Groundwater Economics, Two-Volume Set

Cover
Volume 01
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Economics of Groundwater
Economics Informs Decisions
Economic Significance of Groundwater
Advantages of and Demand for Groundwater
Characteristics of Groundwater
Economic Analysis Approach to Groundwater
Significant Groundwater Economics Issues
Brief Overview of the Text, Volumes 1 and 2
For Further Consideration
References
Additional References Consulted
Addendum to Chapter 1
Economic Concepts Reference
References
Chapter 2 Groundwater in the Ecosystem
Physical Significance of Groundwater
The Hydrologic Cycle
Natural Factors Affecting Groundwater Resources
Precipitation
Aquifer
Deep Ancient Aquifers
Evaporation
Permeability and Soil Texture
Geologic Matrix (Or Aquifer Media)
Subsurface Water Migration
Recharge Zones
Discharge Zones
Productivity or Yield
Depth
Managed Yield and Sustainability
Surface Water and Groundwater Interaction
Wetlands
Other Factors Affecting Groundwater Supply
Groundwater Availability
Groundwater Quality
Groundwater Flow
Local/On-Site Flow
Watershed Flow
Regional Flow
Natural Sensitivity and Vulnerability
Regional Sensitivity
Local Sensitivity and Vulnerability
Human Activity and Ecosystem Vulnerability
Biodiversity in Groundwater
Ground and Near-Surface
Karst
First Aquifer
Littoral Zones
Deep Aquifer Environments
Note on Biodegradation
Groundwater Occurrence and Human Interaction
Wells
Springs
Wetlands
Groundwater–Surface Water Interaction
The Water Budget
Groundwater and Climate Change
Summary: General Observations on Natural Factors Affecting Groundwater in the Ecosystem
For Further Consideration
References
Chapter 3 Groundwater in the Economy
Groundwater’s Influence in the Economy
Groundwater Availability
Economic Effects of Geology
Economic Impacts of Groundwater Use
Conjunctive Management of Water Sources
Land Value Effects
Climatic Effects
Groundwater Quality
Major Economic Groundwater Uses in National and International Contexts
International
United States
Irrigation
Drinking Water
Industrial
Per Capita Use
All Groundwater Uses
Groundwater Services Sector and Employment
Unintended Effects of Groundwater Use in an Economy
Ecological and Aesthetic Uses of Groundwater
Residual Absorption as a Use of Groundwater
Chemical Wastes
Pesticides
Competition for the Subsurface Environment
Health and Economic Productivity
Other Socioeconomic Factors in Overview
Economic Management Characteristics of Groundwater
Economic Challenges and Market Failure
A Model of Groundwater in the Economy
Groundwater Function and Service
Recycling and Reuse
A Simple Model
Expanded Ecosystems Services Model
Economic Effects on Groundwater from Climate Change
Drought and Pumping
Saltwater Intrusion
Flood Effects
Carbon Sequestration
Natural Capital Considerations
Implications for Sustainable Groundwater in the Economy
Summary
For Further Consideration
References
Chapter 4 Groundwater Law
A Complex Framework
Socioeconomic Considerations
Range of Uses Recognized in Law
Groundwater Quantity and Quality
Groundwater Mobility
Groundwater Rights in Use and Access
Groundwater Laws of the United States
State Groundwater Doctrines, Law and Policy in the United States
Terminology for Groundwater Categories in Case Law
Subflow of Surface Streams
Underground Streams
Percolating Waters
Wastewaters
Water Quantity – State Law
Absolute Ownership
Reasonable Use
Correlative Rights – Eastern United States (From the Restatement of Torts Rule)
Correlative Rights – Western United States
Prior Appropriation
Management Area
State Groundwater Drainage Law
State Laws for Well Installation
U.S. Federal Groundwater Quantity–Related Laws
Protecting Quality for Future Quantity
Less Quality Protection Reducing Future Supply Potential
Supply-Related Tax Subsidy for Irrigation
Laws Affecting Groundwater Recharge
Water Conservation in Irrigation
Water Supply Equipment
Other Quantity-Related Federal Laws
Water Quality
State Law Affecting Land Management Practices with Groundwater Quality Implications
State Groundwater Quality Protection
U.S. Federal Groundwater Quality Protection–Related Laws
Groundwater Quality Standards
U.S. Federal Wetlands Laws
U.S. Federal Environmental Valuation of Groundwater-Related Actions
Drinking Water Standards
Underground Injection Control
Wellhead Protection
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
Unfunded Mandates Act
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
U.S. Groundwater Financing Laws
Other Economic Implications of U.S. Groundwater Rights and Laws
Groundwater Case Law
State Case Law
Federal Case Law
Environmental Site Assessments
In the United States
Internationally
Groundwater Laws of Other Countries
Canada
Mexico
European Union
Muslim Countries
Comparison of Approaches
Conclusion
For Further Consideration
Note
References
Chapter 5 Microeconomics and Groundwater Markets
Evaluating Essential Scarce Resources
Economic Utility, Product and Price
Demand
Utility Function
Demand and Willingness to Pay
Benefits
Supply
Production Function
Costs of Production
An Example in Graphical Form
Monopolies and Supply
Price in a Competitive Market
Economic Efficiency
Assumptions Used to Derive “Competitive Markets”
Substitutability of Inputs
Decision Makers in Groundwater Production and Supply
Decision Makers Affecting Demand for and Use of Groundwater
An Example
Other Factors in Marginal Costs of Groundwater Production
Groundwater Markets
Markets for Groundwater Supply
Valuing a Groundwater Use Right
Markets for Groundwater Quality Trading
Capital and Financing Aspects of Economic Production
Capital Financing
Discount Rate
Depreciation of Capital
Natural Capital
National and International Implications of Groundwater Production
Summary
For Further Consideration
Note
References
Chapter 6 Groundwater Access and Supply: Wells, Aquifer Recharge and Natural Infrastructure
Access is Fundamental to Use
A Typical Well
Groundwater Resource Investigation
Elements of an Investigation
Analysis of Available Information
Cost of Investigation
Costs and Benefits of Groundwater Investigation
Land or Property Entry
Factors Affecting Well Location
Well Permits
Well Installation Standards
Well Installer Certification
Well Permit
Well Drilling and Installation
Well Size
High Capacity Wells
Monitoring Wells and Piezometers
Private Domestic Wells
Capital Cost and Related Factors
Operation and Maintenance
Monitoring Wells
Large Water Supply Well
Municipal Wells
Agricultural Irrigation Wells
Injection Wells and Hydraulic Fracturing
Injection Wells
Hydraulic Fracturing Injection Wells
Well Pumps
Types and Operation
Solar-Powered Pumps
Wind-Powered Pumps
Other Well Types
Dug Wells
Bamboo Tube Wells
Geothermal Heat Pump Wells
Brine Production Wells
Dewatering Wells
Deep Geothermal Energy Wells
In Situ and on-Site Groundwater Treatment Wells
Springs
Groundwater Protection
Aquifer Recharge
Natural Groundwater Recharge
Managed Aquifer Recharge
Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Aquifer Storage, Transfer and Recovery
General Types of Recharge
Recharge Area
Quality of Recharge Sources
Hydrogeological Factors
Managed Aquifer Recharge Technology
Infiltration Methods
Direct Injection Method
Filtration Methods
Large Area Source Water Quality Protection Methods
Implementation Steps in MAR Project Siting
Benefits of Managed Aquifer Recharge
Direct Benefits
Indirect Benefits
Cost-Effectiveness
Treatment at MAR Sites
Maintenance of Aquifer Recharge Basins
Unanticipated Costs of Aquifer Recharge
Natural and Green Infrastructure
Natural Infrastructure
Valued Functions
Benefits of Functions
Green Infrastructure
Benefits for Green Infrastructure
Costs of Green Infrastructure
Benefits of Properly Installed and Maintained Wells
Costs of Improperly Installed or Maintained Wells
Ecological Aspects of Access to Groundwater and the Subsurface
Unsaturated Zone and Shallow Aquifers
Rivers and Streams
Wetlands
Summary
For Further Consideration
References
Other References Consulted
Chapter 7 Groundwater Quality Treatment and Waste Disposal
Many Potential Contaminant Sources
Subsurface Contaminant Sink and Natural Capital Treatment
Treatment for Drinking Water
Natural Capital Treatment Service
Household Treatment
Central Water Supply Treatment
Definitions
Desalination
Subsurface Disposal and Release of Drinking Water Treatment Residuals
Watershed Management
Waste Releases to Groundwater and the Subsurface Environment
Onsite Wastewater Disposal
Underground Injection
Subsurface Releases and Modifications Associated with Global Climate Change
Carbon Dioxide
Sea-Level Rise and Saltwater Intrusion
Inland Brackish and Saline Water Intrusion
Desalination Wastes
Remediation of Chemical Residuals in Groundwater
Remediated Sites and Redevelopment
Water Reclamation and Reuse
Economic Considerations for Groundwater in Treatment and Disposal
Summary
For Further Consideration
Note
References
Chapter 8 Groundwater Consumption for Health and Food
Part 1: Groundwater and Health
Positive Health Effects of Natural Groundwater Constituents
Negative Health Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Substances
Naturally Occurring Contaminants
Human-Caused or Anthropogenic Source Contaminants
Valuing Health Risks
Barriers Protecting Health
Wellhead Protection
Protective Aspects of the Subsurface
Unprotective Aspects of the Subsurface
Treatment of Groundwater
Groundwater Source Quality for Other Living Organisms
Groundwater Source Quality for Commercial Applications
Groundwater Production Function and Historical Use
Production Function
Municipal Supply
Domestic Household Supply
Historical Use and Productivity Change
Summary
For Further Consideration
References
Part 2: Groundwater and Food Production
Largest Use of Groundwater
Extent of Irrigation Water Demand
Biofuels Demand on Groundwater
Brief History of Groundwater Irrigation
Recent Developments in Irrigation Wells
Irrigation Wells in Use
Land Area Irrigated
Irrigation Well Costs
Irrigation Methods and Costs
Irrigation Efficiency
Irrigation Use of Groundwater
Irrigation Productivity
Financing Irrigation Systems
Ecosystem Effects of Irrigation
Waterlogging and Salination
Depletion of Aquifers
Land Subsidence
Accumulation of Salts, Nutrients and Pesticides Residuals
Best Management Practices
Institutional Factors
Groundwater Conservation and Food Production
Groundwater Production Function and Productivity for Irrigation Water
Macroeconomic Considerations
Summary
For Further Consideration
References
Chapter 9 Mineral Extraction, Geothermal Exchange and Manufacturing
Groundwater in Industrial Economic Applications
Mineral Extraction (Other than Oil and Gas)
Description
Costs in Production
Groundwater Source Use
Environmental Factors
Benefits
Geothermal Exchange
Geothermal Heat Pumps
Description
Cost
Groundwater Source Use
Benefits
Direct Use Deep Geothermal Sources
Description
Cost
Groundwater Source Use
Environmental Factors
Benefits
Manufacturing
Description
Cost
Groundwater Source Use
Environmental Factors
Benefits
Summary
For Further Consideration
References
Chapter 10 Competing Uses and Value of Groundwater and the Subsurface Environment
Key Groundwater Conditions
Indicators of Competition for Groundwater and the Subsurface Environment in the United States
Supply and Production
Transmission
Storage
Waste Sink
Emission Source
Use Value in Summary
Sequel
For Further Consideration
References
Chapter 11 Sustainable Development Concepts
Alternatives for Future Groundwater Use
Defining Sustainable Development
Defining Economic Growth
An Alternative Approach to Measuring National Production
Cautions on Cost–Benefit Evaluations
Natural Capital Shortage
Principles of Sustainable Development
Principles Applying to All Waters
Specific Sustainability Principles for Groundwater
Range of Alternative Approaches
Targeting Sustainable Groundwater Policies
Comprehensive Integrated Water Resource Management
Set Clear Aquifer Management Objectives
Source Water Protection
Restrictions on Chemical Use in Vulnerable Recharge Areas
Monitoring Groundwater Status
Use of Low-Impact Development
Widespread Use of and Incentives for Efficient Water-Using Technology
Water Recycling in Manufacturing
Water Reuse for Public Supplies
Full Cost Pricing
New National Accounting
Managed Yield and Sustainable Development
Maintain Capital, Maximize Service, Minimize Throughput
Who Benefits and Who Pays the Cost of the Different Policy Approaches – and How Much?
Summary
For Further Consideration
Note
References
Chapter 12 Sustainable Groundwater Resources Management
Sustainable Management
Adaptive Resource Management
Adaptive Management for Sustainable Groundwater Resources
Collaboration
Shared Objectives and Plans
Alternatives Assessment
Accounting for Hydrologic Processes
Minimizing Carbon Footprint
Protecting and Remediating Source Water
Resource Status Measurement
Avoiding Disruption of Extreme Events
Reassessment
Summary
For Further Consideration
References
Index
Volume 02
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
Chapter 1: Introduction to Groundwater Economic Analysis
Project Economic Analysis
Clear Definition of Purpose
The Whole and the Parts
Conducting the Economic Analysis
Organization of the Text
References
Chapter 2: Cost, Benefit, Price and Value of Groundwater in Market and Nonmarket Settings
A Framework for Categorizing Economic Results
Market Goods and Services
Market Failure
Nonmarket Goods and Services
Costs
Public Bads
Benefits
Price
A Generalized Pricing Model
Nonmarket Factors
Asset Value
Replacement Surcharge Pricing
Estimating o[F(t)], the Cost of Foregone Opportunities for Water Use
Price Elasticity of Demand for Water and Income Factors
Scarcity and Pricing
Underpricing
Pricing Methods
Institutions Facilitating Pricing
Average versus Marginal Cost Pricing
Full Cost Pricing
Market Pricing
Regulated Monopolistic Market Pricing
Values
Other Categories of Effects
Risk Reduction Benefits
Equity Effects
Summary
For Further Consideration
References
Chapter 3: Groundwater Policy and Projects
Groundwater Policy Types
Water Source Policy
Policies in High-Level Overview
Local Level
State Government
National/Federal Government
Economic Considerations in Water Source Policies
Contaminant Control Policy
Policies in High-Level Overview
Local Level
State Government
National/Federal Government
Economic Considerations in Contamination Control Policy
Criteria for Policy AND PROJECT Evaluation
Ecosystem Scale
Positive Ecosystem Response
Equity
Economic Efficiency or Effectiveness
Dynamic Incentive
Low Information Requirements
Low Administration Cost
Agreement with Moral Precepts
Summary
For Further Consideration
References
Chapter 4: Economic Analysis of Groundwater Policy and Projects
Policy Evaluation
Note on Relation of Volume 2, Chapters 4 and 5 Addressing Economic Evaluation
Local Relational Policies
Ecosystem Scale
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Water Sources
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Contaminant Control
Community Information for Water Sources
Community Information for Contaminant Control
Positive Ecosystem Response
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Water Sources
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Contaminant Control
Community Information for Water Sources
Community Information for Contaminant Control
Equity
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Water Sources and Contaminant Control
Community Information for Water Sources and Contaminant Control
Economic Efficiency or Effectiveness
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Water Sources
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Contaminant Control
Community Information for Water Source
Community Information for Contaminant Control
Remaining Criteria for Evaluating Local Relational Policies
Dynamic Incentive
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Water Source and Contaminant Control
Community Information for Water Source and Contaminant Control
Low Information Requirements
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Water Source and Contaminant Control
Community Information for Water Source and Contaminant Control
Low Administrative Requirements
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Water Source and Contaminant Control
Community Information for Water Sources and Contaminant Control
Agreement with Moral Precepts
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Water Source and Contaminant Control
Community Information for Water Sources and Contaminant Control
Risk Management for Water Source and Contaminant Control
Ecosystem Scale
Positive Ecosystem Response
Equity
Economic Efficiency or Effectiveness
Dynamic Incentive
Low Information Requirements
Low Administration Cost
Agreement with Moral Precepts
Economic Instruments for Water Sources and Contaminant Control
Ecosystem Scale
Positive Ecosystem Response
Equity
Economic Efficiency and Effectiveness
Water Source User Charges and Taxes
Water Source—Tradable (or Transferable) Water Use Rights
Contaminant Control Policy Relying on User Charges, Taxes and Penalties
Contaminant Control Policy Relying on Subsidies
Contaminant Control Policy Relying on Product Charges
Contaminant Control Policy Relying on Tradable (or Transferable) Release Permits
Markets for Formerly Free Services
Remaining Criteria for Evaluating Economic Instruments
Dynamic Incentive
Low Information Requirements
Low Administration Cost
Agreement with Moral Precepts
Environmental Performance Standards
Ecosystem Scale
Positive Ecosystem Response
Equity
Economic Efficiency and Effectiveness
Water Source Quantity Limits
Contaminant Concentration Limits in Ambient Environment, Releases/Emissions and Content
Ambient Standards
Release or Emission Standards
Content Standards
Technology Standards
Best Practice Standard
Remaining Criteria for Evaluating Environmental Performance Standards
Dynamic Incentive
Low Information Requirements
Low Administration Cost
Agreement with Moral Precepts
Another Perspective: Competition for Versus Management of the Resource
For Further Consideration
Notes
References
Chapter 5: Life-Cycle Cost-Benefit Analysis
Background on Cost–Benefit and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
Cost–Benefit Analysis
Life-Cycle Assessment and Cost Analysis
Life-Cycle Assessments
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
Integration of Cost – Benefit and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis for Project Sustainability
Types of Actions Affecting Groundwater
Questions of Options and Scope
Guiding Principles
Evaluation Approaches
Impact Analysis
Life-Cycle Costing
Overview
LCC Procedural Approach
Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation
Benefits Assessment
Benefits by Type of Action
Benefits of Actions Affecting Groundwater
Benefit Estimation Methods
Further Note on Regional Benefits Estimation
Life-Cycle Benefit Estimates
Benefits Transfer
Life-Cycle Cost–Benefit Analysis
Net Benefits Calculation
Quantifiable Nonmonetizable and Nonquantifiable Costs and Benefits
Costs and Benefits Considering Groundwater in a Hydrologic Cycle Context
Distribution Effects and Equity
Effects on Communities and Government Entities
Effects on Businesses
Environmental Management Effects
Efficiency Recharacterized – Alternative Accounting
Comprehensive Efficiency Identity
Alternative Evaluation Frameworks
Cost and Benefit Estimate Issues
Inflation
Discounting and the Time Value of Money
Intergenerational Considerations
Lag Time between Costs and Benefits
Regional Variability
Regional Multiplier Effects
Risk and Uncertainty
Risk
Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis
Double Counting
Operationalizing Inherent Value
Information Completeness and Groundwater Modeling
Review of Key Groundwater Factors Affecting LCCBA
Summary
For Further Consideration
Notes
References
Chapter 6: Transboundary, International and Climate Change Considerations
Global Groundwater Use
International Aquifers – A Shared Resource
Transboundary Issues
Costs and Benefits Related to Transboundary and International Groundwaters
Evolution of International Water Law
International Frameworks for Transboundary Groundwaters
Economics of Local Transboundary Aquifer Use
Effects of Climate Change on Groundwater
Potential Effects Identified
Effects of Underground Storage of Carbon Dioxide
Effects of Increased Precipitation Variability
Economic Effects
Transboundary and International Factors
Aquifer Storage as a Climate Change Adaptation
Institutional Factors for Water Cooperation
Summary
For Further Consideration
References
Chapter 7: Macroeconomic Perspective
Macroeconomic Policy Activity
Macroeconomics in Overview
National Macroeconomic Functions
Macroeconomic Policy Development
Effects of Macroeconomic Policies
Ecological Capacity in the Macroeconomy
Macroeconomic Models of the Economy
Groundwater Occurrence and Use
Basic Raw Material for Many Industries
Natural Capital
Natural Capital and Depletion
Macroeconomic Balancing and Policies
Macroeconomic Policy Goals and Principles
Goals
Principles
Macroeconomic Instruments
Distribution Effects
Macroeconomic Models in Prospect
Summary
For Further Consideration
Note
References
Chapter 8: Groundwater in the Future Balance
Public Goods are Undersupplied in the Marketplace
A Public Common Property Resource
Polluter Pays Principle
Resource Value Promoted by Government Action
More Resource Information for Setting Public Resource Objectives
Monitoring Is Essential
Physical/Hydrogeologic Relationships
Global Climate Change
Marginal Brackish Waters and Brines Becoming Essential
Modeling to Support Management Objectives
Maintain Natural Capital for Sustainability
Importance of Scale and Public Objectives
Resource Accounting
Replenishment of Mined Aquifers
Pollution Prevention, Residual/Waste Reduction and Counter to Cautionary Tax
Water Conservation and “Green” Management
Trade
Information Aids Communities in Valuing Groundwater
Aquifers and Watersheds – Appropriate Management Units
Aquifer and Watershed Planning
Aquifer-Watershed “Footprint” and Sustainable Yield
Accounting Area of Interest
Economic Evaluation
Distribution of the Resource to all Who Rely on it
Intragenerational Equity and Distribution
Sustenance during Drought
Intergenerational Considerations
Efficient Allocation of the Resource
Efficient Resource Allocation Follows Natural Capital Decisions
Alternative Water Sources and Treatments
Overall Resource Protection and Allocation through Pricing Mechanisms and Tax Policy
Full Cost Pricing
Economic Effects beyond Points of Use
Property Transfer Site Assessments
Level Playing Field
Residuals Management
Residuals Trading
Benefits Analyses
Measure Efficiency Differently
Ecosystem Significance in Community Values
Balancing Ecosystem and Community Values
Multiple Pathways to Valuing Groundwater
Value through Action in the Community
Groundwater Economics Research Needs
For Further Consideration
Notes
References
Chapter 9: Case Studies in Groundwater Economics
Case Study 1: Production Well Costs and Benefits
Wells in Spain
Wells in Honduras
Combined 300 and 200 mm Wells Capital and Energy Cost
Single larger 350 mm Well Capital and Energy Cost
References
Case Study 2: Life-Cycle Costing and Water Well Investment Strategy
Key Analytical Results
Initial Capital Costs
Unit and Capital Costs of Well Installation
Operation and Maintenance Costs
Annual Operation and Maintenance Costs
Well Casing Scale Management
Energy Cost
Specific Capacity of Wells
Well Construction Costs for Three Representative Wells
Life-Cycle Costing Analysis
General Assumptions
Well-Specific Assumptions
Analysis of Life Cycle Costing
Operation and Maintenance Costs
Well Cleaning Costs
Pump and Motor Replacement Costs
Energy Use Costs
Conclusions
Discussion
Case Study 3: Costs and Benefits of Well Owner Disinfection Decisions
Introduction
Uncertainty and Risk Associated with Microbial Contamination of Groundwater and Wells
Evaluation of Avoided Cost Benefits
Cost of Treatment for a Private Domestic Water Well
Cost–Benefit Analysis of Disinfecting Wells Testing Positive for Pathogens
Avoided-Cost Benefits per Individual Well Owner for Taking Health Protective Action
Conclusion
Discussion
References
Case Study 4: Economics of Groundwater Depletion
Background
Zarqa Basin
Economic Analysis
Results
Discussion
References
Case Study 5: High Plains Irrigation Water Value
Background
Methods of Estimating Irrigation Water Value
High Plains Irrigation Water Value
Results
Discussion
References
Case Study 6: Groundwater Contaminant Remediation Economics
Background
Initial Groundwater Monitoring Results and Public Health Concerns
Alternative Emergency and Remedial Actions
Alternative 1 – Hookups to the Rockford Public Water Supply
Alternative 2 – New Residential Water Wells
Alternative 3 – Point of Entry Water Treatment Devices
Alternative 4 – No Action
Economic Analysis
Safe Water Supply
Long-Term Remedial Action
Soil
Groundwater/Leachate
Current Site Status ( USEPA, 2020b)
References
Case Study 7: Wellhead Protection: Benefits and Costs
Background
Case Study: Middletown, Ohio (All Monetary Units are in 1994 U.S. Dollars) 1
Contamination Response
Wellhead Protection
Discussion
References
Case Study 8: Economic Assessment of a National Regulation – Waste Disposal Wells Introduction
Cost Assumptions and Estimates
Cost Estimates
National Cost of the Regulation
Discussion
References
Case Study 9: Contingent Valuation of Municipal Water Supply
Background
Other Information about the Survey
Discussion
Reference
Case Study 10: Determining Water Rates
Water Rate Example: Fontana, California 3
Revenue Recovery Issues
Discussion
References
Case Study 11: Groundwater Valuation in Rural Settings
Benefits of Protecting Groundwater in Four Geographic Regions 4
Hedonic Pricing: Market Value of Groundwater Based on Crop Value 5
Contingent Valuation of Option Price and Value for Groundwater in Cape Cod 6
References
Case Study 12: Local Groundwater Source Compared to Regional Waterline
General Comparison of Reliability and Quality
Case Studies of Cost
Detailed Evaluation of Cost Comparison
Holly Ridge Development Groundwater Needs
Capital Costs
Continuing Annual Operation & Maintenance Costs
Life-Cycle Capital Costs over 30-Year Planning Horizon
Life-Cycle Comparison of Existing GW System Rehabilitation and Alternative Waterline Capital Costs
Consumer Cost Comparison
Additional Considerations
Conclusion
Discussion
References
Case Study 13: Wetland Benefits Evaluation 7
Introduction
Benefits Evaluation
Discussion
Reference
Case Study 14: Groundwater Sustainability to Balance Urban and Agricultural Needs 8
Background
Hydrogeologic Model
Analysis
Results
Discussion
Reference
Case Study 15: Managed Aquifer Recharge Basin Project
Background
Project Objective
Construction Features
Project Cost
Comparison to Residential Consumer Water Rates
Discussion
References
Case Study 16: Balancing Ecosystem, Water Use and Pricing for Groundwater Sustainability
Background
Ecosystem Balance and Conservation
A Hypothetical Case: Does Water Conservation Pay?
Results
Cost–Benefit Comparison (see Table 2.9.25)
Evaluation over Time
Discussion
References
Notes
For Further Consideration
Index