Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans: A Compendium for Medical Education, Physicians, Surgeons, Anthropologists, Anatomists, and Biologists

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Most textbooks and atlases of human anatomy chronicle only a few cases of muscle variations in the "normal" human population, or of muscle anomalies within congenital malformations. Consequently, there is a misconception of what is considered "normal" human anatomy and what that looks like. Each person within the "normal" population has at least a few muscle variations, and there are millions of individuals born globally each year with muscle anomalies. There are crucial knowledge gaps between what is taught, what students learn, what textbooks and atlases show, and what truly happens in nature and within our species. This handbook fills this gap by: 1) providing a comparative evolutionary context for muscle variations and defects in humans, 2) summarizing the major types of variations and anomalies found in humans, and 3) including didactic figures for a visually engaging learning experience. This book is of interest to students, professors, and researchers in biological anthropology, comparative anatomy, functional morphology, zoology, and evolutionary and developmental biology, as well as to clinicians and practicing health professionals.

Key Features

    • Summarizes most recorded variations and anomalies for each muscle in the human body

    • Provides information on the comparative anatomy of each muscle, including evolutionary differences from our closest living relatives, the apes

    • Includes didactic illustrations of the variations and anomalies for a visually engaging learning experience

    • Comprehensively reviews literature to document prevalence information for each variation and anomaly, within humans

    Related Titles

    Brown, D. E. Human Biological Diversity, 2nd ed. (ISBN 978-1-138-03753-3)

    Diogo, R., et al. Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology: An Evolutionary and Developmental Guide for Medical Students (ISBN 978-1-4987-5384-5)

    Diogo, R. Muscles of Chordates: Development, Homologies, and Evolution (ISBN 978-1-138-57116-7)

    Author(s): Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo
    Publisher: CRC Press
    Year: 2022

    Language: English
    Pages: 391
    City: Boca Raton

    Cover
    Half Title
    Title Page
    Copyright Page
    Table of Contents
    Preface
    Acknowledgments
    About the Authors
    Contributors
    Chapter 1 Introduction
    Why Do Humans Have Anatomical Variations and Anomalies?
    Toward a More Holistic Approach to Human Anatomy and Evolution
    Brief Notes about Our Methodology
    Chapter 2 Head and Neck Muscles
    Facial Muscles
    Occipitofrontalis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Orbicularis oculi
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Corrugator supercilii
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Malaris
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Orbitozygomaticus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Zygomaticus minor
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Zygomaticus major
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Levator labii superioris
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Levator anguli oris
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Risorius
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Buccinatorius (buccinator)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Orbicularis oris
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Depressor anguli oris
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Depressor labii inferioris
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Procerus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Nasalis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Depressor septi nasi
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Incisivus labii superioris
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Incisivus labii inferioris
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Mentalis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Platysma myoides (platysma)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Platysma cervicale
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Muscles of Mastication
    Masseter
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Temporalis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Pterygoideus lateralis (Lateral pterygoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Pterygoideus medialis (Medial pterygoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Sphenotemporalis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Pterygospinous
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Pterygoideus proprius
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extrinsic Muscles of the Ear and Middle Ear Muscles
    Auricularis anterior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Auricularis superior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Auricularis posterior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Tensor tympani (Not Illustrated)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Stapedius (Not Illustrated)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Muscles of the Tongue
    Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue (Not Illustrated)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Genioglossus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Hyoglossus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Styloglossus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Myloglossus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Styloauricularis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Muscles of the Soft Palate
    Tensor veli palatini
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Levator veli palatini
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Musculus uvulae
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Palatoglossus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Palatopharyngeus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Salpingopharyngeus (Not Illustrated)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Pharyngeal Muscles
    Constrictor pharyngis superior (Superior pharyngeal constrictor)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Stylopharyngeus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Petropharyngeus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Constrictor pharyngis medius (Middle pharyngeal constrictor)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Constrictor pharyngis inferior (Inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Laryngeal Muscles
    Cricothyroideus (Cricothyroid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Thyrotrachealis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Ceratocricoid
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Cricoarytenoideus posterior (Posterior cricoarytenoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Cricoarytenoideus lateralis (Lateral cricoarytenoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Arytenoideus transversus (Transverse arytenoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Arytenoideus obliquus (Oblique arytenoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Thyroarytenoideus (Thyroarytenoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Superior thyroarytenoideus (Superior thyroarytenoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Infrahyoid Muscles
    Sternohyoideus (Sternohyoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Cleidohyoideus (Cleidohyoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Omohyoideus (Omohyoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Sternothyroideus (Sternothyroid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Thyrohyoideus (Thyrohyoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Levator glandulae thyroideae
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Suprahyoid Muscles
    Mylohyoideus (Mylohyoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Geniohyoideus (Geniohyoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Digastricus anterior (Anterior Belly of the Digastric)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Digastricus posterior (Posterior Belly of the Digastric)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Stylohyoideus (Stylohyoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extraocular Muscles
    Levator palpebrae superioris
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Tensor trochleae
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rectus superior (Superior rectus)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rectus inferior (Inferior rectus)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rectus medialis (Medial rectus)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rectus lateralis (Lateral rectus)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Obliquus oculi superior (Superior oblique)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Obliquus oculi inferior (Inferior oblique)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Scalene, Prevertebral, and Suboccipital Muscles
    Scalenus anterior (Anterior scalene)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Scalenus medius (Middle scalene)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Scalenus posterior (Posterior scalene)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Scalenus minimus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Longus colli
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Longus capitis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rectus capitis anterior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rectus capitis lateralis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rectus capitis posterior major
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rectus capitis posterior minor
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Obliquus capitis superior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Obliquus capitis inferior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Posterolateral Neck Muscles
    Sternocleidomastoideus (Sternocleidomastoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Cleido-occipitalis cervicalis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Trapezius
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Chapter 3 Upper Limb Muscles
    Axial Pectoral Girdle Muscles
    Serratus anterior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rhomboideus major (Rhomboid major)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rhomboideus minor (Rhomboid minor)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rhomboideus occipitalis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rhomboideus tertius (Not Illustrated)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Levator scapulae
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Subclavius
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Pectoralis intermedius
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Subclavius posticus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Levator claviculae
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Sternoscapularis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Supraclavicularis proprius
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Pectoral Girdle and Arm Muscles
    Sternalis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Dorsoepitrochlearis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Panniculus carnosus (Not Illustrated)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Pectoralis major
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Pectoralis minor
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Chondroepitrochlearis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Sternoclavicularis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Pectoralis quartus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Pectorodorsalis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Pectoralis minimus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Costocoracoideus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Tensor semivaginae articulationis humeroscapularis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Infraclavicularis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Costoclavicularis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Roos Bands/Muscles
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Deltoideus (Deltoid)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Infraspinatus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Supraspinatus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Teres minor
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Teres major
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Subscapularis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Subscapularis minor
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Latissimus dorsi
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Levator tendinis musculi latissimus dorsi
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Coracobrachialis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Coracobrachialis profundus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Coracobrachialis longus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Brachialis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Biceps brachii
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Triceps brachii
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Epitrochleoanconeus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Anterior Forearm Muscles
    Flexor pollicis longus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Gantzer’s Muscle
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Flexor digitorum profundus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Flexor digitorum superficialis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Pronator quadratus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Radiocarpus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Palmaris longus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Flexor carpi ulnaris
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Flexor carpi radialis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Flexor carpi radialis brevis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Pronator teres
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Posterior Forearm Muscles
    Brachioradialis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Supinator
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Anconeus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extensor carpi radialis longus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extensor carpi radialis brevis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extensor carpi radialis accessorius
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extensor carpi ulnaris
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Ulnaris digiti quinti
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extensor digitorum
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extensor digiti minimi
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extensor indicis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extensor medii digiti
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extensor digitorum brevis manus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extensor pollicis longus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extensor pollicis brevis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Abductor pollicis longus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Muscles of the Hand
    Contrahentes digitorum manus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Palmaris brevis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Lumbricales (lumbricals)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Adductor pollicis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Interossei palmaris (Palmar interossei)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Interossei dorsalis (Dorsal interossei)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Flexor pollicis brevis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Opponens pollicis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Flexor digiti minimi brevis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Opponens digiti minimi
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Abductor pollicis brevis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Abductor digiti minimi
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Chapter 4 Trunk Muscles
    Muscles of the Abdominal Region
    Obliquus externus abdominis (External oblique)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Obliquus abdominis externus profundus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Obliquus internus abdominis (Internal oblique)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Transversus abdominis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rectus abdominis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rectus abdominis lateralis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Pyramidalis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Cremaster
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Quadratus lumborum
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Iliacus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Iliacus minor
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Psoas major
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Psoas minor
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Perineal, Coccygeal, and Anal Musculature
    Coccygeus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Sacrococcygeus anterior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Levator ani
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Sphincter ani externus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Transversus perinei profundus (Deep transverse perinei)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Transversus perinei superficialis (Superficial transverse perinei)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Sphincter urethrae
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Ischiopubicus (Not Illustrated)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Ischiocavernosus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Bulbospongiosus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Thorax, Spine, and Back Muscles
    Diaphragm
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Hepatodiaphragmaticus (Not Illustrated)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Transversus thoracis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Intercostales externi (External intercostals)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Intercostales interni (Internal intercostals)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Intercostales intimi (Innermost intercostals)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Subcostales (Subcostal Muscles)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Supracostalis anterior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Supracostalis posterior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Serratus posterior superior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Serratus posterior inferior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Levatores costarum breves and longi
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Interspinales
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Sacrococcygeus posterior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Intertransversarii
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rotatores longus and brevis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Multifidus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Semispinalis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Splenius capitis and Splenius cervicis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rhomboatloideus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Atlantomastoideus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Spinalis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Longissimus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Iliocostalis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Chapter 5 Lower Limb Muscles
    Gluteal and Thigh Muscles
    Gluteus maximus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Gluteus medius
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Gluteus minimus (Not Illustrated)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Piriformis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Scansorius
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Tenuissimus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Tensor fasciae latae
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Sartorius
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Rectus femoris
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Vastus medialis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Vastus lateralis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Vastus intermedius
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Articularis genus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Obturator internus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Obturator externus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Gemellus superior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Gemellus inferior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Quadratus femoris
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Gracilis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Adductor longus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Adductor brevis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Adductor magnus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Pectineus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Semitendinosus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Semimembranosus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Biceps femoris
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Tensor fasciae suralis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Posterior Muscles of the Lower Leg
    Gastrocnemius
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Soleus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Peroneotibialis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Plantaris
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Popliteus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Flexor digitorum longus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Flexor digitorum accessorius longus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Fibulocalcaneus internus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Flexor hallucis longus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Tibialis posterior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Anterior and Lateral Muscles of the Lower Leg
    Tibialis anterior
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extensor hallucis longus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extensor digitorum longus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Fibularis tertius
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Anterior fibulocalcaneus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Fibularis longus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Fibularis brevis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Fibularis quartus
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Fibularis digiti minimi
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Muscles of the Foot
    Abductor hallucis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Flexor digitorum brevis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Abductor digiti minimi
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Abductor ossis metatarsi digiti quinti
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Quadratus plantae
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Lumbricales (Lumbricals)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Flexor hallucis brevis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Adductor hallucis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Contrahentes pedis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Opponens hallucis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Flexor digiti minimi brevis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Opponens digiti minimi
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Interossei plantares (Plantar Interossei)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Interossei dorsales (Dorsal Interossei)
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extensor digitorum brevis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    Extensor hallucis brevis
    Synonyms
    Typical Presentation
    Comparative Anatomy
    Variations
    Anomalies
    Clinical Implications
    References
    Index