Groundwater for Sustainable Livelihoods and Equitable Growth

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Introduction: Groundwater, sustainable livelihoods and equitable growth
1 Groundwater and livelihood in Gunungsewu karst area, Indonesia
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Hydrogeology and water resource situation
1.3 Groundwater extraction and water supply development
1.4 Livelihood and water scarcity adaptation strategy
1.4.1 Living condition and adaptation strategy
1.4.1.1 Seasonal crop farming
1.4.1.2 Agroforestry
1.4.1.3 Livestock raising
1.4.1.4 Migration
1.4.1.5 Groundwater-related tourism
1.4.2 Water consumption pattern
1.5 Impact of water supply development
1.6 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
2 Groundwater resources development for livelihoods enhancement in the Sahel Region: a case study of Niger
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and methods
2.3 Rural livelihood and groundwater supply
2.4 Concept and theories for analyzing livelihood
2.4.1 Sustainable livelihoods framework
2.4.2 Livelihood zoning
2.5 Case study – Niger
2.5.1 Institutional arrangement and water-related policy in Niger
2.5.2 Groundwater supply and rural livelihood in Niger
2.5.2.1 Groundwater supply for irrigation
2.5.2.2 Groundwater supply for other uses
2.5.3 Livelihood zoning in Niger
2.5.4 Rural livelihoods: groundwater interventions and agriculture
2.6 Discussions
2.7 Conclusions
References
3 Groundwater, informal abstraction, and peri-urban dwellers in the Techiman Municipality of Ghana
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Peri-urbanism in Africa
3.1.2 Peri-urban water supply in Africa
3.2 Methods, data and study area
3.3 Results and discussion
3.3.1 Water supply in the Techiman Municipality
3.3.2 Extent of dependence
3.3.3 Drivers of informal water supplies
3.3.4 Challenges
3.3.4.1 Operators
3.3.4.2 Customers
3.3.5 Discussion
3.3.6 Lessons learned from Techiman Municipality
3.4 Conclusion
References
4 Urban development and intensive groundwater use in African coastal areas: the case of Lomé urban area in Togo
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General settings of African coastal urban areas
4.2.1 Importance and specificities of African coastal areas
4.2.2 Benefits of groundwater exploitation
4.3 Case study of Lomé urban area
4.3.1 Context
4.3.1.1 Uncontrolled urban development
4.3.1.2 Togolese coastal sedimentary basin
4.3.2 Groundwater contribution to urban growth
4.3.2.1 The area covered by water utilities
4.3.2.2 Outside the area covered by water utilities
4.3.2.3 Household water access
4.3.2.4 An urban economy based on groundwater
4.3.3 The challenges of groundwater management in coastal urban areas
4.3.3.1 Impacts of urbanisation on groundwater
4.3.3.2 The climate threat
4.3.3.3 Management challenges
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Contribution of groundwater towards urban household water security
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Occurrence of groundwater in Budiriro 5B
5.3 Municipal water supply in Harare
5.4 Groundwater and household water security in Budiriro 5B
5.4.1 Boreholes and wells
5.5 Summary
References
6 Sustainable and resilient exploitation of small alluvial aquifers in the Brazilian semi-arid region: the experience of Sumé
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Sumé alluvial aquifer
6.3 The alluvial aquifer role in resilience to drought
6.4 Appropriate technologies for increasing water availability
6.4.1 Underground dams
6.4.2 “Duck bill” well
6.5 Integrated use of reservoir and aquifer
6.6 Community organization and engagement
6.7 Remaining challenges
6.7.1 Appropriation of modeling tools
6.7.2 Managed aquifer recharge
6.7.3 Groundwater salinity
6.7.4 Governance
6.8 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
7 Stubble burning in northwestern India: is it related to groundwater overexploitation?
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Why stubble burning?
7.2.1 Stubble burning and groundwater overexploitation
7.3 Potential strategies and approaches
7.3.1 Reduce area under paddy and pursue crop diversification
7.3.2 Expanding basmati cultivation during kharif
7.3.3 A relook into The Haryana Preservation of Subsoil Water Act, 2009
7.3.4 Technological innovation
7.3.5 Finding other uses of crop residues
7.4 Stubble burning – a village view
7.5 Way forward
Acknowledgments
References
8 Groundwater recharge through landscape restoration and surface water harvesting for climate resilience: the case of upper Tekeze river basin, Northern Ethiopia
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and methods
8.2.1 Characteristics of the study area
8.2.2 Research approach
8.3 Results and discussion
8.3.1 Properties of soils and rocks in Tigray
8.3.2 Landscape restoration and groundwater recharge in Abreha Weatsbeha Watershed
8.3.3 Landscape restoration and groundwater recharge in the Sero Watershed
8.3.4 Landscape restoration and groundwater recharge in Daero Weyni watershed
8.3.5 Dam construction and groundwater recharge in the May Demu watershed
8.3.6 Emerging dynamics in surface water and groundwater use in Korir Dam
8.4 Implications for climate resilience and opportunities for conjunctive use
8.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9 The Quaternary aquifer: an affordable resource to address water scarcity in the northern part of the Lake Chad basin
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 A working area of 300,000 km[sup(2)]
9.1.2 Surface water resources
9.1.3 A booming water demand
9.1.4 The challenge of exploiting natural resources
9.1.5 The security issue
9.2 The development of groundwater resources
9.2.1 The Quaternary aquifer
9.2.2 Well productivity
9.2.3 The various options for groundwater intake and abstraction
9.2.4 The water depth
9.2.5 The cost of water
9.3 Modelling aquifer water balance and long-term sustainability
9.3.1 Purpose of the model
9.3.2 Building the model
9.3.3 Calibrating the model
9.3.4 Groundwater flow patterns
9.3.5 The water balance
9.3.6 Simulation of the most likely developments
9.4 The water quality issue
9.4.1 Salty waters
9.4.2 Natron
9.4.3 Nitrates
9.5 Management of the water service
9.5.1 Accessing the water resource is not the main issue
9.5.2 The cost of water abstracted from the Quaternary aquifer
9.5.3 Households’ ability to pay
9.5.4 Decentralised management of water distribution systems
9.6 Summary
References
10 An overview of Karst groundwater springs in Al Jabal Al Akhdar region (North East Libya)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Hydrogeology
10.3 Groundwater springs
10.4 Springs discharge
10.5 Springs water quality
10.6 Springs water use
10.6.1 Shahat area (Cyrene) springs
10.6.2 Al Qubah area springs
10.6.3 Derna area springs
10.7 Conclusion
References
11 The governance and water security of groundwater obtained from private domestic wells in periurban areas in Brazil: a case study on the Guandu river basin in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Governance of groundwater
11.2.1 The “four layers” of groundwater management at the municipal level – the origin of the problem
11.3 The intermittency of the water supply and the water crisis
11.4 Environmental characteristics of the Guandu river basin
11.4.1 Geology and groundwater occurrence in the Guandu river basin
11.4.2 Groundwater hydrochemistry and contamination in the Guandu river basin
11.4.2.1 Groundwater hydrochemistry
11.4.2.2 Groundwater contamination
11.5 Individual alternative systems as a source of supply for the periurban population during water crisis
11.6 The resilience of periurban communities
11.7 What is being done to improve governance and water security
11.8 Conclusion
Notes
References
12 Groundwater policy, legal and institutional framework situation analysis: gaps and action plan: the case of Malawi
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Background
12.1.2 Groundwater occurrence in Malawi
12.2 Methodology
12.2.1 PLI framework situation analysis
12.3 Policy legal and institutional framework for groundwater management in Malawi
12.3.1 Policies to support groundwater management
12.3.2 Legislation to support groundwater management
12.3.3 Strategy and guidelines necessary to support groundwater
12.3.4 Institutional framework
12.3.4.1 Institutional arrangements to support groundwater management
12.3.4.2 Institutional gaps and challenges identified
12.4 Discussion
12.4.1 Must haves
12.4.2 Should haves
12.4.3 Could haves
12.5 Conclusions
References
13 Groundwater: a juggernaut of socio-economic development and stability in the arid region of Kachchh
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Kachchh: a true oasis
13.1.2 Water resources of Kachchh: the concealed treasures
13.1.3 2001: the year of change for Kachchh
13.2 Comparing the development story of Kachchh (pre-2001 and post-2001)
13.2.1 Achieving new milestones in the agriculture sector and animal husbandry
13.2.2 Attracting large industries, extracting minerals and creating shipping hub
13.2.3 Opening new gateways through the tourism
13.3 Groundwater in the story of Kachchh: experience from the field explorations
13.4 Analysing the factors driving the groundwater depletion in Kachchh
13.5 Reviving from the stage of peril
13.5.1 Institutionalising groundwater
13.5.2 Preventive measures (managing supply)
13.5.3 Adaptive measures (managing demand)
13.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
14 The role of groundwater in economic and social development of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Midwest of Brazil
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Location
14.3 Aquifers
14.4 Main economic activities
14.4.1 Agriculture
14.4.2 Livestock
14.4.3 Pig farming
14.4.4 Silviculture
14.4.5 Slaughterhouses and tannery
14.4.6 Mining
14.4.7 Tourism
14.5 Social aspects
14.5.1 Indigenous communities
14.5.2 Quilombolas
14.5.3 Rural settlements
14.6 Environmental aspects
14.7 Challenges
14.8 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
15 Valuing groundwater use: resolving the potential of groundwater in the Upper Great Ruaha River Catchment of Tanzania
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methodology
15.2.1 Study area
15.2.2 Research design and data collection methods
15.2.3 Data analysis
15.2.3.1 Descriptive analysis
15.2.3.2 Financial analysis
15.2.3.3 Cost-benefit analysis basic assumptions
15.2.3.4 Binary logistic regression
15.3 Results and discussion
15.3.1 Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of respondents
15.3.2 Groundwater source and usage
15.3.3 Groundwater usage at household level
15.3.4 Determinants of quantity of water use per day
15.3.5 Irrigation practices using groundwater source in the study area
15.3.6 Reasons for accessing and using groundwater
15.3.7 Cost-benefit analysis
15.3.7.1 Short-term cost-benefit analysis
15.3.7.2 Financial viability of groundwater
15.3.8 Socio-economic factors influencing the use of groundwater by smallholder farmers
15.3.9 Threats and challenges on the groundwater use
15.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
16 Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater: operational and water management strategies to build resilience, water security, and adaptation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Main challenges faced by small cities, rural settlements, and irrigated agriculture in South America and Brazil
16.2.1 The role of surface and groundwater: theory, practice gaps, and reality
16.2.2 Status on vulnerability and its impact on people, the environment, and the economy
16.3 Conjunctive use – concept, definitions, and potential
16.4 Potential applications in Brazil
16.4.1 The advantages of conjunctive use under hydrological uncertainty: economic benefits and operational strategies
16.4.1.1 Operational strategies
16.4.2 How to integrate existing (and new) water resources management framework and instruments
16.5 Conclusions
References
17 The role of groundwater in rural water supply: the case of six villages of Taunggyi District, Southern Shan State, Myanmar
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Purpose
17.2 Study area: Taunggyi District, Southern Shan State
17.2.1 Location and administrative boundaries
17.2.2 Geography, climate, and geology
17.3 Methodology
17.4 Results and discussion: the role of groundwater in rural water supply of Taunggyi District
17.4.1 Quantity and distribution of springs across Taunggyi District
17.4.2 Case studies
17.4.2.1 Case study 1: Loikun Village, Kakku Village Tract, Taunggyi Township
17.4.2.2 Case study 2: Boung Kyaungnar Village, Naung Pi Village Tract, Pinlaung Township
17.4.2.3 Case study 3: Nwng Mun Village, Nwng Mun Village Tract, Hsihseng Township
17.4.2.4 Case study 4: Taung Kham Village, Kyaukgu Village Tract, Indaw Sub-township, Lawksauk Township
17.4.2.5 Case study 5: Naungya Saing Village, Kone Kying Village Tract and Nan Kun Village, Paung Lin Village Tract, Hopong Township
17.4.2.6 Case study 6: Inn Nge Village, Inn Nge Village Tract, Pindaya Township
17.5 Overall discussion
17.6 Conclusion
References
18 Groundwater-driven paddy farming in West Bengal: how a smallholder-unfriendly farm power policy affects livelihoods of farmers
18.1 Background
18.2 Introduction
18.3 Literature review
18.4 Analytical background for the pilot
18.5 Noises and limitations in the experiment
18.6 Results
18.6.1 Power consumption, profits, and prices
18.6.2 Understanding the dynamics being water market players
18.6.2.1 Collusion for price setting
18.6.2.2 Belief in stickiness of prices
18.6.2.3 Informal agreement on command area
18.6.2.4 Dependence for other services
18.6.3 Highly oligopolistic market structure
18.6.4 Billing cycle and late payment surcharges
18.7 Conclusion
Note
References
19 Assessment of options for small-scale groundwater irrigation in Lao PDR
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Description of the study area
19.3 Research methodology
19.3.1 Approach
19.3.2 Methods
19.4 Results
19.4.1 Open dugwells
19.4.2 Deep boreholes
19.5 Discussion
19.5.1 Factors contributing to successful groundwater irrigation
19.5.2 Comparative exploration of the two options
19.5.3 Governance considerations for scaling up
19.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
Index