flat Surface
7.12.1 Reynolds–Colburn Analogy
7.12.2 Application of Colburn Analogy to Turbulent Heat Transfer from a Flat Plate
7.13 Prandtl–Taylor Modification of Reynolds Analogy for Turbulent Flow Over Flat Plates
7.13.1 von Karman Analogy for Flat Plates
7.14 Reynolds Analogy for Turbulent Flow in Tubes
7.14.1 Prandtl–Taylor Modification of Reynolds Analogy for Turbulent Flow in Tubes
7.14.2 Friction Drag: Flow Over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow
7.14.2.1 Laminar Flow
7.14.2.2 Turbulent Flow
7.15 Natural or Free Convection
7.16 Integral Momentum and Energy Equation of Free Convection on a Vertical Plate
7.17 Liquid Metal Heat Transfer for Laminar Flow Over a Flat Plate
7.18 Summary
Review Questions
Problems
References
8 Empirical Relations for Forced Convection Heat Transfer
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Dimensional Analysis
8.3 Dimensional Analysis Applied to Forced Convection
8.3.1 Rayleigh’s Method
8.3.2 Buckingham’s Pi-Method
8.3.3 Physical Significance of Dimensionless Numbers
8.4 Experimental Determination of Forced Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient
8.4.1 Uniform Temperature Condition
8.4.2 Uniform Heat Flux Condition
8.5 Friction Factor and Heat Transfer Coefficient Correlations for Circular Ducts
8.5.1 Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
8.5.1.1 Friction Factor Correlations
8.5.1.2 Heat Transfer Coefficient Correlations
8.5.2 Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes
8.5.2.1 Friction Factor Correlations
8.5.2.2 Heat Transfer Coefficient Correlations
8.6 Effects of Temperature Varying Properties
8.7 Heat Transfer and Friction in Concentric Circular Tube Annuli and Parallel Plate Duct
8.7.1 Laminar Flow
8.7.2 Turbulent Flow
8.8 Heat Transfer and Friction in Rectangular Duct
8.8.1 Laminar Flow
8.8.2 Turbulent Flow
8.9 Correlations for External Forced Flow Over a Flat Plate
8.9.1 Laminar Flow
8.9.2 Turbulent Flow
8.10 Forced Convection Laminar and Turbulent Flows Around Submerged Bodies
8.10.1 Cylinder in Cross Flow
8.10.2 Flow Around a Sphere
8.10.3 Flow Across Tube Banks
8.11 Heat Transfer in Liquid Metals
8.12 Influence of Duct Wall Roughness in Turbulent Flow
8.13 Summary
Review Questions
Problems
References
9 Empirical Relations for Natural or Free Convection
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Buoyancy Force in Natural Convection
9.3 Dimensional Analysis Applied to Natural Convection
9.3.1 Rayleigh’s Method
9.3.2 Buckingham’s Pi Method
9.3.3 Physical Interpretation of Grashof Number
9.4 Experimental Determination of Natural Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient
9.5 Empirical Relations for Free or Natural Convection
9.5.1 Vertical Plate and Cylinders
9.5.2 Inclined Plate
9.5.3 Horizontal Plate
9.5.4 Horizontal Cylinder of Diameter D and Length L greaterthan greaterthan d
9.5.5 Sphere of Diameter d
9.6 Free Convection in Parallel Plate Channels
9.6.1 Vertical Channels
9.6.2 Inclined Channels
9.7 Empirical Correlations for Enclosed Spaces
9.8 Combined Free and Forced Convection (Kays and Crawford 1980; Gebhart 1961; Holman 1992; Cengel 2007)
9.9 Summary
Review Questions
Problems
References
10 Laws of Thermal Radiation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Reflection, Absorption and Transmission of Radiation
10.3 Emissivity and a Perfect Blackbody
10.4 Planck’s Spectral Distribution of Emissive Power
10.5 Wein’s Displacement Law
10.6 Total Emissive Power: Stefan–Boltzmann Law
10.7 Blackbody Radiation in a Wave Length Interval
10.8 Real and Gray Bodies
10.9 Kirchhoff’s Law
10.10 Intensity of Radiation and Lambert’s Cosine Law
10.11 Summary
Review Questions
Problems
References
11 Exchange of Thermal Radiation Between Surfaces Separated by Transparent Medium
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Radiation Heat Exchange Between Two Black Surfaces and the Shape Factor
11.3 Evaluation of the Shape Factor
11.3.1 Salient Features of the Radiation Shape Factor
11.4 Reciprocity Relation
11.5 Radiation Exchange Between Infinite Parallel Planes
11.6 Radiation Exchange Between Infinite Long Concentric Cylinders
11.7 Radiation from a Gray Cavity
11.8 Small Gray Bodies
11.9 Electric Network Method for Solving Radiation Problems
11.9.1 Electric Network for a System Consisting of Two Gray Surfaces
11.9.2 System Consisting of Two Black Surfaces
11.9.3 Closed System of N-Black Surfaces
11.9.4 Systems Consisting of Two Black Surfaces Connected by a Single Refractory Surface
11.9.5 System Consisting of Two Gray Surfaces Connected by a Single Refractory Surface
11.9.6 System Consisting of Four Gray Surfaces Which See Each Other and Nothing Else
11.10 Radiation Shields
11.11 Radiation from a Gray Cavity (Alternative Method)
11.12 Newton’s Law of Cooling and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
11.12.1 Determination of Specific Heat Using Newton’s Law of Cooling
11.13 Radiation Heat Transfer Coefficient
11.14 Summary
Review Questions
Problems
References
12 Heat Transfer in Absorbing and Emitting Media (Gaseous Radiation)
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Specific Features of Gaseous Radiation
12.2.1 Selective Emitters
12.2.2 Beer’s Law
12.2.3 Transmissivity, Emissivity and Absorptivity
12.2.4 Total Emissive Power
12.3 Heat Exchange
12.3.1 Radiation Emitted by a Gas
12.3.2 Radiation Heat from Surface (Wall)
12.3.3 Net Rate of Heat Transfer
12.3.4 Mixture of CO2 and H2O Vapour
12.3.5 Gray Enclosure
12.4 Gray Gas Surrounded by Diffuse Gray Surfaces at Different Temperatures
12.5 Flames
12.5.1 Luminous Flames
12.5.2 Non-luminous Flames
12.6 Summary
Review Questions
Problems
References
13 Heat Transfer in Condensing Vapours and Boiling Liquids
13.1 Part A: Heat Transfer in Condensing Vapours
13.1.1 Introduction
13.1.1.1 Different Types of Condensation
Dropwise Condensation
Filmwise Condensation
13.1.2 Nusselt’s Film Condensation Theory
13.1.2.1 Laminar Film Condensation on a Vertical Surface
Comparison of Horizontal and Vertical Orientation of Tubes
13.1.2.2 Turbulent Film Flow
13.1.3 Factors Affecting Film Condensation
13.2 Part B: Heat Transfer in Boiling Liquids
13.2.1 Introduction
13.2.2 Boiling Heat Transfer
13.2.2.1 Pool Boiling
13.2.2.2 Forced-Flow Boiling
Flow Pattern in a Vertical Heated Tube with Upward Flow
Flow Pattern in Horizontal Evaporator Tube
13.3 Relations for Boiling Heat Transfer in Pool Boiling
13.3.1 Nucleate Boiling
13.3.1.1 The Peak Heat Flux
13.3.2 Simplified Relations for Boiling Heat Transfer with Water
Review Questions
Problems
References
14 Heat Exchangers
14.1 Part A: Heat Exchangers Fundamentals
14.1.1 Introduction
14.1.2 Heat Transfer Equation for Double Pipe (Concentric Tube) Heat Exchanger
14.1.3 Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
14.1.3.1 Parallel Flow Arrangement
14.1.3.2 Counterflow Arrangement
14.1.4 LMTD for Other Flow Arrangements
14.1.5 Effectiveness-NTU Method
14.1.5.1 Effectiveness-NTU Method for Counterflow Heat Exchanger
14.1.5.2 Effectiveness-NTU Method for Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger
14.1.6 Effectiveness-NTU Relations for Other Flow Arrangements
14.2 Part B: Design of Heat Exchangers
14.2.1 Introduction
14.2.2 Double Pipe Exchangers
14.2.3 Clean and Design Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients
14.3 Summary
Review Questions
Problems
References
15 Mass Transfer
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Fick’s Law of Diffusion
15.2.1 Fick’s Law for Gases in Terms of Partial Pressures
15.2.2 Fick’s Law on Mass Basis and Mole Basis
15.3 Diffusion Coefficient
15.4 Diffusion of Vapour Through a Stationary Gas: Stefan Law
15.5 Convective Mass Transfer
15.5.1 Convective Mass Transfer Equation in Terms of Partial Pressure Difference
15.6 Dimensional Analysis Applied to Convective Mass Transfer
15.6.1 Forced
15.6.2 Free
15.7 Mass Transfer Correlations
15.8 Reynolds and Colburn (or Chilton-Colburn) Analogies
15.9 Summary
Review Questions
Problems
16 Special Topic: Performance of Solar Air Heater
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Mathematical Model for Thermohydraulic Performance Prediction (Karwa et al. 2007; Karwa and Chauhan 2010)
16.2.1 Top Loss
16.2.2 Wind Heat Transfer Coefficient
16.2.3 Sky Temperature
16.2.4 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient Between the Absorber Plate and Glass Cover
16.2.5 Back and Edge Losses
16.2.6 Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Correlations
16.3 Enhanced Performance Solar Air Heaters
16.3.1 Introduction
16.3.2 Artificial Roughness for Heat Transfer Enhancement
16.3.2.1 Effect of Rib Shape and Pitch
16.3.2.2 Effect of Rib Arrangement
16.4 Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Correlations for Roughened Rectangular Ducts
16.5 Summary
References
Appendix_1
Appendix_2
Bibliography for Further Reading
Index
