Handbook of Smart Materials, Technologies, and Devices: Applications of Industry 4.0

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I Industry 4.0: Concepts, Themes, and Perspectives
1 Industry 4.0 Revolution: Introduction
Contents
The Fourth Industrial Revolution
Industry 4.0
Expected Benefits
Costs, Security, and Privacy
Enabling Technologies
Advanced Human-Machine Interface
Additive Manufacturing
Cyber Physical System
Internet of Things
Cloud
Big Data
Machine Learning
Wearable Devices
Robotics
Virtual and Augmented Reality
Applicative Sectors
Smart Home and Building Automation
Logistic Service
Automotive
Urban Planning
School
Healthcare
Agriculture
Professional Figures of Tomorrow
Conclusions
References
2 Industry 4.0 Perspectives: Global Trends and Future Developments
Contents
Abbreviations
Introduction
The Evolution of Industry: The Digital Transformation
Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI)
Regional Innovation Scoreboard (RIS)
Report Digital 2020 (We Are Social)
State of the Art on Industry 4.0
The Future of Manufacturing: Survey Results and Analysis
Survey Objectives and Setup
Survey Results
Challenges, Directions, and Trends
Research Direction #1: Technical Challenges
Research Direction #2: Social Challenges
Conclusion
References
3 Changing Manufacturing Landscape: From a Factory to a Network
Contents
Introduction
History of Manufacturing: Change Within Factory Walls
Regime of Accumulation
From Economies of Scale to Economies of Scope
The End of Division of Labor
Technological and Business Drivers that Underlie Industrial Landscape Change
Digitalization of Business and Manufacturing Processes
Automation and Manufacturing Robotics
Additive Manufacturing Technologies
Logistics Optimization and Supply Chain Risk Management
Proactive Versus Reactive Management
Conclusion: Toward Manufacturing as a Network
References
4 Karakuri Solutions and Industry 4.0
Contents
Introduction
Where to Find Karakuri?
Karakuri Kaizen in Industrial Applications
Selected Reflections on Karakuri
Conclusion
References
5 Use of Smart Technologies on Textile Industry Workers to Evaluate the Effect of Work Posture on Lower Extremity Distress in Southern Region of India
Contents
Introduction
Hand Screen Printing Process
Evaluation of Distress on Lower Extremity Among Hand Screen Printing Workers
Study Participants
Data Collection Method
Identification of Critical Work Postures
Instruments Used
Data Analysis Technique
Impact of WMSD on Various Anatomical Site
Demographics
Prevalence of Lower Extremity Disorder
Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Lower Extremity Disorder
Low Back Pain
Knee
Ankle/Feet
Inference from Postural Analysis
Rationale Behind the Occurrence of WMSD on Lower Body Extremity Among Textile Workers
Conclusion
References
6 Monitoring and Modeling of Cylindricity Error Using Vibration Signals in Drilling
Contents
Introduction
Materials and Methods for Cylindricity Monitoring
Cylindricity Measurements Using Vibration Signals
Modeling of Cylindricity Error Using ANFIS
Conclusion
References
7 Logic Based Path Planning (LBPP) Algorithm for Robotic Library System
Contents
Introduction
Manipulator Arm and Gripper for Manipulation of Book
Movable Platform
Robot Controller
Graphical User Interface
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Cascading Style Sheet (CSS)
Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)
Java Script (JS)
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
Structured Query Language (SQL)
My Structured Query Language (MySQL)
XAMPP (X-cross Platform, A-Apache, M-MySQL, P-PHP, P-Perl)
Book Navigation and Path Planning for Library System
Location Guidance Systems
Web Application Development
Path Planning Algorithm
Routing Methods for Path Planning
Summary
Objectives and Assumptions
Web Application for Path Planning in a Library System
Add Books
Book List
Search Books
Navigate Book Location
Logic Based Path Planning (LBPP) Algorithm
Web Application Based Path Planning Simulation
Development of Mobile Platform Prototype
Conclusion/Summary
Important Websites
References
8 Design, Control, and Data Management for Cleaning-in-Place (CIP) Test Rig Used in Process Industries
Contents
Introduction
Classification of CIP Based on Number of Stages
Three-Stage CIP
Five-Stage CIP
Seven-Stage CIP
CIP System Design: A Case Study in Industry
Vessel Calculations
Pump Calculations
Selection of Components
PLC Programming
SCADA Screen Development and Programming
HMI Screens Development and Programming
Real-Time Data Collection
Program Validation on Hardware
Inference
Conclusion
Future Scope
References
9 Control and Informatics for Demand Response and Renewables Integration
Contents
Introduction
Related Work
Smart Grid Communications
Networked Control Systems
Models and Technical Underpinning
General Configuration
Fault-Tolerant Playback Buffer Design
Buffer Operation
Buffer Sizing
Supervisory Controller Design
Implementation, Validation, and Illustrative Example
Illustrative Example: Model Configuration
Illustrative Example: Statistical Delay Model
Illustrative Example: HIL Results
Summary and Conclusions
References
Part II Industry 4.0: Mode of Materials, Technology, and Devices
10 From Industry 4.0 to Pharma 4.0
Contents
Introduction
Industry 4.0
Drug Development Life Cycle
Drug Discovery
Preclinical Studies
Clinical Trials
Post-Market Surveillance
Computer and IT Application in Drug Development: Pharma 3.0
Computer in Drug Discovery
Computer in Preclinical Studies
Computer in Clinical Researches
Pharma 4.0 Ecosystem
Pharma 4.0 and the Need for Data Integrity
The Requirement of Cloud Computing in Pharma 4.0
The Need for Artificial Intelligence in Pharma 4.0
Conclusion
References
11 OHS-Related Risks in an Industry 4.0 Manufacturing Plant
Contents
Introduction
Industry 4.0: Toward an Industrial Cognitive Revolution
Collaborative Robots: New Contributions Lead to New Risks
Autonomous Guided Vehicles (AGV): New Philosophy and New OHS Challenges
Big Data and Cloud Computing: How Safe Is it?
Cyber-Physical System and Internet of Things: Cybersecurity Issues Lead to Health and Safety Problems
Learned Lessons and Recommendations
Limitations of This Work
Special Pandemic Mention
Conclusion
References
12 Open-Source Framework Based on LoRaWAN IoT Technology for Building Monitoring and Its Integration into BIM Models
Contents
Abbreviations
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Test Methodology
Description of the Developed Framework
Results and Discussion
End User Application
Validation of the Gateway Performance and Monitored Values Analysis
Conclusions
References
13 Metal Additive Manufacturing Technology Applications in Defense Organizations
Contents
Introduction
Metal Additive Technologies
Classification of Metal Additive Technologies
Powder Bed Fusion (PBF)
Directed Energy Deposition (DED)
Binder Jetting (BJ)
Impact of Metal AM to the Life Cycle of a Defense Part
Defense Organizations Supply Chain
Unique Features of the Supply Chain at Defense Applications
Critical Points of the Defense Supply Chain for AM Integration
New Production Paradigms Enabled by AM Integration
Design Innovation
In-Field Additive Manufacturing Lab
Challenges for Integration of AM in a Production Line for Defense Parts
Process Certification Challenges
Process Monitoring and Control
Material Inspection
Standardization
Metal AM Material Handling Safety
Part Certification Challenges
Operating Conditions
AM in Cold Climate
AM at Sea
AM in Hot and Dusty Conditions
Framework for Integration of AM in Defense Applications
Application Fields
Conclusions and Outlook
References
14 Mechanical Properties of Additive Manufactured Part Using Fused Deposition Modeling: Influence of Process Parameters
Contents
Introduction
Additive Manufacturing
Generic Process of AM
Fused Deposition Modeling Process
Process Parameters of FDM
Influence of Build Orientation on the Tensile Behavior of FDM
Influence of Process Parameters on Other Mechanical Behavior of FDM Samples
Influence of Raster Angle on the Mechanical Behavior of FDM Parts
Conclusion
References
15 Product Lifecycle Management (PLM): A Key Enabler in Implementation of Industry 4.0
Contents
Introduction
Digital Manufacturing: A Global Perspective
Industry 4.0: The Smart Era of Manufacturing
Internet of Things (IoT) in Industry 4.0
Cyber-Physical System (CPS) in Industry 4.0
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Industry 4.0
Big Data Analytics in Industry 4.0
Additive Manufacturing in Industry 4.0
Simulation in Industry 4.0
Robotics in Industry 4.0
Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR) in Industry 4.0
Horizontal and Vertical Integration in Industry 4.0
Product Life Cycle Management (PLM)
PLM in Industry 4.0
PLM for Collaborations in Industry 4.0 Scenario
Data Protection in Industry 4.0 Via PLM
Bill of Materials (BOM) Management in Industry 4.0 Via PLM
Project Management in Industry 4.0 Via PLM
Variant Management in Industry 4.0 Via PLM
Traceability Requirements Management in Industry 4.0 Via PLM
Benefits of Incorporating PLM in Industry 4.0 Context
Challenges and Future Directions for PLM in Industry 4.0 Context
Conclusions
References
16 Zero Waste as an Approach to Develop a Clean and Sustainable Society
Contents
Abbreviations
Introduction
Concept of Zero Waste: Why Zero Waste (ZW)?
Zero Waste Approach via Sustainable Material
Zero Waste and Design of Sustainable Society
Waste Typology
Zero Waste Index (ZWI)
3R Approach
Classification and Evaluation of Zero Waste Study
Approaches for Recycling of Zero Waste
Waste Generation and Sustainable Consumption
Strategy for Management of Waste
Generation of Waste
Collection of Waste
Processing of Waste
Disposal of waste
Recycled Content and Recycling Rates
Metabolism of Linear to Circular Society
Urban Metabolism and Waste Management
Municipal Waste Management
Challenges and Opportunities in Transformation of Cities into Zero Waste Cities
Conclusion
Related websites
References
17 Role of Industry 4.0 in Maintaining Sustainable Production and Services
Contents
Introduction
Industry 4.0 and Underpinning Technologies
“Additive Manufacturing”
“Simulation”
“Cloud Computing”
“Industrial IoT”
“Cybersecurity”
Industry 4.0 and Sustainability
Sustainability in Manufacturing Products Opportunities and Concepts
Sustainability in Manufacturing Products and Services
Uses of Sustainability in Manufacturing Products and Services
Scopes of Sustainability in Manufacturing Products and Services
Smart Production
Technical Influence of Smart Production
Influence of Smart Production on Economic System
Social Influences of Smart Production
Influences of Smart Production System on Environment
How Industry 4.0 Can Manage Sustainable Production?
Advanced Management and Production
Sustainable Services
The Impact of Sustainable Services
Advanced Management and Services
Conclusion
Important Websites for Further Information
References
18 Biomass as Sustainable Material for Bioethanol Production
Contents
Introduction
Biomass Resources of Bioethanol
First-Generation Feedstock
Sugarcane
Maize
Sweet Sorghum
Wheat
Cassava
Sugar Beet
Sweet Fruits
Second-Generation Feedstock
Agricultural Residue
Forest Residue
Urban Waste and Other Wastes
Grass Species
Third-Generation Feedstock
Fourth Generation
Properties of Bioethanol
Process of Bioethanol Production
Pretreatment
First Stage Hydrolysis
Second Stage Hydrolysis
Types of Pretreatment
Physical Pretreatment
Chemical Pretreatment
Biological Pretreatment
Fermentation
Purification
Microorganisms
Biocatalyst for Ethanol Production
Problems Related with Production of Bioethanol
Conclusion
References
19 Machine Learning–Enhanced Decision-Making
Contents
Introduction
Defining Machine Learning
Artificial Neural Networks and Deep Learning
Data Pre-processing
Source Data Analysis
Data Attributes
Pre-processing of Variable Data
Pre-processing of Categorical Variables
Missing Data
Data Visualization
Data Representativeness
Section Conclusions
Type of Machine Learning Models
Supervised and Unsupervised Learning
Classification Algorithms
Binary Classification
Multi-class Classification
Multi-Symbol Classification
Imbalanced Classification
Regression Algorithms
Clustering Algorithms
Centroid and k-Means Algorithms
K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm(KNN)
Fuzzy c-Means Algorithm
Prediction
Anomaly Detection
Example Application: Machine Learning-Based System for Real-Time Inattention Detection
Aims
Background
Machine Learning-Based Methods
Previous Machine Learning-Based Approaches
Deployment Approach
Application Outcomes
Section Conclusions
Summary
Glossary
References
20 Industry 4.0: Cloud–Assisted Internet of Things Applications and Challenges
Contents
Introduction
The Cloud-Assisted IoT Models
CIoT Infrastructure Model
CIoT Virtualization Model
CIoT Application Model
Cloud-Assisted IoT Application Domains
Cloud Manufacturing Application Domain
The Cloud Manufacturing (CM) Paradigm
The Cloud-Assisted IoT Manufacturing (CIoTM) Paradigm
Cloud-Assisted IoT Manufacturing (CIoTM) Applications
Cloud-Assisted IoT Manufacturing (CIoTM) in a Wind Farm
Healthcare 4.0 Application Domain
Healthcare Applications
Applications Distributed into the CIoT Tiers
CIoT VNs for the Healthcare Applications
Agriculture 4.0 Application Domain
Definitions and Technologies
Applications
Smart Irrigation Application
Logistic and Transport Application
Challenges and Future Directions
References
21 Anticancer Natural Alkaloids as Drug Bank Targeting Biomolecules
Contents
Introduction
Natural Alkaloids with Reference to Anticancer Effect: Its Sources and Types
Targeted Biomolecules by Anticancer Natural Alkaloids
Anticancer Natural Alkaloids Targeting Nucleic Acids
Some of the Biologically Significant and Important Nucleic Acid-Binding Anticancer Natural Alkaloids
Targeting Enzymes, Viz., Topoisomerases I and II, Telomerase, DNA Polymerase, and RNA Polymerase Associated with Nucleic Acids
Anticancer Natural Alkaloids Targeting Cellular Proteins, Enzymes, and Growth Factors
Targeting Kinases Related to Tumor Proliferation, Progression, and Metastasis
Targeting Tubulin Polymerization
Targeting Apoptosis-Related Biomarkers
Targeting Transcription Factors Controlling Expression of Cancer Gene
Targeting Histone Deacetylases to Cause Genomic Instability
Targeting Ubiquitin-Proteasome System for Cancer Therapy
Targeting Heat Shock Protein (Hsp90) Related to Oncoprotein Maturity
Targeting the Markers Related to the Cancer Drug Resistance
Carbohydrate Target by Small Molecules as Anticancer Alkaloids
Anticancer Natural Alkaloids Targeting Lipid Metabolism
Concluding Remarks
References
22 Mode of Materials, Technology, and Devices
Contents
Introduction
Nanomaterials
Methods of Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Chemical Methods
Precipitation Methods
Emulsion Precipitation Method
Co-precipitation Method
Sol-Gel Method
Immobilization Methods
Citrate Complexation Gelation Method
Penchini Method
Low Temperature Combustion Methods (LCS)
Properties of Nanostructured Materials
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Characterization Techniques of Nanostructured Materials
Size
Surface Area
Composition
Surface Morphology
Surface Charge
Crystallography
Applications
Cosmetics and Sunscreens
Electronics
Nanocomposites as Sensing Material
Catalysis
Medicine
Food
Construction
Conclusion
References
23 IoT-Based Medication Reminder Devices: Design and Implementation
Contents
Introduction
Block Diagram of the System
NodeMCU ESP8266
Features
Working Principle of ESP8266
System Peripherals
Infrared (IR) Sensor
Active IR Sensor
Passive IR Sensor
IR Sensor Working Principle
IR Transmitter or IR LED
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Buzzer
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Features
Real-Time Clock (RTC) Module
DS3231 RTC Module Features
Introduction to IoT
Architecture of IoT
Block Diagram of IoT
IoT Gateways
Sensors and Controllers
Implementation of IoT-Based Medicine Reminder System
Arduino IDE
Installation Steps to Arduino IDE
Step 2: Download Arduino IDE Software
Step 3: Power up your Board
Step 4: Launch Arduino IDE
Step 5: Open your First Project
Step 6: Select your Arduino Board
Step 7: Select your Serial Port
Step 8: Upload the Program to your Board
Salient Features
NodeMCU Libraries
#Include
#Include
#Include
#Include -Library for I2C Communication-
#Include
Blynk App
Components of Blynk App
Libraries
Configuring SMTP
Setting up SMTP2Go
Encoding to Base64 Value
System Flowchart
Project Setup
Interfacing Modules
LCD and RTC Module with NodeMCU
Buzzer with NodeMCU
IR Sensor with NodeMCU
Medicine Reminder through Blynk App
Acknowledgment Via Gmail
Deployment of the Proposed System
Summary
References
24 Ionic Liquids: The Smart Materials in Process Industry
Contents
Introduction
Ionic Liquids
What Is Ionic Liquid?
Origin
Classification of Ionic Liquids
Advantages over Organic Solvents
Applications of Ionic Liquids
Separations
Separation of Biologically Relevant Compounds
Separation of Organics
Separation of Proteins
Separation of Hormones, Alkaloids, and Vitamins
Separation of Antibiotics
Separation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Fuel Desulfurization
Metal Separations
CO2 Capture and Gas Separation
Reaction
Catalyst and Additives
Solvents for Synthesis and Catalyst Applications
Analytical and Chromatography
Analytical Chemistry
Liquid Chromatography
Gas Chromatography
Capillary Electrophoresis
Electro Processes
Electrochemical Gas Sensor
Electrochemistry
Electrophoresis
Other Applications
Biodiesel Production
Space Technology
Starch Chemistry
Surfactant Chemistry
Nanoparticle Stabilizers
Polymer Science
Drug Delivery
Lubricants
Batteries
Biological Aid
Engineering
Rare Earth Elements Extraction
Conclusion
Few Important Websites
References
25 Microstructure Analysis and Multi-objective Optimization of Pulsed TIG Welding of 316/316L Austenite Stainless Steel
Contents
Introduction
Steps in RSM
Selection of Base Material and Their Mechanical Properties
Input Parameters with Their Working Range
Design of Experiment
Statistical Analysis for Bead Width Using RSM
Development and Evaluation of Regression Equation: Bead Width
Adequacy Check of the Mathematical Model for Bead Width
Perturbation Plot (Bead Width)
Response Surface Plot: Bead Width
Conclusion: Bead Width
Statistical Analysis for the Depth of Penetration Using RSM
Development and Evaluation of Regression Equation: Depth of Penetration
Adequacy Check of the Mathematical Model for the Depth of Penetration
Perturbation Plot: Depth of Penetration
Response Surface Plot: Depth of Penetration
Microstructure Analysis
Mechanical Property Before PWHT
Mechanical Property After PWHT
Optical Micrograph of Base Metal and Weld Metal Before PWHT
Optical Micrograph Weld Metal After PWHT at 800 C
Conclusion
References
26 Role of IoT in Universal Design
Contents
Introduction
Universal Design
Objective of Universal Design
Definition of Universal Design
Universal Design Principles
Universal Design as a Problem-Solving Approach
Internet of Things [IoT]
IoT Timeline
Characteristics of IoT
Application of IoT
Wearables
Smart Cities
Healthcare
Smart Home Appliances
Industrial Automation
IoT in Today's World
Relationship Between U.D. and IoT
Conclusion
Websites
References
27 Nanobiomaterials Administration in Modernization of Biological Science: Current Status and Future Potential
Contents
Introduction
Classification of Nanobiomaterials
Ceramic-Based Nanobiomaterials
Semiconductor-Based Nanobiomaterials
Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanobiomaterials
Silica-Based Nanobiomaterials
Polymeric-Based Nanobiomaterials
Dendrimers
Composites
Carbon-Based Nanobiomaterials
Fullerenes
Carbon Nanotubes
Metal-Based Nanobiomaterials
Lipid-Based Nanobiomaterials
Manufacturing of Nanobiomaterials
Top-Down Approach
Bottom-Up Approach
Some Other Routes for the Preparation of Nanobiomaterials
Water-in-Oil (W/O) Emulsification Technique
Coacervation (Desolvation) Process
Heat-Assisted Gelation Mechanism
Nano Spray Drying Procedure
Nanoparticle Bioproducts Characterization
Particle Size Characterization
Morphological Characterization
Surface Charge Characterization
Separation and Purification of Nanoparticle Bio-products
Application of Nanobiomaterials
Overcoming the Multidrug Resistance (MDR) of Cancer Cells
Controlling Cellular Factors Responsible for MDR
Targeting DNA Repair Mechanism
Targeting Hypoxia
Targeting Extracellular pH
Stability of Nanoparticles During Drug Delivery
Nanodelivery Systems for Overcoming the Current Problems for Central Nervous System (CNS) Disease Therapy
Liposomes
Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsions
Therapeutic Applications of Nanomaterials as a Gene Delivery Carrier
Plasmid DNA
RNA Interference
Small Interfering RNA
Limitations to Be Overcome for Developing Ideal Genetic Vector
Targeted Drug Delivery
Passive Targeting
Active Targeting
Gold Nanoparticles (AuNP)-Based Drug Delivery and Molecular Imaging
Au NPs for Drug Delivery
Au NPs for Gene Delivery
Au NPs for Protein Delivery
Au NPs for Vaccine Delivery
Au NP-Based Molecular Imaging
Administration of Advanced Nanomaterials-Based Vaccines to Address Infectious Diseases
Liposomes
Emulsions
Synthetic Polymer-Based Nanodelivery Systems
Natural Biopolymers-Based Nanodelivery Systems
Carbon-Based Nanodelivery Systems
Utilization of Nanomaterials in Biofuels and Bioenergy Sector
Nanotechnology in Bioenergy Production from Microalgal Biomass
Nano-Additives in Biodiesel for Diesel Engines
Application of Mesoporous Nanoparticles for Bioethanol and FAMEs Production
Nanomaterials Specific Applications in Food Science
Nanotechnology in Food Processing
Nanotechnology in Food Packaging
Nanodelivery-Mediated Nutraceuticals
Potential Risk Associated with Use of Nanoparticles
Summary
Future Challenges and Industrial Potential
References
28 Adoption of Dematerialization Practices in Knowledge Societies in Order to Achieve Sustainable Outcomes
Contents
Introduction
Dematerialization in a Framework
Stage 0: Personal Motivation
Stage 1: Knowledge Atmosphere
Stage 2: Personal Consciousness
Stage 3: Social Metabolism
Stage 4: Ethics of Life Cycle
Stage 5: Dematerialization
Conclusion
References
29 A Perspective on the Frictional Properties of Soft Materials as Smart Applications
Contents
Introduction
Mathematical Models of Frictional Properties
Modeling of Dynamic Friction
Modeling of Stress Relaxation Process
Modeling of Static Friction
Analysis of Frictional Behavior of Gelatin Hydrogels
Analysis of Dynamic Frictional Stress
Analysis of Stress Relaxation Process
Analysis of Static Frictional Stress
Application of Present Study in Development of Smart Materials and Devices
Notations
References
30 Butterflies: A New Source of Inspiration for Futuristic Aerial Robotics
Contents
Introduction
Butterflies as New Inspiration
Butterfly Communication Strategies
Simulations and Robotic Experiments
Bflies to Capture Simultaneous Peaks in Multimodal Functions
Bflybots: Multirobotic Platform for Implementing Butterfly Mating Phenomenon
Single Source Detection with Various Initial Placements and Stepsizes
Bflybots for Detection and Colocating the Static Light Sources
Bflybots for Chasing and Interception of Dynamic Light Sources
Comparisons with Existing Optimization Algorithms
Prospective and Works-in-Progress
Mid-Sea Ship Detection Using Satellite Image Data Set
Butterflies for Water and Aerial Search Applications
Simultaneous Earthquake Prediction and Detection with Satellite Constellation
Analysis and Discussion
Related Weblinks
References
31 Significance of Bracing Accessories for Improved Workability: An EMG Assessment
Contents
Introduction
Intervention to Minimize the Musculoskeletal Distress Among Textile Workers
Investigation Protocol for Hand Screen Printing Process
Selection of Muscles and Electrode Placement
Instruments Used for Analyzing Muscle Engagement
Intervention
Measurement Techniques
Analysis of EMG and Statistical Data
Effect of Ergonomic Intervention on Workability
Effects of Footwear and Knee Braces on Muscle Activity Variation
Effects of Knee Braces on Knee Flexion
Effect of Time on Muscle Activity Variation
Effect of Time on Muscle Activity Variation
Root Causes and Intervention to Improve Workability
Conclusion
References
32 Design, Implementation, and Experimental Study on 3-RPS Parallel Manipulator-Based Cervical Collar Therapy Device for Elderly Patients Suffering from Cervical Spine Injuries
Contents
Introduction
Anatomical and Biomechanical Considerations and Devices
Sensor Interface for Controlling the Cervical Collar
Conclusion
References
33 Performance Comparison of Two-Stage LED Driver for Tube Light Applications
Contents
Introduction
Mono-stage LED Driver Topology
Solitary Stage LLC LED Driver
Design of PFC Boost Converter
Design of LLC Resonant Converter
Boost Buck LED Driver
Boost Converter Design
Buck Converter Design
Input LC Filter Design
Performance Analysis
Conclusion
Websites for References
References
34 Design and Development of Automated VerticalFarming Setup
Contents
Introduction
Related Works
Systems Design
The Vertical Stack System
The Stacker
The Mobile Robot
The Plant Tray Sensor Setup
Communication Interface
Observations
Arena
Sequence of Operation
3.3 Mobile Robot Navigation
Kinematic General Model
Kinematic Computational Model
Quadrature Decoding
Robot Alignment Paradigm
Observation and Discussion
Conclusion
Future Scope
References
35 Research Methodology for Augmenting a Gait Cycle of Lower-Body Exoskeleton, by Using a Data of Mathematical Modeling and Motion Study of a Specific User While Obtaining a Customized Gait for Joint Actuation of Exoskeleton
Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Gait Cycle Analysis and Torque Estimation
Step I: Gait Cycle Analysis
Step II: Torque Estimations
Hip and Knee Torque Calculations for Stance Phase
Hip and Knee Torque Calculations at Swing Stage
Simulation of Two-Legged Robotic Structure
Results and Discussion
Summary of Results
Future Scope
Conclusion
References
36 Intelligent, Automated, and Web Application-Based Cradle Monitoring System
Contents
Introduction
Literature Survey
Working of the Cradle
Block Diagram
Algorithm and Working of Modules
Automatic Cradle Movement
Live Streaming and Parental Controls
Call Alert Through the Cloud
Intelligent Cradle Monitoring System
Web Portal
Live Streaming
Future Scope
Conclusion
Important Websites
References
37 Review on Deep Learning Algorithms in Medical Devices
Contents
Introduction
Types of Medical Software
Medical Device: Definition
Medical Devices
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Deep Learning in Health Care
Unsupervised Learning
K Means Algorithm
K Means Clustering Subgroups
Hierarchical Clustering
Fuzzy Algorithm
Probabilistic Distribution
Clustering in Hierarchical Scheme
K Nearest Neighbors Algorithm
PCA Algorithm (Principal Components Analysis)
Rules in Association
Dimensionality Reduction
Regression Algorithm
Linear Regression
Logistic Regression
Decision Tree Algorithm
Naïve Bayes Classifier Algorithm
Support Vector Machine Algorithm
Semi-Supervised Learning
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Applications
Artificial Intelligence in Surgery
Autonomous Surgical Devices
Artificial Intelligence in Surgical Robotics
Weak Artificial Intelligence
Strong Artificial Intelligence
Specialized Artificial intelligence
Real-Time Examples
Artificial Intelligence in Robotic Applications
Assembly
Packaging
Customer Service
Open Source Robotics
Conclusion
References
38 Kinematic Modeling and Analysis of Wheeled In-Pipe Inspection Mobile Robot
Contents
Introduction
Kinematics of In-Pipe Inspection Robot
Modeling and Analysis of the Robot
Modeling: A Case Study
Analysis: A Case Study
Comparison of Motion Study
Conclusion
References
Part III Industry 4.0: Applications
39 Cloud Hadoop for Enterprise Collaboration System
Contents
Introduction
Hadoop for the Syntax and Semantics Cloud Data Integration
Extract Data from the Web
Load the Extracted Data into the HBase Tables
Transform/Off-Load Data Using Hadoop Hive's Schema-on-Read
Loading Data from HDFS to External Hive Table
Creating a New Internal Hive Table with a New Custom Schema
Extracting the Data from an External Hive Table and Copying It into the New Schema in an Internal Hive Table
Conclusion
References
40 Smart Devices in Healthcare Sector: Applications
Contents
Introduction
Devices
Orthopedic Devices
Wearable Devices
Smart Inhalers
Metered Dose Inhaler
Inhalation Sensor
Smart Mist Device
MDILog
Pulse Sensor Device
Temperature Sensing Device
Application of Smart Sensor
Smart Sensor for Gastrointestinal Tract
Smart Sensors for Liver
Smart Sensors for Lungs
Smart Sensor for Eyes Surgery and Its Management
Smart Sensors for Brain Disease
Cardiac and Motor Activity Monitor
Smart Sensors for Parkinson's Diseases
Devices in Management of Metabolic Disorder
Challenges
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Important websites
References
41 Oil and Gas Upstream Sector: The use of IEC-61499 and OPC
Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Results from Literature Review
State of Technology
OPC-UA
Information Model from OPC-UA
Security from OPC-UA
IEC 61499 standard
IEC 61499 Specifications
Architecture
Framework platform for IEC-61499
Development environment: 4DIAC-IDE
Execution Environment: FORTE
OPC-UA And IEC 61499 SIFBs for Integration of Communications within Industry 4.0 Architectures
Set of SIFBs for OPC-UA
Service Interface Function Block for implement an OPC-UA server
Service Interface Function Block for implement an OPC-UA server dynamically
Service Interface Function Block for implement an OPCUA Client Read
Service Interface Function Block for implement an OPCUA Client Write
Service Interface Function Block for implement an OPCUA Client Subscribe
Case Study
Conclusions and Ongoing Work
References
42 Lower Extremity Exoskeleton Device for Motion Assistance and Gait Rehabilitation: Design Considerations
Contents
Introduction
Market Survey
Preliminary Design of the Lower Extremity Exoskeleton Device
Modifications in the Preliminary Design
Proof-of-Concept Design of Lower Extremity Exoskeleton Device
Comparative Cost Analysis: Preliminary Design Versus Proof-of-Concept Design
Conclusions
References
43 Fuzzy Membership Functions in ANFIS for Kinematic Modeling of 3R Manipulator
Contents
Introduction
ANFIS Architecture
Triangular Membership Function
Trapezoidal Membership Function
Gaussian Membership Function
Generalized Bell Membership Function
Sigmoidal Membership Function
Kinematic Modeling of 3-DOFs Robotic Manipulator
Application of ANFIS for 3-DOFs Robotic Manipulator
Comparative Study of Fuzzy Membership Functions
Conclusions
References
44 Mobile Robot for Gas Leakage Detection System in Pipelines
Contents
Introduction
Related Works
Theory
Data Acquisition
Image Enhancement
Histogram Equalization
Image Thresholding
Binarization
Feature Extraction and Decision
Description
LCD Display
Thermal Camera
SET UP
Mobile Platform Robot
Sensing Module
Inspection Module
Conclusion
References
45 Improved Security Models in Mobile Wireless Vehicle Networks
Contents
Introduction
Comparative Analysis
L-DRAND
CarTALK 2000
Theory
System Architecture
Analysis
Zone Flooding Protocol
Zone Diffusion Protocol
Dynamic Time-Stable Geocast Routing in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks
Chain Collisions of Vehicles Equipped with Vehicular Communications
A Vertical Handoff Method via Self-Selection Decision Tree
Mobile Location Estimator Using Extended Kalman-Based IMM and Data Fusion
Scalability of Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication with Prediction- based STDMA
Conclusion
References
46 Towards a real-time unsupervised estimation of predictive model degradation
Contents
Introduction
Smart Factory
Cyber-Physical Systems
Features of CPS
Components of CPS
Machine Learning
Supervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning
Reinforcement Learning
Support Vector Machine
Naive Bayes
K-Nearest Neighbors
Logistic Regression
Decision Tree
Random Forest
K-Means Clustering
Hierarchical Clustering
Mean Shift Algorithm
Artificial Neural Network
Hidden Markov Model
Applications of ML in Condition Monitoring
Conclusion
References
47 The Adoption of Industry 4.0 Technologies Through the Implementation of Continuous Improvement Tools
Contents
Introduction
Background
The Main Characteristics of Quality 4.0 Paradigm
The Implementation of WCM Through Quality 4.0 Principles
Introduction of RAMI 4.0 for Intelligent Production
WCM for the Intelligent Production in LEONARDO of Tomorrow
Conclusion
References
48 IIOT Applications for Sustainable Manufacturing
Contents
Introduction
Importance of Sustainable Manufacturing
The Role of Information and Communication Technology in Industry 4.0
Sustainable Value Creation Through Life Cycle Management
Challenges in Life Cycle Management Toward Sustainable Development
Importance of Facilitating IIOT for Life Cycle Management
IIOT- Based Life Cycle Management Toward Sustainable Manufacturing
Implementation of IIOT System for Life Cycle Management
System Architecture of IIOT
Unit Process–Based System Architecture of IIOT
Product Life Cycle–Based System Architecture of IIOT
Identification of Parameters and Sensors
Design and Development of IIOT Platform
Design and Development of the Device
Device and Sensor Calibrations
IIOT-Based Real-Time Data Acquisition and Manipulation
Example of an IIOT-Based Life Cycle Management in Sri Lankan Tea Industry
IIOT-Based Real-Time Data Acquisition for LCI and LCM
Development of IIOT-Based Real-Time Data Acquisition System
IoT- based Real-Time Data Manipulation for LCI and LCM
Conclusion
References
49 Nano-biomaterials as a Potential Tool for Futuristic Applications
Contents
Introduction
Nanotechnology: The Beginning of a New Era
Nano-biomaterials: Making Our Lives Better
Types of Nano-biomaterials (Fig. 32Fig22)
Polymeric Nano-biomaterials
Types and Properties
Metallic Nano-biomaterials
Types and Properties
Gold Nanoparticles
Silver Nanoparticles
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Ceramic Nano-biomaterials
Types and Properties
Calcium Phosphates
Aluminum Oxide
Zirconium Dioxide
Carbon-Based Nano-biomaterials
Types and Properties
Surface Modifications
Silica-Based Nano-biomaterials
Production
Properties
Semiconductor-Based Nano-biomaterials
Types and Properties
Applications of Nano-biomaterials (Fig. 32Fig55)
Nano-biomaterials in Therapeutics
Nano-biomaterials in Antimicrobial Therapy
Nano-biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine
Nano-biomaterials as Sensors and Diagnostics
Nano-biomaterials in Food
Nano-biomaterials in Food Packaging
Nano-biomaterials in Enzyme Immobilization
Nano-biomaterials in Nano Food Delivery Systems
Nano-biomaterials in Environmental Applications
Nano-biomaterials in Bioenergy Applications
Challenges
Fabrication Techniques
Molecular Self-Assembly
Electrospinning
Nanopatterning
Cytotoxicity
Biocompatibility
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
50 Industry 4.0: Applications and Future Perspectives
Contents
Introduction
Internet of Things
Real-Time Location Systems
Computer Vision Techniques to Analyze the Behavior of Moving Entities
Sensors, Integration Board, and Computing Infrastructure
Data Compressing to Optimize IoT-Data Representation
Edge Computing
Smart Products and Services
Smart Cities
Healthcare
Military Applications
Agriculture
Conclusion
References
51 4.0 Technology for Port Digitalization and Automation
Contents
Introduction
Application of 4.0 Technologies in Container Ports of Thailand and Other Countries
Internet of Things
Robotics
Artificial Intelligence
Blockchain
Conclusions
Important Websites
References
52 Textile and Apparel Industry: Industry 4.0 Applications
Contents
Introduction
Background and Key Characteristics of the Textile and Apparel Industry
Manufacturing Setup
Industry Entities
Recent Developments
Industry Characteristics
Industry 4.0 and Its Implications for the Textile and Apparel Industry
Relevant Literature and Its Taxonomy
Economic Aspects
Environmental Aspects
Applications
Industry 4.0 Applications in Textiles, Apparel, and Fashion Companies
Zara
H&M
Levi Strauss
Indian Textile Industry
Sourcing Development Perspectives: Jockey India
Bottega Veneta
Recycling 4.0
Conclusion
Related Websites
References
53 Construction Sector: IR 4.0 Applications
Contents
Abbreviations
IR 4.0 in the Construction Sector
Revolution Timeline
Building Blocks of IR 4.0
Smart Sensors
Control Systems
Connectivity
Smart Factory
Data Origination in Construction Sector
Managing the Originated Data
Digital Data in Construction Sector
Construction Sector Data Management in IR 4.0
BIM Data Dimensions
3D BIM Data
4D BIM Data
5D BIM Data
6D BIM Data
7D BIM Data
Communication Integrations in Construction Sector of IR 4.0
Vertical Integration (VI)
Horizontal Integration (HI)
External Integration (EI)
Internal Integration (II)
Big Data in Construction Sector with IR 4.0
Three V's of Big Data in Construction
Big Data Engineering and Analytics
Big Data and Internet of Things (IoT) in Construction Sector
Concept of IoT in Construction Sector
Software Defined Product (SDP)
Hardware Defined Product (HDP)
Network Fabric (NF)
External Systems (ES)
Cloud Computing in Construction Sector
Cloud Security
Cyber Security in Construction Sector
Cyber Security Standards for IoT Products
Cyber Security Standards for Cloud Services
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in Construction Sector
Applications of CPS in Construction Sector
Applications of IR 4.0 in Construction Sector
Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR)
Virtual Reality (VR) in the Construction Sector
Augmented Reality (AR) in the Construction Sector
Mixed Reality (MR)
Additive Manufacturing/3D Printing in Construction Sector
Autonomous Scanning Systems (Vehicles and Drones)
Unmanned Aerial System (UAS)
Application of UAS(s)
Monitoring and Progress Detection
BIM and Digital Twins
BIM and Construction Sector
The Digital Twin (DT) Paradigm
Benefits of IR 4.0 in the Construction Sector
Challenges of IR 4.0 in the Construction Sector
Conclusion
Websites
References
54 Design of Low-Cost Soft Ankle Exoskeleton Using Soft Actuators
Contents
Introduction
Design Structure
Base
Actuation
Proposed Sensors
Analysis
OpenSim Simulations
CAD Modelling
Design of Actuators
Pneumatic Artificial Muscle
Twisted String Actuator
Fabrication of Actuators
Pressure, Contraction, and Load Characteristics of the Actuators
Conclusion
References
55 Robotic Arm for Biomedical Applications
Contents
Introduction
Passive Prostheses
Mechanical/Body-Controlled Prostheses
Robotics-Aided Prostheses
Previous Related Works
Human Hand
Functionality of Current Prosthetic Hands
Problem Definition
Conceptual Design of Prosthetic Arm
Structural Analysis
Summary and Future Scope
References
56 Progresses on Green and Smart Materials for Multifaceted Applications
Contents
Introduction
Multifunctional Applications in Energy, Construction, Infrastructure, Electronics, and Buildings
The Concept of Smart Materials, Traditional Materials, Modern Materials, Nanomaterials, and Composite Materials
Smart Material and Waste Management
Smart Materials for the Industry and Smart Industrial Equipment
Concept of Industry
Smart Cooking Appliances
Two-Slice High-Speed Smart Toaster
Instant Pot Smart Wi-Fi 8-in-1 Pressure Cooker
Sensate Touchless Kitchen Faucet with Voice-Activated Technology
Automatic Pan Stirrer with Timer
Works Smart Coffee Maker with Alexa
Smart Wi-Fi Air Fryer
Smart Wireless Meat Thermometer
Touchless Automatic Soap Dispenser
Balance Smart Blender
Cordless Electric Kettle
Anova Precision Cooker
Vacuum Sealer
Temperature Control Smart Mug
Application of Smart Materials in Energy and Electronics
Application of Smart Materials in Building and Construction
Conclusions
References
57 Determining Technologies Trends and Evolution of Smart Building Technologies by Bibliometric Analysis from 1984 to 2020
Contents
Introduction
Performance Bibliometric Analysis
Publications, Citations, and Impact
Most Productive and Cited Authors, Geographic Distribution of Publications, Organizations, Research Areas, Sources, and Funding Sponsors
Most Relevant Publications, Authors, Organizations, and Countries Related to SBT Field
Conceptual Analysis
Analysis of Content of the Publications
Conceptual Evolution Map of Smart Building Technologies
Conclusions
References
58 Managing Process Safety and Operational Risks with Industry 4.0 Technologies
Contents
Introduction
Process System and Process Safety
Process Safety Management Systems
Modelling of Processes
Industry 4.0 Impacts on Process Operations
What Are the Opportunities and Threats from Industry 4.0?
What Are the Next Steps and Recommendations?
Conclusion/Summary
Important Websites
References
59 Lignin: A Renewable Chemical Feedstock
Contents
Introduction
Properties of Lignin
Classification of Lignin
Lignin as a Renewable Feedstock
Traditional Use of Lignin
Advanced Use of Lignin
Use of Lignin Derivatives
Use of Lignosulfonates
Use as Copolymer Component
Extraction of Lignin
Kraft Process
Lignosulfonate Process
Organosolv Process
Use of Steam
Alkaline Pulping
Role of Ionic Liquids in Lignin Chemistry
Concluding Remarks
References
60 Emerging Technologies in Diagnostic Virology and Antiviral Strategies
Contents
Introduction
CRISPR-Cas System-Based Detection Method
Paper-Based Lateral Flow Assay
Fluid-Phase Immunoassay and Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System Followed by Paramagnetic Technology (LIPSTICKS) Assay
Multiplex Microsphere Immunoassay (MIA)
Sandwich-Type Electrochemiluminescence Assay
Nanoparticle-Based Immunodetection Assay
Solid-Phase Immunoelectron Microscopy (SPIEM)
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)
Biosensors
Aptamers
Microarray Technique
Transmission Electron Microscope Study
MALDI (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization)
Antiviral Strategies
Vaccination
Conclusions
References
61 GTAW Application for Additive Manufacturing and Cladding of Steel Alloys
Contents
Introduction
Current Trends
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
Progress in GTAW Process
Hotwire GTAW and Narrow Gap Hotwire GTAW
Orbital Hotwire GTAW
Activated TIG Welding
Automated Wire Feeding in GTAW
Inter Pulse TIG Welding
K-TIG Welding
Twin Wire/Tandem GTA Cladding Process
Internal GTAW
Multicathode GTAW
Additive Manufacturing
Cladding
Optimization of Welding Parameters
Conclusion
Websites
References
62 Using Smart Mesoporous Silica in Designing Drug Delivery Systems
Contents
Introduction
Synthesis of Mesoporous Silicas
Synthesis of Biodegradable MPSs
Functionalization of MPSs
Improvement of Biocompatibility
Loading of Drug and Biomolecules on MPSs
Targeting Delivery Systems
Passive Targeting
Active Targeting
Gate Keeping of Drug Loaded MPSs
Stimuli-Responsive Smart Delivery System
Internal Stimuli-Responsive Delivery
pH Responsive
Redox Responsive
Enzymes and Biomolecules Responsive
External Stimuli-Responsive Delivery
Light Responsive
Temperature Responsive
Magnetic Responsive
Ultrasound
Multi-stimuli Responsive
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
63 IoT-Based Smart Farming System Using MQTT Protocol and ML Algorithms
Contents
Introduction
Control Parameters of Smart Farming
System Block Diagram
Implementation of System Design
Experimental Analysis of Smart Farming
Data Acquisition Through Different Field Trials
Design of 3D Printing Prototype
Temperature and Humidity Sensor
Pressure Sensor
Gas Sensor
Soil Moisture Sensor, Status of Motor, and Location
Messaging Services
ThingSpeak Mobile Application
Design of Webpage
Decision Tree Algorithm
Random Forest Algorithm
Comparison of ML Algorithms Accuracy
Summary
References
64 Sustainability of Fusion and Solid-State Welding Process in the Era of Industry 4.0
Contents
Introduction
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution: A Welding Perspective
Sustainability
Industry 4.0 in Fusion and Solid-State Welding
Industry 4.0 in Fusion Welding Process
Industry 4.0 in Solid-State Welding Process
Conclusion
Websites
References
65 Smart Farming: Applications of IoT in Agriculture
Contents
Introduction
Evolution of Agriculture
SMART Agriculture
Internet of Things (IoT)
Major Equipment and Technologies Enabling IoT-Based Smart Farming
Wireless Sensors
IoT-Based Tractors
Harvesting Robots
Communication in Smart Agriculture
Smartphones
Cloud Computing
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Smart Farming
Application of IoT in Smart Agriculture
Irrigation
Fertilization
Crop Disease and Pest Management
Yield Monitoring, Forecasting, and Harvesting
Protected Cultivation
Livestock Applications
Future Challenges
Conclusions
References
66 Smart Materials in Oil and Gas Industry: Application
Contents
Introduction
Smart Materials Used in Oil and Gas Industry
Application of Smart Materials in Oil and Gas Industry
Application of Smart Materials in Enhanced the Oil Recovery (EOR)
Application of Smart Materials in Drilling Fluids
Application of Smart Materials in Oil Well Cement
Application of Smart Materials in Oil-in-Water and Water-in-Oil Separation
Conclusion
References
67 Food Industry; Applications of Digitalization
Contents
Introduction
Classifying the Application of Digitalization in Food Industry
Different Levels of Digitalization's Relation with a Process in Food Industry
Legislation
Data Collection
Processing
Monitoring
Economy
Communication
Conclusion
Useful Websites for Further Information
References
68 Detection of Tuberculosis and Lung Cancer Using CNN
Contents
Introduction
Related Work
Description of Dataset
Discussion and Working of Various Architectures
Conclusion
References
69 Covid-19 or Viral Pneumonia Detection Using AI Tools
Contents
Introduction
Description of Dataset
Discussion and Working of Various Architectures
CovXNet (Mahmud et al. 2020)
Modified AlexNet Network (Chen et al. 2020)
Conclusion
References
Part IV Industry 4.0: Concept of Smart, Intelligent, and Sustainable Society
70 Iranian Small and Medium-Sized Industries
Contents
Introduction
The Weighing and Ranking Models Applied in Classification of Iranian Industries
Iranian Industries
Reviewing Statistical Analysis Results
Classified Iranian Industries
Iranian Future Industries
Conclusion
References
71 Decentralized Privacy: A Distributed Ledger Approach
Contents
Introduction
Background Knowledge
Privacy Paradox
Blockchain Technology
Blockchain Consensus Algorithms
Hyperledger Fabric
Distributed Ledger Technology Use Cases
Healthcare Oriented Use Case
Challenges
Passive DNS Use Case
Challenges
How Blockchain Technology Ensures Data Privacy
Internet of Things
Big Data
Cloud Computing
Conclusion
Supplementary Material
References
72 Toward a Circular Economy in the Copper Mining Industry
Contents
Introduction to Circular Economy and Industry 4.0 in the Mining Industry
Adoption of Industry 4.0 and Circular Economy in the Copper Mining Industry in Chile
CODELCO
The Escondida Mine– BHP Billinton
Antofagasta Minerals
Perspectives in the Implementation of Industry 4.0 in the Copper Mining in Chile
Use of Seawater in the Copper Mining Industry
Water Consumption and Supply Problem in Chile
Projections of Water Consumption in Copper Mining Processes
A Solution to the Intensive Consumption of Continental Water
Current Projects
Conclusions
References
73 Sustainability Index of Metalworking Fluids in the Manufacturing Industry for Sustainable Manufacturing
Contents
Introduction
Sustainability Index (SI)
Sustainable Manufacturing Systems
Process Sustainability
Product Sustainability
The Four Principles of Sustainability Measurement
Consolidated Framework for Sustainability Index (SI) Assessment
Evaluation of Deterministic Components of SI
Raw Material Cost
MWFs Synthesis Process Equipment Cost
Understanding the Evaluation of Nondeterministic Components Using a Case Study
Overall Sustainability Index
Example
Material and Process
Sustainability of Various Elements Used during Various Stages of the Life Cycle of MWFs
Categorization of Deterministic Components and Nondeterministic Components
Evaluation of SI for Deterministic Components
Evaluation of Nondeterministic Components of SI
Sustainability Index of the System under Consideration
Conclusion/Summary
Nomenclature
References
74 Wind Energy System: Data Analysis and Operational Management
Contents
Introduction
Basics of Descriptive Statistics in the Field of Wind Energy System
Measurement of Central Tendency of Wind Energy System Data
Percentile and Quartile (PQ) Assessment of Wind Energy System Data
Mean Absolute Deviation, Variance, and Standard Deviation (MVS)-Based Assessment of Wind Energy Data
Frequency Distribution of Prefeasibility Data of Wind Energy System
Measurement of Central Tendency and Variability of Wind Energy Grouped Data
Regression Analysis of Wind Energy System Data
Cross Tabulation and Scatterplot of Wind Velocity Data
Operational Management of Wind Energy System
Operational Management of Flexible Generation System
Operational Management-Based Maintainability and Availability Function of Wind Energy System
Maintainability
Confidence Level of Repairable System
Future Scope
Conclusion
References
75 Biomedical Data Retrieval Using Enhanced Query Expansion
Contents
Introduction
Background
Motivation and Problem Statement
Review of Literature
Biomedical Datasets Structure
Trec Genomic Dataset
Ohsumed Dataset
Query Expansion and Relevance Feedback
Automatic Query Expansion in Biomedical Data Retrieval
Biomedical Sources
Ontologies in Biomedical
Unified Medical Language System (UMLS)
Data Retrieval Application
Biomedical Data Retrieval Process
Query Preprocessing
Tokenization
Multi Words Grouping
Removal of Stop Words
Stemming or Lemmatization
Documents Ranking Models
The Probabilistic Retrieval Model
LM Jelinek-Mercer Similarity
Okapi-BM25
LM (Language Model) Dirichlet
Materials and Methods
Query Expansion
Local and Global Query Expansion in Biomedical Domain
Biomedical Data Retrieval Process
Query Expansion from Ranked Documents
Term Scoring Methods
Robertson Selection Value (RSV)
Binary Independence Model (BIM)
Lavrenko Relevance Feedback (LRF)
Baseline
Binormal Separation (BNS)
Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD)
Chi-Square
Co-Occurrence
Probabilistic Relevance Feedback (PRF)
Average Precision (AP)
Mean Average Precision (MAP)
Semantic Filtering for Biomedical Information Retrieval
Semantic Similarity Measures and Query Expansion
Evaluation of Semantic Similarity Measures
Classification of Semantic Similarity Measures
Edge-Counting Measure
Path-Based Measure
Weighted Links Measure
Depth Relative Measure
Wu and Palmer
Leacock and Chodorow
Information Content Measures
Resnik Measure
Lin Measure
Jiang and Conrath Measure
Hybrid Measures
Methodology Adopted
Experimental Setup
We Used Three Different Documents Retrieval Models: LM Jelinek-Mercer, LM Dirichlet, and BM25
Results and Discussion
Selection of Documents Ranking Model
Evaluation of Terms Scoring Method
Semantic Similarity Measures Application for Query Expansion
Conclusion
Summary
The Biomedical Information Retrieval Process
Research Contributions
Future Work
References
76 Machine Learning Applications for The Tensile Property Evaluation of Steel: An Overview
Contents
Introduction
Chemical Composition/Heat Treatment Parameter-Based ML Models for Tensile Properties
Microstructure-Based ML Models for Tensile Properties
Discussions
Conclusion
Future Scope
References
77 Business Ecosystem Approach to Industry 4.0
Contents
Introduction
Background Concepts from Management Literature
Business Ecosystems and Platforms
Platform-Based Business Models
Background Concepts from the Manufacturing Literature
Cyber-Physical Systems
Cloud Computing
Big Data
Digital Twins
Cloud Manufacturing
Design Requirements of Cloud Manufacturing Architectures
Industrial Practice
Factory-as-a-Platform Business Model Proposal
Manufacturing Architecture
Limitations of Platform Interactions in Smart Factories
Illustrative Example
Final Remarks
Conclusions
Important Websites
References
78 Modeling the Dynamics of a Smart Factory
Contents
Introduction
Production Technologies: A Chronology
Industry 4.0 Technologies
Cyber-Physical Systems
Internet of Things
Digital Twins and Smart Factories
A System Dynamics Representation of Digital Twin CPS
Causal Loop Diagrams
Stocks and Flows Diagrams
Model Validation and Result Accuracy
Scenario Modelling
Conclusions
Important Websites
References
79 Robotics in Industry 4.0
Contents
Introduction
The Industrial Revolution
Industry 4.0 Structure
Role of Robotics
Types of Robots
Sensors and Perception
Path Planning in Robots
Artificial Potential Field
Grid-Based Method
Cell Decomposition (CD) Approach
Rapidly Exploring Random Tree
Probabilistic Road Map
Fuzzy Logic
Neural Network
Ant Colony Optimization
Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) Algorithm
AI in Robotics and Industry 4.0
Data Technologies
Analytics Technologies
Platform Technologies
Operations Technologies
Application of Robots
Challenges in Robotics
Cybersecurity
Variation in Labor Forces
New Materials
Artificial Intelligence
Ethics
Conclusion
References
80 Fossil Fuel Combustion, Conversion to Near-Zero Waste Through Organic Rankine Cycle
Contents
Introduction
Zero Waste Strategic Plan and Sustainable Development Goals
Indices for Zero Waste Measurement
Waste Heat Recovery and Utilization in Industry
Drivers for Waste Heat Recovery in Industry
Zero Waste Energy Index (ZWeI)
Waste Heat Recovery Technologies
Organic Rankine Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery
ORCs for Near-Zero Waste Thermal Conversion of Fossil Fuels
Conclusion
References
81 Flow Shop Scheduling Problems in Industry 4.0 Production Environments: Missing Operation Case
Contents
Introduction
Flow Shop Scheduling Problems
Non-permutation Flow Shop
Non-permutation Flow Shop with Missing Operations
Non-permutation Flow Shop with Total Tardiness
Problem Statement
Industry 4.0 Environment
Cyber-Physical Systems
IoT
Scheduling in Manufacturing Cells: Mathematical Formulations
PFS model
NPFS Model
Numerical Examples
Optimization Methods
Results
Data Generation
Experiments Results
Conclusions
Important Websites
References
82 Smart Packaging: O2 Scavenger for Improving Quality of Fish
Contents
Introduction
Status of Smart Packaging
Reduced O2 Packaging
High Barrier Films
Vacuum Packaging
Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)
O2 Scavenger
Summary
References
83 Social Responsibility Diagnostics as the Sustainable Development Basis
Contents
Introduction
National Model Formation
Features of National Model Formation for Business Social Responsibility
System Methodology Analysis of Entrepreneurship Social Responsibility
Entrepreneurship Social Responsibility Diagnostics
Methods for Diagnosing the Parameters of Entrepreneurship Social Responsibility
Recommended Social Monitoring Parameters
Conclusion and Future Work
References
84 Green Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Catalytic Applications
Contents
Introduction
Green Routes/Techniques for Nanoparticles Synthesis
Biological Method
Nanoparticles by Bacteria
Intracellular Preparation of Nanoparticles by Bacteria
Extracellular Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Bacteria
Nanoparticles by Fungi
Yeast-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles Synthesis by Botanical Extracts
Microwave-Assisted Nanomaterial Synthesis
Ultrasonic-Assisted Nanomaterial Synthesis
MNPs Preparation Using Sonochemical Method
MMNPs by Sonochemical Route
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles by Sonochemical Route
Electrochemical-Assisted Nanomaterial Synthesis
Solar Energy
Natural Fibers: Green Nanomaterials
Catalytic Applications of Green Nanoparticles
Catalytic Applications of Metal Nanoparticles
Coupling Reaction Applications
Reduction/Degradation/Pollution Control Applications
Photocatalytic Applications
Catalytic Applications of MMNPs
Catalytic Applications of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Summary
Important Websites for Further Detailed Understanding
References
85 From Agriculture to Sustainable Agriculture: Prospects for Improving Pest Management in Industrial Revolution 4.0
Contents
Introduction
Industrial Revolution
Precision Farming
Agriculture Pest Challenges and Synthetic Pesticides
Integrated Pest Management Challenges
Digital Agriculture and Contemporary IPM
Sampling and Precise Control
Pest Identification
Identification of Insects by Artificial Neuronal Networks
Industrial Revolution 4.0 and Developing World Challenges
Conclusion
References
86 Satellite-Based Environmental Impact Assessment of MSW Dumps
Contents
Introduction
Waste Disposal and Management
Geospatial Technologies and Waste Management
MSW Dumps and Associated Bio-thermal Hazards
Role of Satellite and GIS-Based Techniques
Spatial Analysis of Satellite Bio-thermal Products
Examples from Literature
Conclusions
References
87 Examining the Impact of Industry 4.0 on Labor Market in Pakistan
Contents
Introduction
Previous Research
Theoretical Underpinning
Review Studies Concerning Industry 4.0
Industry 4.0, IoT, and Cyber-physical System and Human Element
Conclusion
References
88 Recent Advances in the MXenes for Photocatalytic and Hydrogen Production Applications
Contents
Introduction
Structure, Synthesis, and Property of MXenes
Structure of MXenes
Chemical Composition and Atomic Structure
Surface Chemical Structure
Property of MXenes
Morphologies
Vibrational Modes
Mechanical Properties
Electronic Property
Stability
Surface Chemical Properties
Modernistic Techniques for Synthesis of MXenes
Basic Principle of Photocatalysis
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
MXene-Metal Oxides
MXene-Metal Sulfides
MXene-g-C3N4
MXene-Metal-Organic Frameworks
MXene-Dye Sensitizer
Photocatalytic Degradation of Contaminants
MXene-Metal Oxides
MXene-Metal Sulfides
MXene-g-C3N4
MXene-Bi Based Photocatalysts
Photocatalytic Reduction of Gases
Reduction of N2
Reduction of CO2
MXene-Metal Oxides
MXene-g-C3N4
Summary and Outlook
The following websites would further provide important information related to the topic:
References
89 Big Data Analytics and Advanced Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture
Contents
Abbreviations
Introduction
Smart and Innovative Computing Tools for Smart Agriculture
Role of Big Data Analytics and Cloud Computing in Sustainable Agriculture
Farm Management System (FMS)
IoT and Artificial Intelligence in Smart Agriculture
Precision Farming for Sustainable Agriculture
Smart Irrigation and Smart Greenhouses
Applications of Geoinformatics Technology in Agriculture
Agriculture and Remote Sensing (RS)
GIS and Agronomy
Hi-Tech Interventions in Smart Agriculture – A Literature Quest
Preprocessing Phase
Crop Monitoring Phase
Post-harvesting Stage
Biotechnological Advances for the Improvement of Agricultural Sector
Nanotechnology as Promising Armor for Sustainable Agriculture
Market Outlooks and Key Players of Precision Farming
Opportunities in Sustainable Agriculture Practices
Challenges in Sustainable Agriculture Practices
Conclusions/Summary
References
90 Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in Industry 4.0: Revolution for Sustainable Development
Contents
Abbreviations
Introduction
The Background: What Human Beings Have Done to This Planet?
How Does Contemporary Geography Offer Solutions?
The Geographic Perspectives
GIS Is Advancing at a Rapid Pace
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Challenges and Opportunities
Locational Intelligence (LI)
Digital Transformation (DT)
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Internet of Things (IoT)
GIS-Enabled Solutions to Various Socio-environmental Problems
Environmental Monitoring, Modeling, and Assessment, and Natural Resource Management
Managing and Analyzing Land Information
Disaster Preparation and Response
Role of GIS in the Construction of Smart Cities
The Implication of GIS, IoT, and Cloud Computing in Smart City
Advances in GIS and 3D Modeling for Smart Cities
Application of the GIS in a Smart City
GIS-Enabled Agricultural Innovations
Use of GIS for Health Care and Public Health
GIS Toolbox for Healthcare Services and Business
Conclusion
References
91 Green Nanomaterials: Design, Synthesis, Properties, and Industrial Applications
Contents
Introduction
Types of Green Nanomaterials
Plant Extract
Bacteria
Fungi
Synthesis Process
Methodology of Using Plants
Methodology of Using Bacteria
Methodology of Using Fungi
Properties of Green Nanomaterials
Antibacterial Activity
Catalytic Activity
Optic
Magnetic
Applications of Green Nanomaterials
Applications in Medical Biology
Labeling, Sensing, and Catalyzing
Environmental Protection
Conclusion
References
92 Green and Sustainable Battery Materials
Contents
Introduction
Battery Concept
Early Nineteenth Century: Advent of Primary Batteries
Late Nineteenth Century: Transition from Wet to Dry Batteries
Early Twentieth Century: Advent of Rechargeable and Alkaline Batteries
Late Twentieth Century: Advent of Safer and Energy-Denser Batteries
The 1970s to 2020: Advent of Li and Li-Ion Based Batteries
Beyond 2020: Post- Li-Ion Batteries
Conclusion
References
93 Circular Economy in Brazil Coupled with Industry 4.0
Contents
Introduction
Barriers, Co-benefits, and Impacts of the Adoption of Industry 4.0 in Brazil
The Technology Action Plan for Industry 4.0
Macroaction and Related Activities to Create the Circular Economy Network 4.0
Macroaction and Related Activities to Technological Development
Macroaction and Related Activities to Capacity Building
Macroaction and Related Activities to Develop the Infrastructure
Stakeholder Identification and Schedule Determination
Stakeholders to Be Mobilized for the Implementation of TAP
Schedule of Actions and Activities
Implementation Costs and Financing Sources
Risk and Contingency Plan for the Adoption of Activities
Conclusions
References
94 Centrality Measures in Finding Influential Nodes for the Big-Data Network
Contents
Introduction
Centralities in Network
The Origin of Centrality Measures in Network Models
Why Centrality Measures?
Centrality Measures
Degree Centrality
Closeness Centrality
Betweenness Centrality
Eccentricity Centrality
Eigenvector Centrality
Bonacich Power Centrality
Flux Centrality
Cross-Clique Centrality
Network Centrality
Random Walk Betweenness Centrality
Random Walk Closeness Centrality
Katz Centrality
PageRank
Leverage Centrality
Subgraph Centrality
Information Centrality
Conclusion
References
95 A Novel Cluster-Based Routing Technique for Reliable Path Selection in VANET V2V Communication in 5G Using Upper Triangular Matrix Lie Algebra
Contents
Introduction
Related Works
Preliminaries
Associating Combinatorial Structures with Lie Algebras
Transportation System and Industry 4.0
Clustering and Routing Technique
Cluster Creation and Cluster Head Selection
Construction of Upper Triangular Matrix
Upper Triangular Routing Matrix Protocol
Conclusion
References
96 Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes-Based Micro-fibrillar Polymer Composite Fiber: A Sturctural Biomimetic
Contents
Introduction
Nanofillers and Types of Nanofillers
Nanoclay
Nanoparticles
Nanoalumina
Nano-Antimony-Tin Oxide (ATO)
Nanosilica
Carbon Black
Nanotubes
Nanofibers
CNTs-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
Micro-fibrillar Polymer Composite Fibers
Conventional Method of Manufacturing MFC
MFC Incorporated with Nanofillers
MFC with Nanoclay
MFC with Nanoparticle
MFC with Nanofibers
MFC with Carbon Nanotubes
Concentration Effect of CNTs on Fiber Process Ability and Properties
Functionalization on CNTs Effecting Fiber Processibility and Properties
Effect of Viscosity Ratio on Microfibril Properties
Effect of Compatibilizer on Microfibril Formation
Effect of Draw Ratio and Drawing Temperature
Effect on Thermal, Crystallinity and Diffraction Pattern Due to Drawing
Application of MFC and MFC Products
Micro-fibrillar Adhesive: A Gecko-Based Biomimetic Structure
Single Polymer Composite: A Specialized MFC Type
Conclusions
Important Websites
Important References
References
97 Industry 4.0: Mode of Materials, Technology, and Devices
Contents
Introduction
Structures of Smart Materials
Sensory Structures
Adaptive Structures
Controlled Structures
Active Structures
Intelligent Structures
Types of Intelligent Materials
Piezo-Electric
Shape Memory Alloy
Magnetostrictive
Magneto-Rheological Fluids
Electrorheological Fluids
Industrial Applications of Intelligent Materials
Industrial Applications of Piezoelectric Materials
Applications in Electronic Industries
Piezoelectric Materials in Micropositioning Accuracy
Piezoelectric Materials in Power Generation
Piezoelectric Materials in Tyre Pressure Sensors
Piezoelectric Materials in Knock Sensor
Piezoelectric Materials in Piezo Fuel Injectors
Industrial Applications of Shape Memory Alloy
Shape Memory Alloys in Biomedicine
Shape Memory Alloys in the Aerospace Industries
Shape Memory Alloys in Robotics Industries
Shape Memory Alloys in Textile Industries
Industrial Applications of Magnetostrictive Materials
Magnetostrictive as Vibration Absorber
Magnetostrictive Materials in Engine Mounting
Magnetostrictive Materials in Sensor Development
Magnetostrictive Materials in Energy Harvesting
Industrial Applications of Electrorheological Materials
Electrorheological Materials in Hydraulics Industries
Electrorheological Materials in the Automobile Industry
Industrial Applications of Magnetorheological Materials
Magnetorheological Materials in Damper Industries
Magnetorheological Materials in Sealing Industries
Conclusion
References
98 Intrinsic Insights of Nanoparticles via Anaerobic Digestion for Enhanced Biogas Production
Contents
Introduction
Anaerobic Digestion
Hydrolysis (Phase I)
Acidogenic (Phase II)
Acetogenic (Phase III)
Methanogenic (Phase IV)
Types of Utilizable Biomass
Biomass
Types of Biomass
Agricultural Residues
Animal Waste
Forestry Residues
Wood Wastes
Industrial Wastes
Municipal Solid Wastes and Sewage
Effect of Nanomaterials on Anaerobic Digestion
Carbon-Based Additives
GAC
Biochar
Carbon Cloth
Graphene
Carbon Nanotube
Metal Oxides
Iron Oxide
Zeolite
Titanium Dioxide and Cerium Dioxide
Aluminum Oxide
Zero Valent
Trace Elements
Impact of Nanomaterials on Biological Performances
Efficacy
Cytotoxicity
Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
99 Green Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Industrial Applications
Contents
Introduction
Synthesis of Green Nanomaterials
Bottom-Up Approach
Top-Down Approach
Characterization of Green Nanomaterials
UV-Visible Spectroscopy
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Mass Spectroscopy
Raman Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Transmission Electron Microscope
Atomic Force Microscopy
X-Ray Diffraction
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy
Dynamic Light Scattering
Applications of Green Nanomaterials
Application in Catalyst
Medical Application
Sensor
Electronics
Wastewater Treatment
Dye Degradation
Conclusion
References
100 Advanced Materials in the Detection of Arsenic from Aquatic Environment: Advancements in Electrochemical Sensors
Contents
Introduction
Arsenic: Speciation and Electrochemical Aspect
Electrochemical Techniques
Electrode Modification
Background
Materials for Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Arsenic
Metallic Nanoparticles
Au Nanoparticles
Other Metal Nanoparticle
Carbon-Based Nanostructures
Other Inorganic Materials
Biomaterials
Aptamers and DNA-Based Materials
Protein Based
Other Biopolymers
Conclusion
References
101 Green Bioenergy for Zero Waste: A Road Toward Clean and Sustainable Society
Contents
Introduction
Biodiesel from Used Cooking Oil (UCO)
UCO to Biodiesel
Global Utilization
Trade and Policies
Biogas Production from Organic Waste
Waste Generation and Collection
Waste to Biogas and Biomethane
Bioethanol from Waste Biomass
Existing Route for Biomass Conversion
Promotion of Bioethanol
Strategies to Be Implemented
Identification of Stakeholders
Providing Training
Price Fixation
Marketing Initiative
Resource Collection Process
Supply Chain
Job Creation
Deployment of Policies
Summary
References
102 Industrial Innovation Through Sustainable Materials
Contents
Introduction
Sustainable Materials
Biomass-Derived Graphitic Carbon (BGC) Nanostructures
Significance of Lignocellulosic Biomass as a Sustainable Material
Cellulose Nanomaterials with Sustainable Attributes
Industrial Applications of Lignin
Hemicellulose and Its Derivatives for Sustainability
Carbon Materials Derived from Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES)
Use of Starbons® as a Sustainable Material
Hydrothermal Carbons Through Hydrothermal Carbonization Technique (HTC)
Chitin and Chitosan-Derived Biomaterials
Chiral Carbon Materials from Biomass
Agricultural Biowaste Materials as Precursors for Activated Carbon
Collagen-Based Nanomaterials
Utilization of Sludge as a Sustainable Material
Eco-Friendly and Environmentally Stable Perovskites and Chalcogenide Materials
Industry-Specific Applications of Sustainable Materials
Sustainable Bio-Based Food Packaging
Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences
Industrial Manufacturing
Summary
Important Websites for References
References
103 Low Energy/Low Carbon Eco-cementitious Binders as an Alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement
Contents
Introduction
Calcium Sulfoaluminate (CSA) Cement
Raw Material and Production Process
Hydration/Cement Chemistry
Characteristics
CO2 Mitigation Potential
Barriers and Incentives
Current Applications and Future Trend
Alkali Activated Cement (AAC)
Raw Material and Production Process
Hydration/Cement Chemistry
Characteristics
CO2 Mitigation Potential
Barriers and Incentives
Current Applications and Future Trend
Magnesium Oxides (MgO)-Based Cement
Raw Material and Production Process
Hydration/Cement chemistry
Characteristics
CO2 Mitigation Potential
Barriers, Incentives, and Future Trends
Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3)
Raw Material and Production Process
Hydration/Cement Chemistry
Characteristics
CO2 Mitigation Potential
Barriers and Incentives
Current Applications and Future Trends
Conclusions
References
104 Industry 4.0: Applications in Oil and Gas Industry
Contents
Introduction
History and Evolution of Data Handling
Industry 4.0 Framework and its Application
Instrumented
Interconnected
Connected Plant
Connected Asset
Connected People
Inclusive
Intelligent
Impacting the Life Cycle of Production
Design
Make
Use
Digital Twin
What Is Digital Twin?
Digital Twin Framework
Physical Space
Digital Space
Application of VR/AR
Digital Twin Application
Digital Twin Data Communication
Deployment Stages of Digital Twin
Defining the Goal and Key Performance Indicators (KPI)
Designing the Benchmark Model
Developing a Pilot Prototype
Deploying the Pilot
Major Advantages of Digital Twin
Major Challenges of Digital Twin
Digitization Process Safety
Digitizing Process Safety Performance
Digitizing Process Safety Performance Metrics
Challenges of Digitization of Process Safety Indicators
AR and VR Technologies
Applications of AR and VR
Challenges during Implementation of AR/VR
Cybersecurity
Challenges in Deployment of Industry 4.0
Conclusions
References
105 Performance of Blended Mortars Containing Industrial and Agricultural By-Products
Contents
Introduction
Research Significance/Novelty of Investigation
Characteristics of Industrial and Agricultural Wastes
Manufacturing Process of Blended Mortars with Industrial and Agricultural Wastes
Mechanical and Durability Performance of Blended Mortars
Performance of Blended Mortars in Fresh State
Industrial Wastes-Based Mortar Mixes: Group I
Agricultural Wastes-Based Mortar Mixes: Group II
Drying Shrinkage Performance of Blended Mortars
Industrial Wastes-Based Mortar Mixes: Group I
Agricultural Wastes-Based Mortar Mixes: Group II
Water Absorption Performance of Blended Mortars
Industrial Wastes-Based Mortar Mixes: Group I
Agricultural Wastes-Based Mortar Mixes: Group II
Mechanical Performance of Blended Mortars
Industrial Wastes-Based Mortar Mixes: Group I
Agricultural Wastes-Based Mortar Mixes: Group II
Recommended Combinations for Optimum Performance of Blended Mortar Mixes
Conclusions
References
106 Green Nanomaterials: Sustainable Approach for Environmental Remediation
Contents
Introduction
Definition
What Do Nanomaterials Mean?
The Biological Definition of Nanomaterials
Properties of Nanomaterials
The Classification of Nanomaterials
One-Dimensional Nanomaterial
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial
Three-Dimensional Nanomaterial
Green Carbanoaceous Nanomaterials
CNT(Carbon Nanotubes)
Graphene
Metal Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoparticles
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
TiO2
Preparation of Nanomaterials
Preparation of Nanomaterials Based on Green Nanotechnology
Fungi
Plants
Yeast
Bacteria
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Starch
Application of Nanomaterials
Nanostructures from Biowaste
Nanostructures from Industrial Waste
Nanowaste Itself as an Environmental Contaminant
Nanostructures in Environmental Remediation
Zero-Valent Nanoscale Iron Structure for Remediation of Groundwater
Nano Silver-Embedded Ceramic Pot Filters for Treating Drinking Water
Nano Silver-Enabled Composite for Treatment of Water
Conclusion
References
Part V Industry 4.0: Dangers/Warning Points
107 Environmental Side of Fourth Industrial Revolution: The Positive and Negative Effects of I4.0 Technologies
Contents
Introduction
The Rise of Environmental Sustainability Awareness on Business Management
Industry 4.0 Technologies and Environmental Sustainability
Exploring the Positive and Negative Environmental Effects of Key Enabling Technologies of Industry 4.0
Cloud Computing
Big Data and Analytics
Cybersecurity
Industrial Internet of Things
Augmented Reality and Simulation
Autonomous Robots
Additive Manufacturing
Horizontal and Vertical Systems Integration
Conclusion
Link
References
108 Single-Atom Photocatalysts for Energy and Environmental Sustainability
Contents
Introduction
Characterization of SAC
Techniques Offering a Direct Evidence for the Formation of SACs
Techniques Providing Indirect Evidence of Physiochemical Properties of SACs
Techniques Providing Insight of Absorption and Emission Properties of SACs Along with Charge-Transfer Dynamics
Theoretical Calculations
Metal-Support Interaction
Interaction of Single Atoms with Oxide-Based Support
Interaction of Single Atoms with Carbon-Based Material
Interaction of Isolated Metals with Another Metal
Immobilization of Atoms by Confinement Strategy
Photocatalytic Application of SACs
Photocatalytic Water Splitting
Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Reactions
Nitrogen Fixation
Photocatalytic Degradation
Summary
Conclusion and Future Perspective
Important Web Links
Important References
References
109 Sustainable Development and Industry 4.0
Contents
Introduction
Infrastructure and Industry 4.0
Industrial Digitalization
Expeditions from Industry 1.0 to Industry 4.0
Industry 4.0 and Economic Development
Integration of Industry 4.0 with Business Management
Sustainability and Industry 4.0
Intervention Between Industry 4.0 and SDGs
Deployment /Productivity Scenario
Operation Scenario
Challenges and Opportunities Associated with Industry 4.0
Boons and Banes of Sustainable Development and Industry 4.0
The Steps Toward Industry 5.0: Future Aspects
Limitations
References
Index