Handbook of Hormones: Comparative Endocrinology for Basic and Clinical Research

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Handbook of Hormones: Comparative Endocrinology for Basic and Clinical Research, Second Edition presents a catalog of fundamental information on the structure and function of hormones from basic biology to clinical use, offering a rapid way to obtain specific facts about the chemical and molecular characteristics of hormones, their receptors, signaling pathways, and the biological activities they regulate. The book's stellar editorial board, affiliated with the Japan Society for Comparative Endocrinology, brings together authors that present a compelling structure of each hormone with a consistent presentation that provides a primer surrounding the plethora of hormones that now exist.

Comparative endocrinology continues to rapidly expand and new information about hormones is being produced almost daily, making it important to stay up-to-date. Hormone, paracrine, and autocrine factors have been identified as key players in a range of different systems, including immune, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular. Frontiers between disciplines are being blurred and many scientists in fields other than endocrinology are interested in hormones. Scientists now have the unprecedented opportunity to look from invertebrates to vertebrate and identify novel regulatory factors and understand their function and how they determine an organism’s physiology and survival.

Author(s): Hironori Ando, Kazuyoshi Ukena, Shinji Nagata
Edition: 2
Publisher: Academic Press
Year: 2021

Language: English
Pages: 1174
City: London

9780128206508_WEB01
Front Cover
Handbook of Hormones: Comparative Endocrinology for Basic and Clinical Research
Copyright
List of editors
Volume 1 Contents
Volume 2 Contents
Contributors
Preface to first edition
Preface to the second edition
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Evolution and diversity of animals
Introduction
Metazoa
Protostomia
Deuterostomia
Evolution of hormones and their receptors
References
Part I: Peptides and proteins in vertebrates
Chapter 2: Molecular evolution of peptide and protein hormones in vertebrates
Introduction
Sequence homology and protein families
Orthology
Synteny
Omics solutions
References
Section I.1: Neuropeptides
Chapter 3: RFamide peptide family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 3A: Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 3B: Kisspeptin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 3C: PQRFamide peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 3D: Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 3E: Prolactin-releasing peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 4: Corticotropin-releasing hormone family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 4A: Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 4B: Urotensin I
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 4C: Urocortins
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 4D: Sauvagine
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 5: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Tissue content
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonist
Antagonist
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 5.1)
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 6: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Tissue content
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 6.2)
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 7: Somatostatin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Tissue content
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype, signal transduction pathway, agonist, and antagonist
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 8: Neurohypophysial hormone family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
References
Subchapter 8A: Vasopressin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 8B: Vasotocin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 8C: Oxytocin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 8D: Nonmammalian OT-family peptides
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 9: Opioid peptide family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Heteromer-directed signal specificity
Desensitization and signaling by arrestin
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
References
Subchapter 9A: Enkephalin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 9B: Dynorphin/a-neo-endorphin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
References
Subchapter 9C: Nociceptin/orphanin FQ
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 9D: Endomorphin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
References
Subchapter 9E: Dermorphin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
References
Chapter 10: Agouti family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 10A: Agouti-signaling protein
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 10B: Agouti-related protein
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 11: Tachykinin family
History
Structure
Structural features and primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 11A: Substance P/neurokinin A
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 11B: Neurokinin B
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 12: Appetite-regulating peptides
History
Structures and receptors
Biological functions
References
Subchapter 12A: Melanin-concentrating hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 12B: Orexin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 12C: Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 13: Urotensin II
Discovery
Structure
Primary structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Tissue content
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 14: Neurotensin
Discovery
Structure
Primary structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Tissue content
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 15: Neuromedin U/S
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Tissue content
Regulation of synthesis
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonist
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotypes in gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 16: Neuropeptide S
Discovery
Structure
Primary structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Tissue content
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 17: Neuropeptide W
Discovery
Structure
Primary structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Tissue content
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 18: Neuroendocrine regulatory peptides
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Tissue and plasma concentrations
Regulations of synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Target cells/tissue and function
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
References
Chapter 19: Neurosecretory protein GL/neurosecretory protein GM
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Agonist
Biological functions
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 20: Nesfatin-1
Discovery
Structure
Primary structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Tissue content
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 21: Mexneurin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Structure and subtype, signal transduction pathway, agonist, and antagonist
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Reference
Chapter 22: Phoenixin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Tissue and plasma concentrations
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype, signal transduction pathway, agonist, and antagonist
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 22.1)
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
References
Section I-2: Adenohypophyseal hormones
Chapter 23: Glycoprotein hormone family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 23A: Follicle-stimulating hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 23B: Luteinizing hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 23C: Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 24: Growth hormone/prolactin family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
References
Subchapter 24A: Growth hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 24B: Prolactin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Phenotype in gene-modified animals (PRL1)
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 24C: Somatolactin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 25: Proopiomelanocortin family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Interaction with of melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP)
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 25A: Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 25B: Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 25C: Endorphin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Section I-3: Gastrointestinal hormones
Chapter 26: Glucagon family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 26A: Glucagon
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 26B: Gastric inhibitory peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 26C: Glucagon-like peptide-1
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 26D: Glucagon-like peptide-2
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 27: Secretin/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 27A: Secretin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 27B: Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 27C: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
References
Subchapter 27D: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-related peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Subchapter 27E: Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 27F: Peptide histidine isoleucine/methionine
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
References
Chapter 28: Insulin family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 28A: Insulin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 28B: Insulin-like growth factor-1
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 28C: Insulin-like growth factor-2
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 28D: Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 28E: Relaxins
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 29: Gastrin family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of gastrin family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathways
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 29A: Gastrin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 29B: Cholecystokinin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 29C: Caerulein
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 30: Ghrelin-motilin family
History
Structure
Structural features
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 30A: Ghrelin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 30B: Motilin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 31: Bombesin-like peptide family
History
Structure
Structural features
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 31A: Gastrin-releasing peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 31B: Neuromedin B
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 32: Guanylin family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 32A: Guanylin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Plasma concentration
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 32B: Uroguanylin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 33: Galanin peptide family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 33A: Galanin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 33B: Galanin-like peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 33C: Alarin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 34: Neuropeptide Y family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 34A: Pancreatic polypeptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 34B: Neuropeptide Y
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 34C: Peptide YY
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 35: Xenin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Tissue and plasma concentrations
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
References
Section I.4: Parathyroid gland, ultimobranchial gland and stannius corpuscle hormones
Chapter 36: Parathyroid hormone family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 36A: Parathyroid hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 36B: Parathyroid hormone-related protein
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 36C: Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 amino acids
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 37: Calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members and peptides
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 37A: Calcitonin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 37B: Calcitonin gene-related peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 37C: Calcitonin receptor-stimulating peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 37D: Adrenomedullin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 37E: Adrenomedullin 2 and 5
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 37F: Amylin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 38: Stanniocalcin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene and mRNA
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Tissue content
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 38.1)
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Relationship to cancers
Relationship to lipid metabolism
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Section I.5: Cytokines
Chapter 39: Immunological modulators
History
Structures and biological functions
References
Subchapter 39A: Interleukins
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 39B: Tumor necrosis factor
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 39C: Interferons
Discovery
Structure and synthesis
Receptors and signaling pathways
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 40: Hematopoietic growth factors
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 40A: Erythropoietin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 40B: Thrombopoietin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 40C: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 41: Neurotrophin family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 41A: Nerve growth factor
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 41B: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 41C: Neurotrophin-3
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Section I.6: Other peripheral hormones
Chapter 42: Renin-angiotensin system
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 42A: Renin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 42B: Angiotensin II
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 42C: Other angiotensins
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 42D: Angiotensin converting enzyme
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 43: Kallikrein-kinin system
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
References
Subchapter 43A: Kininogen
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 43B: Kallikrein
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 43C: Bradykinin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 44: Apelin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonist
Antagonist
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 45: Elabela
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonist
Antagonist
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 45.1)
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 46: Natriuretic peptide family
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 46A: Atrial natriuretic peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 46B: B-type natriuretic peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 46C: C-type natriuretic peptides
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 46D: Ventricular natriuretic peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 47: Gonadal hormones
History
Structures and biological functions
References
Subchapter 47A: Inhibin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 47B: Activin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 47C: Follistatin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 47D: Anti-Müllerian hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 48: Adipocyte hormones
History
Structure
Structural features
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
References
Subchapter 48A: Leptin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 48B: Adiponectin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 48C: Acylation stimulating protein
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 48D: Resistin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 49: Endothelins
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursors
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Tissue and plasma concentrations
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonist
Antagonist
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 50: Irisin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Tissue and plasma concentrations
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 51: Osteopontin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 51.1)
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 52: Osteocrin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Synthesis and release
Gene and mRNA
Distribution of mRNA
Tissue and plasma concentrations
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 53: Hepcidin antimicrobial peptide
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 54: Adropin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Agonist
Biological functions
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
References
Chapter 55: Lipocalin-2
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Regulation of synthesis release
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 55.1)
Pathophysiological implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Back Cover
9780128206508_WEB02
Front Cover
Handbook of Hormones: Comparative Endocrinology for Basic and Clinical Research
Copyright
List of editors
Volume 1 Contents
Volume 2 Contents
Contributors
Preface to first edition
Preface to the second edition
Abbreviations
Part II: Peptides and proteins in invertebrates
Chapter 56: Molecular evolution of peptide and protein hormones in invertebrates
Introduction
Diversity of invertebrate studies
Identification of neuropeptides and their receptors
Occurrence of neuropeptides and their receptors
Comparative gap between structure and functions
Overview of invertebrate endocrine control
References
Section II.1: Neuropeptides related to vertebrate hormones
Chapter 57: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-like peptide family
History
Structure
Structural features and primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 57A: Protochordate gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Subchapter 57B: Molluscan gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 57C: Echinoderm gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 58: Corticotropin-releasing factor-like peptide
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Structure and subtype
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells and functions
References
Chapter 59: Oxytocin/vasopressin superfamily
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptor
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 59A: Lys-conopressin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Subchapter 59B: Cephalotocin/octopressin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Subchapter 59C: Annetocin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Subchapter 59D: Inotocin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Subchapter 59E: Nematocin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Subchapter 59F: Ci vasopressin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 60: Neuropeptide F
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Structure and subtype
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Biological functions
Target cells and function
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
References
Chapter 61: Short neuropeptide F
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Structure and subtype
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Biological functions
Target cells and functions
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
References
Chapter 62: RYamide
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Structure and subtype
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Biological functions
Target cells and function
References
Chapter 63: Invertebrate tachykinin-like peptide family
History
Structure
Structural features and primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 63A: Protochordata tachykinin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 63B: Invertebrate tachykinin-related peptide family
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 64: Insulin superfamily
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 64A: Insect insulin-like peptides
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Subchapter 64B: Insect insulin-like growth factor-like peptides
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Subchapter 64C: Molluscan insulin-related peptides
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Subchapter 64D: Androgenic gland hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Subchapter 64E: Relaxin-like gonad-stimulating peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 65: Sulfakinin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Structure and subtype
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells and function
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 66: Cionin: Ciona intestinalis cholecystokinin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features and primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
References
Chapter 67: Ci-galanin-like peptide
Discovery
Structure
Structural features and primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
References
Chapter 68: Allatostatin-C
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of peptide
Tissue content
Receptor
Structure
Biological function
Target cells/tissues and functions
Structure-activity
References
Chapter 69: Allatostatin-CC
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA and peptide
Receptor and biological functions
References
Chapter 70: Allatostatin-CCC
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Synthesis and release
Tissue distribution of mRNA and peptide
Receptor and biological functions
References
Chapter 71: Calcitonin-like diuretic peptide
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells and function
References
Chapter 72: Ciona intestinalis calcitonin
Discovery
Structure
Primary structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Receptors
Structure and subtype: Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
References
Chapter 73: Amphioxus calcitonin family peptide
Discovery
Structure
Structural features and primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 74: Echinoderm calcitonin-type peptide
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 75: FXPRLamide peptide family
History
Structure
Structural features
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
References
Subchapter 75A: Diapause hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Subchapter 75B: Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Subchapter 75C: Pyrokinin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
References
Chapter 76: Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone
Molt-inhibiting hormone
Vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone
Mandibular organ-inhibiting hormone
References
Chapter 77: Ion transport peptide
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 78: Prothoracicotropic hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptor
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 79: Bursicon
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Hemolymph and tissue concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells and function
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 80: Allatotropin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Primary structure
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of the mRNA and peptide
Tissue content
Receptor
Structure
Signal transduction pathway
Biological function
Target cells/tissues and functions
References
Chapter 81: Allatostatin-A
Discovery
Structure
Structural features and primary structure
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA and peptide
Tissue content
Receptor
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological function
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 82: Adipokinetic hormone
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Structure and subtype
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells and function
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Interaction with other endocrine regulators
References
Chapter 83: Adipokinetic hormone/corazonin-related peptide
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Structure and subtypes
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells and function
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
References
Chapter 84: Neuroparsin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Structure and subtype
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 85: Ovary maturating parsin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Structure and subtype
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Receptors
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Section II.2: Invertebrate-unique peptides
Subsection II.2.2: Regulation of myo/cardio-activities
Chapter 86: LF peptides
History
Structure
Distribution of LF peptides
Biological functions
References
Subchapter 86A: Head activator
Subchapter 86B: Hym-323
Subchapter 86C: Ciona LF peptide
Chapter 87: Invertebrate kinins
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 88: FMRFamides
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 89: Myoinhibiting peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptor
Biological function
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 90: Myosuppressin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 91: Proctolin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 92: Orcokinins
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 93: Crustacean cardioactive peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 94: Cardioacceleratory peptide 2b/CAPA
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 95: Achatina cardio-excitatory peptide-1
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Tissue content
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 96: Fulicins
Discovery
Structure
Biological functions
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
References
Chapter 97: Buccalins
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 98: Eisenia inhibitory pentapeptides
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Biological functions
References
Chapter 99: GGNG peptides
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subsection II.2.3: Regulation of behaviors
Chapter 100: Eclosion hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 101: Ecdysis triggering hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 102: Sex peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 103: APWGamide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 104: SIFamide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 105: Egg-laying hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Subsection II.2.4: Other hormones and neuropeptides
Chapter 106: Growth blocking peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 107: CCHamide
Discovery
Structure
Structure and subtype
Synthesis and release
Distribution of mRNA
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 108: Corazonin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 109: Pigment dispersing hormone
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 110: GLWamide
Discovery
Structure
Biological functions
References
Chapter 111: Hym-176
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Biological functions
References
Chapter 112: Hym-301
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Biological functions
References
Chapter 113: Leech osmoregulatory factor
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 114: Ciona YFV/L peptide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 115: CNMamide
Discovery
Structure
Structure and subtype
Synthesis and release
Biological functions
References
Chapter 116: Natalisin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 117: Elevenin
Discovery
Structure
Structure and subtype
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 118: Glycoprotein hormone subunit A2/B5
Discovery
Structure
Structure and subtype
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 119: Trissin
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Chapter 120: EFLamide
Discovery
Structure
Synthesis and release
Receptors
Biological functions
References
Part III: Lipophilic hormones in vertebrates
Chapter 121: Thyroid hormones
History
Structure
Structural features
Iodotyrosines and iodothyronines in organisms
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathways
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 121A: 3,3,5-Triiodothyronine
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Synthesis
Gene and mRNA
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathways
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype in gene modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 121B: Thyroxine
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Synthesis
Gene and mRNA
Tissue and plasma concentrations
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathways
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 121C: Thyronamines
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Biosynthesis and metabolism
Tissue distribution
Tissue content
Plasma concentration (fmol/mL)
Receptors
Possible candidates
Signal transduction pathways
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 122: Gonadal steroids
History
Functions
Synthetic mechanisms
Quantification method
Receptors
Phenotype of receptor gene disrupted animals
References
Subchapter 122A: Progesterone
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Plasma concentration (ng/mL (nmol/L))
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonist
Antagonist
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 122B: 17,20ß-Dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Plasma concentration (ng/mL)
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 122B.1)
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 122C: 17,20ß,21-Trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 122C.1)
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 122D: Dehydroepiandrosterone
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
References
Subchapter 122E: Testosterone/dihydrotestosterone
Discovery
Structure of testosterone
Structural features
Properties
Structure of DHT
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Plasma concentration (ng/mL)
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Agonists
Antagonists
5α-Reductase inhibitor
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 122F: 11-Ketotestosterone
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Plasma concentration (ng/mL)
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Agonist
Antagonist
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 122G: Estradiol-17ß
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Plasma concentration (Table 122G.1)
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 122H: Estrone
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Plasma concentration (pg/mL (pmol/L))
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonist
Antagonist
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
References
Chapter 123: Corticosteroids
History
Structure and biosynthesis
Structural features and biosynthetic pathways
Corticosteroid receptors
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 123A: Corticosterone
Discovery
Structure
Structural feature
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Blood concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Biological functions
Physiological actions
Mechanisms of actions
Pharmacological implications
Clinical implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 123B: 18-Hydroxycorticosterone
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Property
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue and plasma concentrations
Regulation of synthesis and release
Biological functions
Physiological actions
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implication
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 123C: 1a-Hydroxycorticosterone
Discovery
Structure
Structural feature
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Regulation of synthesis and release
Tissue and plasma concentration
Biological functions
Physiological actions
Mechanisms of actions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 123D: Cortisol
Discovery
Structure
Structural feature
Property
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue and plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Biological functions
Physiological actions
Mechanisms of actions
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 123E: Aldosterone
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Property
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue and plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Biological functions
Physiological actions
Mechanisms of actions
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 124: Neurosteroids
History
Structure and biosynthesis
Structural features and biosynthetic pathways
Molecular evolution of family members
Neurosteroidogenic cells
Regulation of biosynthesis
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 124A: Pregnenolone sulfate
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Tissue and plasma concentrations
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Antagonist
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 124B: 7a-Hydroxypregnenolone
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Tissue and plasma concentrations
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 124C: Allopregnanolone
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Distribution of mRNA
Tissue and plasma concentrations
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonist
Antagonist
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype in gene modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 125: Vitamin D derivatives
History
Structure
Structural features
Evolutional aspects of vitamin D
Receptors
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 125A: Calcitriol
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Metabolism
Gene and mRNA
Regulation
Plasma concentration
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological function
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 125B: Cholecalciferol
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Metabolism
Gene and mRNA
Distribution of mRNA
Regulation
Plasma concentration
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological function
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype in gene modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Part IV: Lipophilic hormones in invertebrates
Chapter 126: Ecdysteroid
History
Structure
Structural features
Molecular evolution of family members
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 126A: 20-Hydroxyecdysone
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis
Regulation of release
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonist
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
References
Chapter 127: Juvenile hormone
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis, release, and degradation
Biosynthetic pathway
Regulation of synthesis and release
Catabolism and transport
Receptors
Structure
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 128: Methyl farnesoate
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Biosynthetic pathway
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Part V: Endocrine disrupting chemicals
Chapter 129: Endocrine disruptors
History
Biological functions
Receptors and structures
References
Subchapter 129A: Nonylphenol
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Production
Application
Biological and pathophysiological implications
Background
Effects on mammals
Environment
Results of the OECD test guideline 240 (MEOGRT)
Safety standards and regulatory compliance
References
Subchapter 129B: Octylphenol
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Production
Application
Biological and pathophysiological implications
Background
Estrogenic activities
Effects on fish
References
Subchapter 129C: Bisphenol A
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Production
Applications
Biological and pathophysiological implications
Background and estrogenic effects
Low-dose effects
Obesity
Other hormonal effects
National toxicology program in the United States
Safety standards and regulatory compliance
References
Subchapter 129D: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Production
Applications
Biological and pathophysiological implications
Health and environmental hazards
Persistent organic pollutants
Hormone activities
Carcinogenicity
Safety standards and regulatory compliance
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 129E: 17a-Ethinylestradiol
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Production
Application
Biological and pathophysiological implications
Estrogenic activity
Effects on aquatic animals
References
Subchapter 129F: Equilin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Production
Biological and Pathophysiological Implications
Application
Environmental estrogen
Estrogenic activity
Other effects
References
Subchapter 129G: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin/polychlorinated biphenyls
Discovery
Structure of TCDD
Structural features
Properties
Production
Structure of PCBs
Structural features
Properties
Production
Biological and pathophysiological implications
Applications
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Health and environmental hazards (Table 129G.1)
Hormonal effects
Species differences
Safety standards and regulatory compliance
References
Subchapter 129H: 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Tissue and plasma concentrations
Receptors and biological functions
Structure and subtype
Target cells/tissues and functions
References
Subchapter 129I: Vinclozolin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
References
Subchapter 129J: Polybrominated diphenyl ether
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Tissue and plasma concentrations
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
References
Chapter 130: Antithyroid hormone active chemicals
History
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis
Structure
Biological functions and pathophysiological implications
Human studies
Experimental animal studies
Wildlife studies
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 130A: Tetrabromobisphenol A
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Usage
The annual consumption
Synthesis and release
Origins of environment and biota TBBPA
Bioaccumulation
Excretion (half-life)
Biological and pathophysiological implications
Action mechanisms
In vitro and in vivo assays for the detection of thyroid system disruption activity of TBBPA11
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 130B: Perchlorate
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Usage
The annual consumption
Synthesis and release
Origins of environmental perchlorates
Environmental levels
Exposure routes
Biodegradations
Reference dose (RfD)
Biological and pathophysiological implications
Targets of perchlorates
Health effects on the thyroid system
In vitro and in vivo assays for the detection of perchlorate or other chemicals that target NIS
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Part VI: Amines and amino acids
Chapter 131: Amines
History
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 131A: Dopamine
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtypes
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 131B: Noradrenaline/adrenaline
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 131C: Octopamine
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 131D: Serotonin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 131E: Melatonin
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 131F: Histamine
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution of mRNA
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 132: Amino acids
History
Structure
Structural features
Selenocysteine
d-Amino acids
Properties
Biological functions
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 132A: Glutamic acid
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 132B: .-Aminobutyric acid
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 132C: Glycine
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Chapter 133: Acetylcholine
Discovery
Structure
Structural features
Properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue distribution
Plasma concentration
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Part VII: Gasotransmitters
Chapter 134: Gasotransmitter family
History
Structure
Structural features
Receptors
Structure and signal transduction pathways
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
References
Subchapter 134A: Nitric oxide
Discovery
Structure
Primary structure, structural features, and properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue and plasma concentrations
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonist
Antagonist
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications and use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 134B: Carbon monoxide
Discovery
Structure
Primary structure, structural features, and properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
Tissue and plasma concentrations
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Structure and subtype
Signal transduction pathway
Agonists
Antagonists
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype in gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications and use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Subchapter 134C: Hydrogen sulfide
Discovery
Structure
Primary structure, structural features, and properties
Synthesis and release
Gene, mRNA, and protein
Distribution of protein and mRNA
Tissue and plasma concentrations
Regulation of synthesis and release
Receptors
Signal transduction pathway
Agonist
Antagonist
Biological functions
Target cells/tissues and functions
Phenotype of gene-modified animals
Pathophysiological implications
Clinical implications
Use for diagnosis and treatment
Supplemental information available on companion website
References
Index
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Handbook of Hormones: Comparative Endocrinology for Basic and Clinical Research

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