Handbook of Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment: Fundamentals and Scale up Issues

Front Cover
Handbook of Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment: Fundamentals and Scale up Issues
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Section I: Introduction to nanomaterials for wastewater treatment: Fundamentals
Chapter 1: Introduction to nanomaterials for wastewater treatment
1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. Catalyst for organic component degradation: Nanocatalyst
1.1.2. Photocatalytic effect due to nanoscale: Bandgap
1.1.3. Disinfection using nanomaterials
1.1.4. Nanomaterials for sensing
1.2. Nanomaterials as adsorbents for wastewater treatment
1.2.1. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
1.2.2. Graphene nanomaterials
1.2.3. Metal and metal oxides
1.2.4. Magnetic nanoparticles
1.3. Metal oxide nanoparticles as photocatalyst
1.4. Nanocomposites for wastewater treatment
1.4.1. Bionanocomposites
1.4.2. Nanocomposites based on inorganic support
1.4.3. Nanocomposite hydrogels
1.5. Membrane-based technology
1.5.1. Nanocomposite membranes
1.6. Challenges and future direction
References
Chapter 2: Low-dimensional nanomaterials: Syntheses, physicochemical properties, and their role in wastewater treatment
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Classification of nanomaterials
2.2.1. Semiconducting nanomaterials
2.2.2. Metal oxide nanomaterials
2.2.3. Carbon-based nanomaterials
2.3. Synthesis of low-dimensional nanomaterials
2.3.1. Synthesis of 0D nanomaterials (II-VI and III-V quantum dots)
2.3.1.1. The method of controlled precipitation
2.3.1.2. Organometallic synthesis of II-VI and III-V semiconductor nanoparticles
2.3.2. Synthesis of 1D and 2D nanomaterials
2.3.3. Synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials
2.3.4. Structure and morphology of II-VI and III-V semiconductor nanomaterials
2.4. Physicochemical properties
2.4.1. Optical properties of 0D of II-VI and III-V nanomaterials
2.4.1.1. Absorption spectra
2.4.1.2. Photoluminescent spectra
2.4.1.3. 3D quantum confinement
2.4.2. Optical properties of 1D and 2D nanomaterials
2.5. Low-dimensional nanomaterials in wastewater treatment
2.6. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3: Potential risk and safety concern of nanomaterials used for wastewater treatment
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Synthesis of nanoparticles, chemicals involved and their potential safety concern
3.2.1. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles
3.2.2. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles
3.2.3. Carbon nanotube synthesis
3.2.4. Iron oxide nanoparticle synthesis
3.2.5. Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles
3.2.6. Other materials and metal oxides
3.3. Potential safety concerns of nanomaterials to flora and fauna
3.3.1. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles
3.3.2. Silver nanoparticles
3.3.3. Carbon nanotubes and carbon-based nanomaterials/nanoparticles
3.3.4. Iron oxide and magnetic nanoparticles
3.3.5. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles
3.4. Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Advanced technologies for wastewater treatment: New trends
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Advanced oxidation processes
4.2.1. Hydrodynamic cavitation
4.2.2. Sonolysis/acoustic cavitation
4.2.3. Photocatalysis
4.2.4. Fenton process
4.3. Hybrid AOP's involving nanocatalyst
4.3.1. Heterogeneous Fenton process
4.3.2. Heterogeneous photo-Fenton process
4.3.3. Sono photocatalytic process
4.3.4. Sono-Fenton process
4.3.5. Sono-photo-Fenton process
4.3.6. Photocatalytic oxidation with hydrodynamic cavitation
4.4. Conclusions
References
Section II: Photocatalytic nanocomposite materials: Preparation and applications
Chapter 5: Introduction, basic principles, mechanism, and challenges of photocatalysis
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Basic principles and mechanism of photocatalysis
5.3. Source of water pollution, water treatment methods, and role of nanomaterials in wastewater treatment
5.3.1. Sources of water pollution
5.3.2. Water treatment methods
5.3.3. Role of nanomaterials in water treatment by photocatalysis
5.4. Overview on photocatalytic materials and factors affecting photocatalysis
5.4.1. Photocatalytic materials
5.4.2. Factor affecting photocatalysis
5.5. Challenges of photocatalysis in wastewater treatment
5.6. Summary
References
Chapter 6: Doped-TiO2 and doped-mixed metal oxide-based nanocomposite for photocatalysis
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Mechanism of TiO2 photocatalysis
6.2.1. Generation of charge carrier species and their recombination
6.2.2. Adsorption of chemicals to TiO2 followed by their redox pathways
6.2.3. Radical attack on organics
6.3. Photoactivity of TiO2 polymorphs
6.4. Advancements in TiO2 photocatalysis for advanced oxidation technology
6.4.1. Surface modifications of TiO2
6.4.1.1. Metal deposition
6.4.1.2. Surface adsorbates
6.4.1.3. Surface charge modification
6.4.1.4. Dye anchoring
6.4.2. Photocatalyst modification and doping
6.4.3. Photocatalytic membranes
6.4.3.1. TiO2 polymer membranes
6.4.3.2. TiO2 ceramic membranes
6.4.3.3. Pure TiO2 membranes
6.4.4. Application of membranes
6.5. Photochemical reactors
6.5.1. Immersion well
6.5.2. Thin film
6.5.3. Annular
6.5.4. Multilamp
6.6. Combination/coupling with other (hybrid) treatment technologies
6.7. Challenges and issues for TiO2 photo-catalysis for water treatment
6.8. Conclusion and future prospectus
References
Chapter 7: New graphene-based nanocomposite for photocatalysis
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Graphene and its derivatives
7.2.1. Properties of graphene and its derivatives
7.2.2. Preparation methods of graphene and its derivatives
7.3. Graphene and its derivative-based photocatalyst
7.3.1. Synthesis of graphene and its derivatives based binary nanocomposites
7.3.2. Synthesis of graphene and its derivative-based ternary nanocomposites
7.4. Characterization of graphene and its derivatives
7.5. Photocatalytic applications
7.5.1. Photocatalytic study of graphene and its derivatives-based binary nanocomposites
7.5.2. Photocatalytic study of graphene and its derivatives-based ternary nanocomposites
7.6. Mechanism of photocatalytic degradation
7.7. Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 8: Luminescence nanomaterials for photocatalysis
8.1. Introduction-Basic principal of phosphor for photocatalysis
8.2. Mechanism and challenges of luminescence materials in photocatalysis
8.3. Rare-earth-doped inorganic phosphor materials for photocatalysis
8.3.1. Downconversion phosphors
8.3.2. Upconversion phosphors
8.3.3. Long-lasting phosphors
8.4. Nanophosphor for photocatalysis
8.4.1. Oxide-based nanophosphors
8.4.1.1. TiO2 nanophosphors
8.4.1.2. Bismuth molybdate (Bi2MoO6)
8.4.1.3. Zinc oxide (ZnO)
8.4.2. Sulfide-based phosphors
8.4.3. Plasmonic-metal nanoparticles
8.5. Synthesis of nanophosphors
8.5.1. Solid-sate reaction methods
8.5.2. Combustion method
8.5.3. Hydrothermal method
8.5.4. Sol-gel method
8.5.5. Co-precipitation method
8.5.6. Ball milling method
8.6. Application of photocatalysis in water purification
8.7. Conclusion and future perspectives of luminescence phosphor-based photocatalyst
8.8. Challenges and issues
References
Chapter 9: Magnetic nanomaterials-based photocatalyst for wastewater treatment
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Source of water pollution and type of pollutants
9.2.1. Agricultural waste
9.2.2. Pharmaceutical waste
9.2.3. Industrial waste
9.2.4. Plastic waste
9.3. Types of water treatment techniques
9.3.1. Primary treatment
9.3.1.1. Screening, centrifugal separation, and filtration
9.3.1.2. Gravity separation and sedimentation
9.3.1.3. Coagulation and flocculation
9.3.2. Secondary treatment
9.3.2.1. Aerobic process
9.3.2.2. Anaerobic process
9.3.3. Tertiary treatment techniques
9.3.3.1. Evaporation, crystallization, and distillation
9.3.3.2. Membrane processing
9.3.3.3. Adsorption
9.3.3.4. Advance oxidation method
9.4. Case study of wastewater treatment using magnetic nanoparticles
9.4.1. Magnetic nanoparticles as adsorbents
9.4.2. Photocatalysis decontamination of water using magnetic nanoparticles
9.5. Limitations of magnetic nanomaterials
9.6. Future prospects and overview
References
Chapter 10: Nanomaterials for water splitting and hydrogen generation
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Developing photocatalysts for water splitting-Mechanistic aspects
10.3. Nanomaterials for water splitting
10.3.1. Metal oxides for water splitting
10.3.1.1. Titanium oxide (TiO2)-based nanomaterials for water splitting
10.3.1.2. Zinc oxide (ZnO)-based nanomaterials for water splitting
10.3.1.3. Layered Perovskite-based nanomaterials for water splitting
10.3.2. Metal sulfides for water splitting
10.3.2.1. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) and cadmium sulfide (CdS)-based nanomaterials for water splitting
10.3.2.2. Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) and Tungsten sulfide (WS2)-based nanomaterials for water splitting
10.3.3. Metal organic frameworks for water splitting
10.3.4. Carbon-based nanomaterials for water splitting
10.3.4.1. Graphene-based nanomaterials for water splitting
10.3.4.2. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based nanomaterials for water splitting
10.4. Sn3O4-ZnO nanoflowers for hydrogen generation under visible light-Case study
10.4.1. Preparation, characterization, and photoactivity of Sn3O4-ZnO nanoflowers
10.4.2. Results and discussion
10.5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Nanomaterials for treatment of air pollutants
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Role of nanotechnology in various pollution treatment methods
11.3. Air pollutants
11.4. Nanotechnology in the treatment of air pollution
11.4.1. Treatment methods
11.4.1.1. Adsorption
11.4.1.2. Photocatalysis
11.4.1.3. Nanofiltration
11.4.2. Treatment of air pollutants
11.4.2.1. CO2
11.4.2.2. NOx
11.4.2.3. SOx
11.4.2.4. Volatile organic compounds
11.5. Pilot-scale studies
11.6. Challenges for the usage of nanomaterials for air pollution treatment
11.7. Summary and conclusion
References
Section III: Adsorbent nanomaterials: Preparation and applications
Chapter 12: Nanomaterials for adsorption of pollutants and heavy metals: Introduction, mechanism, and challenges
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Major industry effluents
12.3. Parameters affecting adsorption
12.3.1. Contact time
12.3.2. Adsorbent dosage
12.3.3. Initial concentration
12.3.4. pH
12.3.5. Temperature
12.3.6. Ionic strength
12.3.7. Dissolved organic matters
12.4. Adsorbent characterization
12.4.1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
12.4.2. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)
12.4.3. Transmission electron microscopy image
12.4.4. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
12.4.5. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area
12.4.6. X-ray powder diffraction
12.4.7. Thermogravimetric analysis
12.5. Adsorption mechanism
12.5.1. π-π interaction
12.5.2. Electrostatic interaction
12.5.3. Hydrophobic interaction
12.5.4. Hydrogen bonding
12.6. Challenges in adsorption
12.7. Conclusion and future prospective
References
Chapter 13: New graphene nanocomposites-based adsorbents
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Graphene
13.3. Graphene oxide
13.4. Reduced graphene oxide
13.5. Functionalization
13.5.1. Covalent interaction
13.5.2. Noncovalent interaction
13.6. Kinetic of adsorption
13.7. Graphene-based inorganic nanocomposites
13.7.1. Metal and metal-oxides graphene-based nanocomposites
13.7.2. Magnetic graphene-based nanocomposites
13.8. Graphene-based organic nanocomposites
13.8.1. Graphene-based organic polymer nanocomposites
13.8.1.1. Graphene/alginate nanocomposites
13.8.1.2. Graphene/chitosan nanocomposites
13.8.1.3. Graphene/cellulose nanocomposites
13.8.2. Graphene-based nanocomposites with multidentate organic chelating ligands and complexion agents
13.9. Challenges and future prospective
References
Chapter 14: Role of zeolite adsorbent in water treatment
14.1. Introduction
14.2. The nature of the zeolite
14.2.1. Composition and structure
14.2.2. Characterization of zeolites
14.3. Sorption of metal cations on zeolites and ion exchange
14.3.1. Possible sorption and ion-exchange mechanisms
14.3.1.1. Types of adsorption isotherms
14.3.1.2. Adsorption kinetics
14.3.1.3. Thermodynamics of adsorption processes
14.3.2. Factors affecting the sorption process
14.3.3. Principles of ion exchange on zeolites
14.3.4. Organic cation sorption on zeolites
14.4. Essential characteristics of zeolites and modification processes
14.4.1. Physicochemical properties of zeolites
14.4.2. Procedures for the modification of zeolites
14.4.2.1. Activation by chemical means
14.4.2.2. Thermal activation
14.4.2.3. Modification of surface-active substances
14.4.2.4. Modification by iron oxides
14.5. Application of zeolites in water treatment
14.5.1. Removal of metal ions from different wastewaters
14.5.2. Removal of the ammonium ion from water
14.5.3. Removal of radioactive elements from wastewater from nuclear power plants
14.6. Regulation of water hardness
14.7. Zeolite regeneration
14.8. Discussion
14.8.1. Sorption of metal cations on natural and synthetic zeolites
14.8.2. Sorption of metal cations on natural and modified zeolites
14.8.3. Sorption of ammonium and other ions on natural and modified zeolites
14.9. Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15: Metal-organic framework nanocomposite based adsorbents
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Properties of MOF
15.3. Types of MOF
15.4. Synthesis methods
15.5. Nanocomposite-based MOFs
15.6. Applications of nanocomposite-based MOFs
15.6.1. Application of nanocomposite-based MOFs in adsorption
15.6.1.1. Adsorption of gases
15.6.1.2. Adsorption of dyes
15.6.1.3. General adsorption
15.6.2. Applications of nanocomposite-based MOFs in industry
15.7. Challenges for MOFs
15.7.1. Challenges and issues for MOF as adsorbent for treatment of wastewater
15.8. Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Advanced nanocomposite ion exchange materials for water purification
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Types of nanocomposite IEX material
16.3. Preparation of nanocomposite IEX material
16.3.1. Background
16.3.2. Nanomaterials used in IEX materials
16.3.2.1. Low-dimension carbon
16.3.2.2. Metal oxide
16.3.2.3. Silica
16.3.3. Processing methods
16.3.3.1. Graft copolymerization/crosslinking
16.3.3.2. Suspension polymerization
16.3.3.3. In situ polymerization
16.3.3.4. Blending
16.3.3.5. Sol-gel
16.4. Characterization
16.4.1. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
16.4.2. X-ray diffraction
16.4.3. Thermogravimetric analysis
16.4.4. Scanning electron microscope
16.5. Application of nanocomposite IEX materials for water purification
16.6. Scale-up conundrum
16.7. Conclusions
References
Section IV: Nanomaterials for membrane synthesis: Preparation and applications
Chapter 17: Nanomaterials for membrane synthesis: Introduction, mechanism, and challenges for wastewater treatment
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Conventional membranes
17.2.1. Ceramic membranes
17.2.2. Polymeric membranes
17.3. Nanomaterial-based membranes
17.3.1. Inorganic nanoparticle-based membranes
17.3.2. Nanofiber-based membranes
17.3.3. Carbon-based membranes
17.4. Nanomaterial-based membrane synthesis techniques
17.4.1. Phase inversion method
17.4.1.1. Nonsolvent-induced phase separation technique (NIPS)
17.4.1.2. Self-assembled and nonsolvent-induced phase separation (SNIPS)
17.4.1.3. Thermally induced phase separation (TIPS)
17.4.2. Interfacial polymerization (IP)
17.4.3. Layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly
17.4.4. Stretching and sintering
17.4.5. Track etching and electrospinning
17.4.6. Three-dimensional printing (3D printing)
17.5. Challenges for wastewater treatment
17.5.1. Antifouling challenges
17.5.2. Antibacterial challenges
17.5.2.1. Silver nanoparticles
17.5.2.2. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles
17.5.2.3. Copper nanoparticles
17.5.2.4. Metal oxide-based nanoparticles
17.5.2.5. Carbon-based nanoparticles
17.5.3. Toxicity potential
17.5.3.1. Silver and silica nanoparticles
17.5.3.2. Carbon-based nanomaterials
17.5.3.3. Copper nanoparticles
17.6. Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: Carbon-based nanocomposite membranes for water purification
18.1. Introduction to nanomaterials
18.2. Carbon-based nanocomposite materials (CNCMs) (polymer/hybrid)
18.3. Development and synthesis of carbon-based nanocomposite material
18.3.1. Solution mixing
18.3.2. Chemical vapor deposition
18.3.3. In situ colloidal precipitation
18.3.4. Polymer grafting
18.3.5. In situ polymerization
18.3.6. Phase inversion
18.3.7. Spray-assisted layer-by-layer
18.4. Fabrications techniques and types of carbon-based nanocomposite membrane
18.4.1. Carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes
18.4.2. CNT-polymer composite (CNT mixed-matrix membranes)
18.5. Applications of carbon-based nanocomposite membrane for water purification
18.5.1. Removal of organic/inorganic pollutants
18.6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Nanocomposite membranes for heavy metal removal
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Need of heavy metals removal
19.3. Role of nanomaterials in wastewater treatment
19.4. Role of nanomaterials in nanocomposite membranes
19.5. Nanomaterials used for heavy metals removal
19.6. Synthesis of nanocomposite membranes
19.6.1. Phase inversion method
19.6.2. Interfacial polymerization method
19.7. Membranes for removal of different heavy metals from wastewater
19.7.1. Lead
19.7.2. Cadmium
19.7.3. Chromium
19.7.4. Copper
19.7.5. Nickel
19.7.6. Arsenic
19.8. Comparison of nanocomposite membranes with conventional processes for heavy metal removal
19.9. Challenges in industries
19.10. Summary
References
Chapter 20: Polymer nanocomposite membranes for wastewater treatment
20.1. Introduction
20.1.1. Water scarcity
20.1.2. Wastewater and its contaminants
20.1.3. Membranes in wastewater treatment
20.2. Polymeric membranes
20.2.1. Polymers for membrane synthesis
20.2.2. Issue with polymeric membranes
20.2.2.1. Flux rejection trade-off
20.2.2.2. Fouling
20.2.3. Use of nanocomposite membranes as a solution
20.3. Mixed-matrix membranes
20.3.1. Hydrophilic and amphiphilic polymer (HP)-incorporated in mixed-matrix membrane
20.3.2. Inorganic nanomaterials (iNPs)-incorporated in mixed-matrix membrane
20.3.3. Metal-organic frameworks-incorporated mixed-matrix membrane
20.3.4. Carbon nanomaterials (CNs)-incorporated in mixed-matrix membrane
20.3.4.1. Graphene oxide-based membranes
20.3.4.2. GO-incorporated mixed-matrix membrane
20.3.4.3. Carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and amorphous carbon-incorporated mixed-matrix membranes
20.4. Thin-film nanocomposite membrane
20.4.1. Inorganic nanomaterials (iNPs)-incorporated thin-film composite membrane
20.4.2. Bioinspired materials-incorporated thin film composite membrane
20.4.3. Metal-organic frameworks-incorporated thin-film composite membrane
20.4.4. Carbon nanomaterials-incorporated thin-film composite membrane
20.4.5. Thin-film nanocomposite membrane with nanoparticles in substrate
20.4.6. Chlorine stability of polyamide thin-film nanocomposite membrane
20.5. Surface-located nanoparticle membranes
20.5.1. Nanoporous graphene sheets
20.5.2. Graphene oxide surface-located membrane
20.5.3. Inorganic nanomaterials (iNPs) surface-located membranes
20.5.4. Metal-organic frameworks/covalent organic frameworks surface-located membrane
20.6. Perspective
20.7. Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Responsive membranes for wastewater treatment
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Types of membranes
21.2.1. Isotropic (symmetric) membranes
21.2.2. Asymmetric (anisotropic) membranes
21.3. Membrane materials
21.4. Design and fabrication of responsive membrane
21.4.1. Preparation and processing of responsive materials
21.4.2. Functionalization by incubation in liquid
21.4.3. Functionalization by incorporation of responsive groups in base membrane
21.4.4. Functionalization by surface modification
21.4.4.1. Grafting-to
21.4.4.2. Grafting-from: Surface-initiated modification
21.5. Classification of stimulation approach and application in water treatment
21.5.1. Thermoresponsive membrane
21.5.2. pH/chemical-responsive membranes
21.5.3. Ionic strength/electrolyte/salt responsiveness
21.5.4. Electroresponsive membranes
21.5.5. Magnetoresponsive membranes
21.5.6. Photoresponsive membranes
21.6. Characteristics of stimuli-responsive membrane
21.6.1. Flexibility
21.6.2. Surface modification
21.7. Industrial applications
21.8. Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Nanomaterial-based photocatalytic membrane for organic pollutants removal
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Photocatalytic membrane materials
22.2.1. Hybrid photocatalytic membrane
22.2.2. Porous photocatalytic membranes
22.2.3. Polymer-based photocatalytic membrane
22.2.4. Graphene-based photocatalytic membrane
22.2.5. Graphitic carbon nitride-based photocatalytic membrane
22.2.6. CNT-based photocatalytic membrane
22.3. Photocatalytic membrane fabrication
22.3.1. Sol-gel dip-coating
22.3.2. Vacuum filtration
22.3.3. Ultrasonication
22.3.4. Chemical vapor deposition and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
22.3.5. Phase inversion method
22.3.6. Immersion method
22.3.7. Spinning/electrospinning method
22.3.8. Solvent casting method
22.4. Applications of photocatalytic membrane for removal of organic pollutant
22.5. Types of photocatalytic membrane reactors and their configurations
22.6. Treatment of organic pollutants by photocatalytic membrane
22.7. Challenges of photocatalytic membrane-based processes
22.8. Scale-up of photocatalytic membrane-based processes
22.9. Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Section V: Industrial water remediation processes: Current trends and scale-up challenges
Chapter 23: Introduction of water remediation processes
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Physical methods of wastewater remediation
23.2.1. Screens
23.2.2. Grit chambers
23.2.3. Aeration
23.2.4. Sedimentation (clarification)
23.2.5. Filtration
23.2.5.1. Sand filtration
23.2.5.2. Multimedia filtration
23.2.6. Distillation
23.3. Physicochemical water treatment processes
23.3.1. Precipitation and coagulation
23.3.2. Adsorption
23.4. Chemical remediation
23.4.1. Chemical disinfection
23.4.1.1. Chlorination
23.4.1.2. Iodination
23.4.1.3. Ozonation
23.4.1.4. Hydrogen peroxide
23.4.2. Neutralization
23.4.3. Ion exchange
23.5. Biological remediation/treatment
23.5.1. Suspended growth process
23.5.1.1. Activated sludge process
23.5.2. Attached growth (biofilm) processes
23.5.2.1. Rotating bioreactor contactor
23.5.3. Combined processes
23.6. Advanced/novel water remediation processes
23.6.1. Membrane technology
23.6.2. Electrodialysis
23.6.3. Electrocoagulation
23.7. Advanced oxidation processes
23.7.1. Chemical AOPs
23.7.1.1. Fenton processes
23.7.1.2. O3/H2O2 treatment (peroxonation)
23.7.2. Photochemical advanced oxidation processes
23.7.2.1. H2O2 photolysis (H2O2/UV)
23.7.2.2. O3 photolysis (O3/UV)
23.7.2.3. Photo-Fenton reaction (H2O2/Fe2+/UV)
23.7.2.4. Photocatalysis
23.7.3. Sonochemical advanced oxidation processes
23.7.4. Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes
23.8. Nanomaterial for wastewater remediation
23.8.1. Biogenic metal nanoparticles
23.9. Path forward
23.10. Conclusion
References
Chapter 24: Nanocomposite photocatalysts-based wastewater treatment
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Types of nanocomposites and their synthesis
24.3. Advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment
24.4. Governing mechanism of photocatalysis
24.5. Different nanocomposites used as photocatalysts for wastewater treatment
24.5.1. Metal-doped nanocomposites
24.5.2. Nonmetal-doped nanocomposites
24.5.3. Binary metal oxides
24.5.4. Metal sulfides
24.5.5. Polymer-based nanocomposites
24.5.6. Graphene-based nanocomposites
24.5.7. Clay-based nanocomposites
24.6. Factors affecting the wastewater treatment using photocatalysis
24.6.1. Synthesis of photocatalysts
24.6.2. Catalyst loading
24.6.3. pH of the solution
24.6.4. Characteristics of the nanocomposite photocatalysts
24.6.5. Reaction temperature
24.6.6. Concentration of pollutants
24.6.7. Effect of type of light and intensity
24.6.8. Irradiation time
24.7. Recent trends in types of photocatalytic reactors
24.7.1. Photocatalytic membrane reactors
24.7.2. Microreactors and microfluidic reactors
24.7.3. Hybrid photoreactors
24.8. Challenges
24.9. Conclusions
References
Chapter 25: Nanomaterial-based advanced oxidation processes for degradation of waste pollutants
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Advanced oxidation processes
25.2.1. Supercritical water oxidation
25.2.2. Photocatalysis
25.2.2.1. Mechanism of photocatalysis
25.2.2.2. Modification of TiO2
25.2.3. Metal oxide-containing nanoparticles
25.2.4. Carbon-based nanoparticles
25.2.5. Ceramics-based nanoparticles
25.2.6. Polymer nanoparticles
25.3. Individual AOPs involving nanomaterials
25.3.1. Degradation of organic pollutants using different nanomaterials as photocatalysts
25.4. Hybrid AOPs
25.4.1. Ultrasound-assisted photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants
25.5. Nonphotochemical AOPs
25.5.1. Sonolysis
25.5.2. Ozonation
25.5.3. Fenton process
25.5.4. Persulfate oxidation process
25.6. Factors affecting on AOP performance
25.7. Conclusions, challenges, and future directions
References
Chapter 26: Electro-photocatalytic degradation processes for dye/colored wastewater treatment
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Mechanisms of electro-photocatalysis
26.3. Experimental assembly in electro-photocatalysis
26.4. Effect of reaction conditions
26.4.1. Effect of applied cell voltage
26.4.2. Effect of photoanodic materials
26.4.3. Effect of photon source and light intensity
26.5. Scope for future work
References
Chapter 27: Fenton with zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) processes: Role of nanomaterials
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Synthesis methods for zero-valent iron nanoparticles
27.2.1. Synthesis of nZVI using chemical methods
27.2.2. Sonochemical synthesis of nZVI
27.2.3. Biological synthesis of nZVI
27.3. Influences of process parameters on synthesis of nZVI
27.3.1. Effect of initial Fe3+ concentration for the ZVI particle size
27.3.2. Effect of chemical reducing agent on the ZVI particle size
27.3.3. Effect of stabilizer concentration on the ZVI particle size
27.3.4. Effect of temperature for controlling the particle size of nZVI
27.3.5. Influence of reaction pH on formation of nZVI and particle size
27.4. Reaction mechanism and catalytic activity of nZVI for treatment of wastewater
27.5. Catalytic activity of nZVI for wastewater treatment
27.6. Future perspective and new directions
References
Chapter 28: Nanocomposite adsorbent-based wastewater treatment processes: Special emphasis on surface-engineered iron oxi ...
28.1. Introduction
28.2. Different strategies for synthesis of iron oxide hybrid adsorbents
28.3. Surface-engineered magnetic nanohybrids
28.3.1. Iron oxide functional groups for heavy metal removal
28.3.2. Iron-bimetal oxide NPs for heavy metal removal
28.3.3. Iron oxide-metal oxide nanoparticles for heavy metal removal
28.3.4. Iron oxide-polymer for heavy metal removal
28.3.5. Iron oxide-carbon nanotubes for heavy metal removal
28.3.6. Iron oxide-graphene for heavy metal removal
28.3.7. Iron oxide-biomaterial-based nanoparticles for heavy metal removal
28.4. Current trends and scale-up challenges
28.5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 29: Preparation of novel adsorbent (marble hydroxyapatite) from waste marble slurry for ground water treatment to ...
29.1. Introduction
29.2. Materials and methods
29.2.1. Materials
29.2.2. Preparation of calcium nitrate using MWP
29.2.3. Synthesis of MA-Hap
29.2.3.1. Synthesis of MA-Hap using CM
29.2.3.2. Synthesis of MA-Hap using USM
29.2.4. Reaction scheme
29.2.5. Characterization of MA-Hap
29.2.6. Adsorption experiments
29.3. Results and discussion
29.3.1. Synthesis reaction and yield
29.3.2. Characterization of MA-Hap
29.3.2.1. XRD analysis of unreacted MWP
29.3.2.2. FTIR analysis of MA-Hap
29.3.2.3. XRD analysis of MA-Hap CM
29.3.2.4. XRD analysis of MA-Hap 650 USM
29.3.2.5. Comparative XRD analysis of MA-Hap 650 CM and MA-Hap 650 USM
29.3.2.6. SEM analysis
29.3.2.7. TEM/EDS analysis
29.3.2.8. TGA/DTA analysis
29.3.2.9. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis
29.3.3. Batch defluoridation studies
29.3.3.1. Effect of adsorbent dosage
29.3.3.2. Effect of contact time
29.3.3.3. Effect of varying pH
29.3.3.4. Effect of other co-ions
29.3.4. Adsorption equilibrium isotherms
29.3.5. Kinetics of adsorption
29.3.6. Water quality parameters and regeneration
29.3.7. Energy efficacy of the MA-Hap synthesis methods
29.3.8. Column studies using MA-Hap pellets
29.4. Conclusions
Appendix
References
Chapter 30: Nanocomposite/nanoparticle in membrane-based separation for water remediation: Case study
30.1. Introduction
30.2. Nanostructures
30.2.1. Carbon nanomaterials
30.2.1.1. Graphene oxide
30.2.1.2. Carbon nanotube
30.2.2. Metal organic frameworks
30.2.2.1. ZIFs
30.2.2.2. UiO-66
30.2.2.3. MIL
30.2.2.4. Other MOFs
30.2.3. Zeolites
30.2.4. Metal oxides nanoparticles
30.3. Challenges and future prospects
References
Chapter 31: The process for the removal of micropollutants using nanomaterials
31.1. Introduction
31.2. Types of MPs
31.3. Various methods applied for the treatment of MPs
31.3.1. Conventional methods
31.3.2. Advanced methods using nanomaterials
31.4. Photocatalytic process using nanomaterials
31.4.1. Nanomaterials applied as a photocatalyst
31.4.1.1. Titanium dioxide based nanophotocatalyst
31.4.1.2. Graphene-supported nanophotocatalyst
31.4.1.3. Zinc oxides-based nanophotocatalyst
31.4.1.4. Cerium oxide-based nanophotocatalyst
31.4.1.5. Silver-based nanophotocatalysts
31.4.2. Factors influencing the photocatalysis process
31.4.2.1. Loading of the nanophotocatalyst
31.4.2.2. pH of the solution
31.4.2.3. Irradiation source
31.4.2.4. Reaction temperature
31.4.2.5. Initial concentration of micropollutant
31.5. Adsorption process using nanomaterials
31.5.1. Nanomaterials applied as an adsorbent
31.5.1.1. Metal oxide-based nanoadsorbent
31.5.1.2. Carbon-based nanoadsorbents
31.5.2. Factors affecting on adsorption
31.5.2.1. pH of solution
31.5.2.2. Ionic strength
31.5.2.3. Agitation time and dosage of adsorbents
31.5.2.4. Initial concentration of micropollutant
31.5.2.5. Temperature of the solution
31.5.3. Adsorption kinetics
31.5.4. Adsorption isotherm or adsorption equilibrium
31.6. Membrane separation process using nanomaterials
31.6.1. Nanofibrous membranes
31.6.2. Nanocomposite membranes
31.6.2.1. Metal- and metal oxide-based nanocomposite membranes
Iron-based nanocomposite membranes
Titanium-based nanocomposites membrane
Silica-based nanocomposites membrane
Alumina-based nanocomposites membrane
Zinc oxide-based nanocomposites membrane
31.6.2.2. Carbon material-based nanocomposite membranes
Graphene-based nanocomposites membrane
CNT-based nanocomposites membrane
31.7. Reactors applied for the treatment of MP using nanomaterials
31.7.1. The annular reactor
31.7.2. Spinning disc reactor
31.7.3. Optical fiber photo reactor
31.7.4. Ultraviolet light emitting diode-based reactor
31.7.5. Membrane photoreactor/photocatalytic membrane reactors
31.7.6. Microreactors
31.8. Nanomaterials applied at large-scale operation and associated challenges
31.9. Conclusion and a way forward
References
Chapter 32: Antimicrobial activities of nanomaterials in wastewater treatment: A case study of graphene-based nanomaterials
32.1. The structure and properties of graphene-based nanomaterials
32.2. Mechanisms of antibacterial action of graphene nanomaterials
32.2.1. Physical/mechanical destruction
32.2.2. Oxidative stress
32.2.3. Photothermal effect
32.2.4. Other antibacterial effects
32.3. Water treatment with graphene-based nanomaterials
32.3.1. Filtration
32.3.2. Adsorption
32.3.3. Photocatalysis and electrode deposition/degradation
32.4. Antimicrobial action of graphene-based nanomaterials in wastewater treatment, synthesis, efficiency, and perspectiv ...
32.4.1. Cost analysis
32.5. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Dedication
References
Chapter 33: Potential of nano biosurfactants as an ecofriendly green technology for bioremediation
33.1. Introduction
33.2. Use of biosurfactants as potential bioremediators
33.2.1. Biosurfactants as the molecule for present and future applications
33.2.2. Microorganisms producing biosurfactants
33.2.3. Diverse habitats of biosurfactants
33.2.4. Mechanism of action of the biosurfactant
33.3. Recent trends for using nanoscale material as agents for bioremediation
33.4. Nano biosurfactants as source of bioremediation
33.5. Conclusions and future perspective
References
Chapter 34: Potential risk and safety concerns of industrial nanomaterials in environmental management
34.1. Introduction
34.2. Health risk
34.2.1. Ingestion
34.2.2. Dermal
34.2.3. Inhalation
34.3. Toxicological impact
34.3.1. Chemical composition
34.3.2. Particle size
34.3.3. Surface area and reactivity
34.3.4. Surface treatments on particles, particularly for engineered nanoparticulates
34.3.5. Degree of agglomeration
34.3.6. Particle shape and/or electrostatic attraction potential
34.4. Environmental impact
34.4.1. Release during manufacturing
34.4.2. Release in use
34.4.3. Release in disposal
34.5. Risk and safety associated for using INMs
34.5.1. Associated risks
34.5.2. Food industry
34.5.3. Agri-food industry
34.5.4. Automobile industry
34.5.5. Aerospace industry
34.6. Design of an ideal nanomaterial
34.7. Conclusion
References
Chapter 35: A novel SnO2/polypyrrole/SnO2 nanocomposite modified anode with improved performance in benthic microbial fue ...
35.1. Introduction
35.2. Experimental work
35.2.1. Acid-treatment of the electrode surface
35.2.2. SnO2 nanoparticles synthesis
35.2.3. Preparation of nanocomposites of SnO2/PPy
35.2.4. Preparation of modified anodes
35.2.5. Construction of BMFC reactors
35.2.6. Physical and electrochemical characterization
35.3. Results and discussion
35.3.1. Surface characterization of modified anode
35.3.1.1. Scanning electron microscopy
35.3.1.2. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
35.3.1.3. Wettability of modified anode
35.3.2. Electrochemical analyses of the composite anode
35.3.2.1. Cyclic voltammogram
35.3.2.2. Kinetics of the composite anode
35.3.2.3. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
35.3.3. Working of reactors containing different anodes
35.3.3.1. Physicochemical properties
35.3.3.2. Open circuit potential
35.3.3.3. Power density and polarization curves
35.4. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Declarations of interest
References
Chapter 36: Visible light photocatalysis: Case study (process)
36.1. Introduction
36.2. Visible light photocatalytic processes for wastewater treatment
36.2.1. Heterogeneous photocatalysis
36.2.2. Homogenous photocatalysis
36.2.3. Hybrid processes
36.2.3.1. Case-1: Photo-Fenton process
36.2.3.2. Case-2: Sonophotocatalysis
36.2.3.3. Case-3: Photocatalytic membrane filtration
36.2.3.4. Case-4: Photocatalytic ozonation process
36.3. Current trends and scale-up challenges
36.4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 37: Nanomaterials for wastewater treatment: Concluding remarks
37.1. Introduction
37.2. Nanomaterials and their properties for wastewater treatment
37.2.1. Zero-valent nanomaterials
37.2.2. Metal oxide nanomaterials
37.2.3. Luminescent and Ln3+-doped oxide nanomaterials
37.2.4. Nanozeolites
37.2.5. Carbon/graphene-supported nanocomposites
37.2.6. Metal organic frameworks nanocomposites
37.2.7. Nanocomposite membranes/nanocomposite photocatalytic membranes
37.3. Current status and challenges of use of nanomaterial-based processes
37.3.1. Photocatalytic nanomaterials-based processes
37.3.2. Adsorbent nanomaterials-based processes
37.3.3. Nanocomposite membranes-based processes
37.3.4. Nanomaterial-based photocatalytic membrane-based processes
37.3.5. Nanomaterials-based advanced oxidation processes
37.3.6. Nanomaterial-based electro-oxidation processes
37.3.7. Nanomaterials-based processes for removal for micropollutants
37.4. Challenges for nanomaterial-based processes, potential risk, and safety concerns
37.5. Concluding remarks
References
Index
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