Handbook of Museum Textiles, Volume 2: Scientific and Technological Research

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Damage Caused by Physical and Chemical Agents and Their Prevention
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Characteristics of Typical Museum Textiles
1.3 Agents Causing Damage to Textile Materials
1.4 Deterioration of Textiles by Mechanical Stresses
1.4.1 Dimensional Changes
1.4.2 Change in Modulus
1.5 Deterioration of Textiles by Light and Radiation
1.5.1 Deterioration of Textiles by Photochemical Tendering
1.5.2 Fading of Dyes
1.5.3 Accelerated Photochemical Tendering
1.5.4 Light Ageing
1.6 Deterioration of Textiles by Humidity and Temperature
1.6.1 Temperature
1.6.2 Relative Humidity
1.6.3 Fluctuating Humidity and Temperature
1.7 Deterioration by Acid, Alkali, and Water
1.8 Deterioration of Textiles by Gaseous and Solid Contaminants
1.8.1 Gaseous Contaminants
1.8.2 Particulate Contaminants
1.9 Deterioration of Textiles to Biological Agents
1.9.1 Insects and Pests
1.9.2 Mold
1.9.3 Source of Biological Agents
1.10 Cases of Damages in Museum Textiles
1.11 Other Factors Influencing the Damages to Textiles
1.11.1 Alienation
1.11.2 Fire
1.11.3 Theft or Vandalism
1.12 Avoiding Damages
1.12.1 Temperature and Humidity
1.12.2 Avoiding Damages Caused by Light and UV Radiation
1.12.2.1 Measuring Light and UV Levels
1.12.3 Avoiding Damages Caused by Pest
1.12.4 Avoiding Damages Caused by Pollutants
1.12.5 Avoiding Environmental Damages
1.13 Conservation of Museum Textiles
1.13.1 Moth Management
1.13.2 Integrated Pest Management
1.13.2.1 Monitoring the Collections
1.13.2.2 Insect Trapping
1.13.2.3 Traditional Method
1.13.2.4 Hygienic Control of Pests
1.13.2.5 Pest-Proofing
1.13.3 Laser Cleaning of Tarnished Silver and Copper Threads in Museum Textiles
1.14 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Biological Damage to Textiles and Prevention Methods
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biodeterioration of Textiles Caused by Microorganisms (Bacteria, Fungi)
2.2.1 Most Common Species of Microorganisms in Textile Collections
2.2.2 Deterioration Caused by Microorganisms
2.2.3 Methods of Examination and Identification of Microorganisms
2.3 Biodeterioration of Textiles Caused by Insects
2.3.1 Most Common Species of Insects in Textile Collections
2.3.2 Deterioration Caused by Insects
2.3.3 Monitoring and Identification of Insects in Textile Collections
2.4 The Control of Biodeterioration of Textiles
2.4.1 Prevention Methods
2.4.1.1 Construction Aspects
2.4.1.2 Storage Conditions
2.4.1.3 Storage
2.4.1.4 Room Monitoring
2.4.2 Remediation Methods
2.4.2.1 Low Temperatures (Freezing)
2.4.2.2 High Temperatures (Heating)
2.4.2.3 Gamma Radiation
2.4.2.4 Modified Atmospheres
2.4.2.5 Mechanical Removal
2.4.3 Chemical Control Methods
2.4.4 New Methods for the Control of Biodeterioration of Textiles
2.5 Biological and Chemical Risk Factors in the Preservation and Conservation of Textiles
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Microscopy of Historical Textiles
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Optical Microscopy
3.2.1 Stereomicroscopes
3.2.1.1 Textile Techniques
3.2.1.2 Finishing
3.2.1.3 Repairs and Changes
3.2.1.4 Reflected Light Microscopy
3.2.2 Transmitted White Light and Polarized Light Microscopy
3.2.2.1 Transmitted White Light Microscopy
3.2.2.2 Polarized Light Microscopy
3.2.2.3 Fiber Identification
3.2.2.4 Finishing
3.2.2.5 Microbiological Attack
3.2.3 Digital Microscopy
3.3 Electron Microscopy
3.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.3.1.1 Sample Preparation
3.3.1.2 Fiber Identification of Animal Hairs
3.3.1.3 Finishing
3.3.1.4 Dyeing
3.3.1.5 Quality
3.3.1.6 Degradation
3.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy
3.3.2.1 Sample Preparation
3.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Computational Structural Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mechanical Modeling of Textile
4.2.1 Microscopic Modeling of Textiles
4.2.2 Mesoscoping Modeling of Textiles
4.2.3 Macroscopic Modeling of Textiles
4.3 Historical Textiles’ Modeling
4.3.1 Creep in Structural Analysis
4.3.2 Finite Element Method
4.3.3 The Rheological Model
4.3.3.1 Kinematic Associated with Elastic Behavior
4.3.3.2 Constitutive Equations Associated to the Elastoplastic Branch [I]
4.3.3.3 Constitutive Equations Associated to the Viscoelastic Branch [II]
4.4 Application to Tapestries: Case Studies
4.4.1 Application 1: The Importance of Considering the Orthotropy
4.4.2 Application 2: Effect of Hanging System
4.4.3 Application 3: Presence of Tears and Slits
4.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 5 Characterization of Ancient Dyes and Prints
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Characterization Methods
5.2.1 Thin Layer Chromatography
5.2.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
5.2.2.1 Dyestuff Analysis
5.2.2.2 Sample Preparation and Extraction Methods
5.2.2.3 Detectors
5.2.2.4 Limitations
5.2.3 Raman Spectroscopy
5.2.4 Infrared Spectroscopy
5.2.5 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
5.2.6 Fiber Optic Reflectance Spectroscopy
5.2.7 Mass Spectrometry
5.3 Printing Techniques
5.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 State-of-the-Art Characterization Methods for Historic Textiles
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Dating of Textiles
6.2.1 Radiocarbon Dating
6.2.1.1 Advantages and Limitations of Radiocarbon Dating
6.2.1.2 Radiocarbon Dating Measurements
6.2.1.3 The AMS Method of Radiocarbon Dating
6.2.2 Micromechanical Method for Textiles Dating
6.3 Molecular Analysis
6.3.1 DNA Analysis
6.3.2 Amino Acid Composition
6.4 Proteomics
6.4.1 Principle and Evaluation Process of Historic Textiles
6.4.2 Why Proteomics Is Preferred
6.5 Isotopic Tracing
6.5.1 The Strontium Isotope Tracing System
6.5.2 Benefits of Sr Isotope Tracing
6.5.3 Limitations of Sr Isotope Tracing
6.6 Thermal Analysis
6.7 Optical Measurement Tests
6.8 Analytical Methods for Dye Analysis
6.8.1 Mass Spectrometry
6.8.2 Chromatography
6.8.3 Electrophoresis
6.8.4 Microextraction
6.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Nondestructive Testing of Historic Textiles
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Sampling
7.3 Analytical Investigation Techniques Using X-Rays
7.3.1 X-Ray Radiography
7.3.2 X-Ray Fluorescence
7.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy with X-Ray Microanalysis
7.3.4 X-Ray Diffraction
7.4 Vibrational Spectroscopy
7.4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
7.4.2 Raman Spectroscopy and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
7.5 Case Studies
7.5.1 17th Century Painted Silk Banner
7.5.2 16th Century Carpet
References
Chapter 8 NDT of Historic Textiles—Brief on Theory and Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
8.3 Atomic Force Microscopy
8.4 Raman Spectroscopy
8.5 Computed Tomography
8.6 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
8.7 Optical Microscope
8.8 Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer
8.9 Carbon Dating
8.10 X-Ray Diffraction
8.11 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy
8.12 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
8.13 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Non-Invasive Analytical Techniques for the Study of Dyes and Pigments in Historical Textiles
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Photographic Methods
9.2.1 Infrared Reflectography (IRR)
9.2.2 Visible-Induced Visible Luminescence/Fluorescence
9.2.3 UV-Fluorescence (or UV-Luminescence) (UVF-UVL) and UV Reflectance (UVR)
9.2.4 False-Color Imaging
9.2.5 Multispectral/Hyperspectral Imaging
9.3 Colorimetry
9.4 Reflectance Spectroscopy
9.5 Fluorimetry
9.6 Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier-Transform (DRIFT) Spectroscopy
9.7 Matrix-Transfer Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)
References
Chapter 10 Micro-Invasive Analytical Techniques for the Study of Dyes and Pigments in Historical Textiles
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Spectroscopic Methods
10.2.1 Elemental Techniques: Energy Dispersive System/Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDS/EDX) and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
10.2.2 Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS)
10.2.3 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) and Fourier Transform (FT)-Raman
10.2.4 Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy
10.3 Chromatographic Methods
10.3.1 Paper and Thin Layer Chromatography (PC and TLC)
10.3.2 High-Pressure/-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
10.3.3 Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC)
10.3.4 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
10.4 Other Techniques
References
Chapter 11 Destructive Analytical Techniques for the Analysis of Historic Textiles
11.1 Introduction
11.2 NMR Spectroscopy
11.3 Mass Spectrometry
11.4 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
11.5 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy
11.6 Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-TOF-MS)
11.7 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF)
11.8 Transmission Electron Microscope
11.9 Thermo Gravimetric Analysis
11.10 DNA Analysis
11.11 Amino Acid Composition
11.12 Peptide Mass Fingerprinting
11.13 Chromatographic Techniques
11.14 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
11.15 Thin Layer Chromatography
11.16 Gas Chromatography
11.17 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy
11.18 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Assessment of Degradation, Repair, and Stabilization of Antique Textiles with a Focus on Tapestries
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mechanical Damage Mechanisms in Historic Tapestries
12.3 Conserving Tapestries
12.3.1 Current Methods for Structural Support and Image Reintegration
12.3.2 Current Display Methods
12.4 Evaluating the Mechanical Behavior of Tapestries: Invasive Techniques
12.4.1 Evaluating the Efficacy of Conservation Strategies Using Tensile Testing
12.5 Evaluating the Mechanical Behavior of Tapestries: Noninvasive Techniques
12.5.1 Evaluating the Efficacy of Conservation Strategies Using DIC
12.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 Antique Tapestries and Carpets: A Multidisciplinary Experimental Research Method for Their Diagnosis and Dating
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Antiques Textile Surfaces, Means of Cultural Testimony and Way of Improving the Comfort in Historical Buildings
13.3 Recent Research and Case Studies on Ancient Carpets
13.4 Recent Research and Case Studies on Ancient Tapestries
13.5 IR Spectroscopy to the Molecular Wool Characterization: Implications for Dating Purposes
13.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 14 Scientific Study of Fibers and Natural Dyes Used in 19th Century Prayer Carpet From Jiwajirao Scindia Museum Gwalior, Using LC-MS and UV-VIS
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Materials and Methods
14.2.1 Preparation of Samples
14.2.2 Instrumentation
14.3 Extraction of Dyes
14.3.1 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
14.3.2 UV Spectroscopic Measurements
14.4 Result and Discussion
14.4.1 Dyes Identified in 19th Century Carpet from Jiwaji Scindia Museum, Gwalior Sample
14.4.2 Red Dye
14.4.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
14.4.4 Green Dye
14.4.5 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
14.4.6 Yellow Dye
14.4.7 Black Dye
14.4.8 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
14.5 Future Scope and Studies
14.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15 Analysis and Visualization of Historical Textiles for the Needs of Museum Conservation and Exhibition
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Deterioration of Textiles
15.3 Methods of Analysis of Historical Textiles
15.4 Analysis of Fibers
15.5 Analysis of Threads
15.6 Analysis of Woven and Other Textile Objects
15.7 Identification of Dyes and Color Analysis
15.8 Visualization and Virtual Reconstruction of Textiles
15.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Conservation of a Coptic Tapestry Fragment from Red Monastery Excavation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Documentation and Condition
16.2.1 Description of Archaeological Object
16.2.2 The Analytical Method and Technical Study
16.2.3 Dating of the Object
16.2.4 State of Deterioration
16.3 Testing and Analysis
16.3.1 Morphological Study
16.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscope
16.3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis
16.3.4 Analysis of Color Values
16.4 Results and Discussion
16.4.1 Stereo Microscope
16.4.2 Scanning Electron Microscope
16.4.3 FTIR Analysis
16.4.4 Colorimetric Measurements
16.5 Treatment Methodology
16.5.1 Humidification Process
16.5.2 Testing the Acidity
16.5.3 Cleaning Process
16.5.3.1 Chemical Cleaning
16.5.3.2 Wet Cleaning
16.5.4 Preparation of Foam and Textile Support
16.5.5 Permanent Fixation
16.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 17 Synthetic Coatings in Fashion Collections: Identification and Preservation Issues
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Conservation Challenges in Fashion Museum Collections Holding Polyurethane and Plasticised Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Coatings
17.2.1 The Entrance of TPU and p-PVC in Fashion
17.2.2 Degradation of TPU and p-PVC
17.2.3 Issues and Recommendations for the Preservation of TPU and p-PVC Coatings in Museum Collections
17.2.4 Case Studies From MUDE, MET and MoMu Collections
17.2.4.1 TPU Coatings
17.2.4.2 p-PVC Coatings
17.2.4.3 Mixed Compositions
17.2.4.4 Main Considerations
17.3 Experimental
17.3.1 Met Museum
17.4 Damage Atlas
17.5 Conclusions
17.6 Future Research
References
Chapter 18 Nanotechnology-Based Interventions in Museum Textiles
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Applications of Nanotechnology in Museum Textiles
18.2.1 Diagnosis of Museum Textiles Using Nano-Enabled Technologies
18.2.2 Cleaning of Museum Textiles Using Nano-Enabled Technologies
18.2.3 Consolidation and Protection of Museum Textiles Using Nano-Enabled Technologies
18.3 Benefits and Opportunities for Future Developments in Preservative and Conservative Practices
18.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19 Digital Technologies and Virtual Museums—Novel Approach
19.1 Introduction
19.2 History of Digital Technologies in Museums
19.3 Why Do We Need Digital Technologies in Museums?
19.4 Digital Technologies—Tools and Techniques
19.4.1 Multimedia Materials
19.4.2 The World Wide Web
19.4.3 Computer-Mediated Conferencing
19.4.4 Presentation Technologies
19.4.5 Simulations and Models
19.4.6 Microworlds and Games
19.4.7 Streaming Digital Audio and Video
19.4.8 Visualization-Based Utilities
19.5 Applications of Digital Technologies in the Museum
19.5.1 Offline Data Banks Like CD-ROMS
19.5.2 Websites
19.5.3 Online Databases (National Digital Repository for Museums of India)
19.5.4 Virtual Museums
19.5.5 Interactive Exhibition Resources/Fusion Exhibitions (Sardar Patel Exhibition)
19.5.6 Google Arts and Culture App
19.5.7 Roboguides
19.5.8 BYOD in Museums
19.6 Pros and Cons of Digital Technologies as Compared to Traditional Exhibitions
19.6.1 Pros
19.6.2 Cons
19.7 Conclusion
References
EULA
Index