The impact of natural disasters has become an important and ever-growing preoccupation for modern societies. Volcanic eruptions are particularly feared due to their devastating local, regional or global effects. Relevant scientific expertise that aims to evaluate the hazards of volcanic activity and monitor and predict eruptions has progressively developed since the start of the 20th century. The further development of fundamental knowledge and technological advances over this period have allowed scientific capabilities in this field to evolve.
Hazards and Monitoring of Volcanic Activity groups a number of available techniques and approaches to render them easily accessible to teachers, researchers and students.
This volume is dedicated to geological and historical approaches. The assessment of hazards and monitoring strategies is based primarily on knowledge of a volcano’s past behavior or that of similar volcanoes. The book presents the different types of volcanic hazards and various approaches to their mapping before providing a history of monitoring techniques.
Author(s): Jean-François Lénat
Series: Geoscience: Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Interactions
Publisher: Wiley-ISTE
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 248
City: London
Cover
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Abbreviations
1. Understanding the Geological History of Volcanoes: An Essential Prerequisite to Their Monitoring
1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. Historical volcanology at the crossroads of various disciplines: the example of the Samalas eruption in 1257
1.1.2. Hazard characterization, geological analysis and future eruptive scenarios
1.1.3. Mount St. Helens, May 18, 1980
1.1.4. Lessons learned from the eruption of Mount St. Helens
1.1.5. The diversity of eruptive regimes
1.2. Relative and absolute dating and the importance of timescales: chronology of eruptions
1.3. Frequency of eruptions, eruptive cycles and future eruption scenarios
1.4. Historical activity through texts, iconography and archeology
1.5. The work of the pioneers
1.5.1. Alfred Lacroix
1.5.2. Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent
1.5.3. William Hamilton
1.6. The contribution of old maps
1.7. Volcanic archeology
1.8. Eruptive dynamics, types of eruptions, structural evolution: the use of volcanic “archives” through geological field interp
1.9. Structural framework and evolution
1.10. The use of distant archives
1.10.1. The record of large eruptions in marine and lake sediments
1.10.2. The recording of large eruptions in ice cores
1.11. From the knowledge of a volcano’s past to the identification of an operational monitoring strategy and the assessment of volcanic risks
1.12. Conclusion
1.13. References
2. Volcanic Hazards
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Eruptive hazards
2.2.1. Earthquakes of magmatic and volcano-tectonic origin
2.2.2. Outgassing phenomena
2.2.3. Lava flows
2.2.4. Tephra
2.2.5. Atmospheric pressure waves
2.2.6. Pyroclastic density currents
2.3. Indirect volcanic hazards
2.3.1. Lahars and associated flows
2.3.2. Prevention of lahars
2.3.3. Landslides and debris avalanches
2.3.4. Tsunamis
2.4. References
3. Assessment, Delineation of Hazard Zones and Modeling of Volcanic Hazards
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Terminology
3.3. Objectives of volcanic hazard assessment and delineation of hazard zones
3.4. The main volcanic hazards and their effects
3.4.1. Temporal and spatial scales of hazards
3.4.2. Existing hazard classifications and their criteria
3.5. Multi-hazard delineation methods for volcanoes
3.5.1. Specificity and complexity of volcanic hazard delineation
3.5.2. Principles of hazard delineation
3.5.3. The graphic expression of delineation of hazard zones: the hazard maps
3.5.4. Pioneering tests: Nevado del Ruiz (1985) and Mount Pelée (1985–1995)
3.5.5. Development of mapping techniques in the 1990s to 2000
3.6. New approaches to modeling and quantitative analysis
3.6.1. Evolution of delineation methods: DTM, GIS and digital codes
3.6.2. The statistical, probabilistic and evolutionary representation of delineation of hazard zones
3.6.3. Large-scale delineation of hazard zones
3.7. Conclusion
3.8. References
4. History of Volcanic Monitoring and Development of Methods
4.1. Qualitative observation
4.1.1. Maps and charts
4.1.2. Quantitative data and insights into volcanic mechanisms
4.2. The development of instrumental surveillance: late 19th– early 20th centuries to 1970s
4.2.1. Volcanic observatories
4.2.2. The modern period: impact of digital and space
4.3. Acknowledgments
4.4. References
List of Authors
Index
