The impact of natural disasters has become an important and ever-growing preoccupation for modern societies. Volcanic eruptions are particularly feared due to their devastating local, regional or global effects. Relevant scientific expertise that aims to evaluate the hazards of volcanic activity and monitor and predict eruptions has progressively developed since the start of the 20th century. The further development of fundamental knowledge and technological advances over this period have allowed scientific capabilities in this field to evolve.
Hazards and Monitoring of Volcanic Activity groups a number of available techniques and approaches to render them easily accessible to teachers, researchers and students.
This volume sets out different surveillance methods, starting with those most frequently used: seismic surveillance and deformation. It then examines surveillance by remote sensing from ground, air and space, methods that exemplify one of the most spectacular advances in this field in recent times.
Author(s): Jean-François Lénat
Series: Geoscience: Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Interactions
Publisher: Wiley-ISTE
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 320
City: London
Cover
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1. Seismic Monitoring of Volcanoes and Eruption Forecasting
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Instrumentation and seismic networks
1.2.1. Measurement systems
1.2.2. Sensors
1.2.3. Monitoring network
1.3. Types of seismic-volcanic events
1.3.1. Introduction
1.3.2. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes (VT, A-type, high-frequency, HF)
1.3.3. Long-period earthquakes (LP, B-type, low-frequency, LF)
1.3.4. Hybrid earthquakes (C-type, multiphase, MP)
1.3.5. Explosions
1.3.6. Very long-period (VLP or VLF) and ultra-long-period (ULP) events
1.3.7. Volcanic tremor
1.3.8. Surficial phenomena
1.3.9. Distortions in seismic signals
1.4. Volcanic seismicity
1.4.1. Main characteristics
1.4.2. Pre-eruptive seismic activity, precursors
1.4.3. Generic models of seismic-volcanic swarms and pre-eruptive seismicity
1.5. Processing of seismic-volcanic signals
1.5.1. Introduction
1.5.2. Seismograms
1.5.3. Event detection
1.5.4. RSAM, RSEM, SSAM
1.5.5. Spectral analysis
1.5.6. Polarization
1.5.7. Correlation
1.5.8. Determination of the Base Level Noise Seismic Spectrum
1.5.9. Automatic classification
1.6. Network data analysis
1.6.1. Determination of velocity models
1.6.2. Location of seismic sources
1.6.3. Seismic moment tensor inversion
1.6.4. Array analysis
1.6.5. Coda wave interferometry
1.7. Forecasting eruptions
1.7.1. Introduction
1.7.2. Probabilistic forecasting
1.7.3. Short-term forecasting
1.8. The FFM method
1.8.1. Alert systems and volcanic crisis management
1.9. Case studies
1.9.1. Introduction
1.9.2. Kelud volcano, Java, Indonesia
1.9.3. The “centennial” eruption of Merapi volcano, 2010
1.9.4. Piton de la Fournaise
1.9.5. Phreatic eruptions
1.9.6. Discussion
1.10. Conclusion
1.11. References
Chapter 2. Monitoring Volcano Deformation
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Phenomena at the origin of deformation
2.2.1. Deformation related to the inflation-deflation of magmatic reservoirs
2.2.2. Deformation related to magma ascent inside the conduits
2.2.3. Deformation of hydrothermal origin
2.2.4. Flank destabilization related to endogenous growth
2.2.5. Other sources of deformation
2.3. Deformation measurement techniques
2.3.1. Leveling measurements
2.3.2. Tilt measurements
2.3.3. Extensometry
2.3.4. Electronic Distance Measurement, trilateration
2.3.5. Volumetric strainmeters
2.3.6. Satellite positioning system, GNSS
2.3.7. InSAR
2.3.8. Stereophotogrammetry
2.3.9. Measurements at sea
2.4. Adequacy between deformation measurements and monitoring
2.5. Contributions and limitations of deformation modeling to the study of volcanoes
2.5.1. Reservoir models
2.5.2. Conduit models
2.5.3. Models without a priori assumptions on source shape
2.6. Perspectives: from operational monitoring to physical and predictive models
2.7. References
Chapter 3. Volcano Monitoring by Remote Sensing
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Basic concepts in remote sensing
3.2.1. Passive and active sensors
3.2.2. Geostationary and Low Earth Orbit platforms
3.2.3. Electromagnetic spectrum
3.2.4. Terrestrial infrared radiation
3.2.5. Spectral resolution
3.3. Main available operating systems
3.4. Monitoring volcanic ash plumes
3.4.1. Methodology
3.4.2. List of main available sensors
3.4.3. Case studies: Etna and Eyjafjallajökull
3.5. Monitoring volcanic SO2 plumes
3.5.1. Methodology
3.5.2. Operational issues
3.5.3. Case studies: Holuhraun/Bárðarbunga
3.6. Lava flow monitoring
3.6.1. Introduction
3.6.2. Methodology
3.6.3. Case studies: Piton de la Fournaise, 2015
3.7. Future developments
Chapter 4. Volcano Remote Sensing with Ground-Based Techniques
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Basic concepts in ground-based remote sensing relying on electromagnetic waves
4.2.1. Electromagnetic spectrum
4.2.2. Propagation of electromagnetic waves
4.2.3. Scattering and absorption
4.3. Ground remote sensing for the detection of volcanic gas
4.3.1. Introduction
4.3.2. Why become interested in volcanic degassing?
4.3.3. Measurement methods
4.3.4. Future developments
4.3.5. Conclusion
4.4. Ground-based IR remote sensing
4.4.1. History and development of ground-based thermal remote sensing instruments
4.4.2. Examples of thermal cameras used in volcanology
4.4.3. Physical principles
4.4.4. Characteristics and practical considerations for using thermal imaging instruments
4.5. Other volcano remote sensing methods with ground-based techniques
4.5.1. Introduction
4.5.2. The importance of monitoring ash plumes
4.5.3. Radars, operational tools
4.5.4. Monitoring proximal ash fallout: disdrometers
4.5.5. Monitoring of volcanic storms
4.5.6. Atmospheric lidars to probe low concentration ash clouds
4.5.7. Plume detection by GNSS networks
4.5.8. Monitoring topographic changes
4.5.9. Monitoring underwater volcanic activity by means of acoustic methods
4.6. Future developments
4.7. References
List of Authors
Index
