Greening Water Risks: Natural Assurance Schemes

Contents
Chapter 1: Concepts in Water Security, Natural Assurance Schemes and Nature-Based Solutions
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Evolution of the Concept of Water Security
1.2.1 The Assurance and Insurance Value of Ecosystems
1.2.2 The Concept of Natural Assurance Schemes
1.3 Readiness Level Concepts to Overcome Barriers and Implement NBS and NAS
1.3.1 Technology and Knowledge Readiness
1.3.2 Institutional Readiness
1.3.3 Investment Readiness
1.4 Main Questions to be Addressed by the Book
References
Chapter 2: A Reader’s Guide to Natural Assurance Schemes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 A Technical Expert and Researcher’s Guide to Natural Assurance Schemes: The Assessment Frame
2.3 A Planners, Business and Financial Guide: Integration of the Assessment Frame into Real Cases
2.4 A Practitioner’s Guide: Applied Case Studies
2.5 A Policy Maker’s Guide: Policy Uptake of Natural Assurance Schemes
2.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Insurance and the Natural Assurance Value (of Ecosystems) in Risk Prevention and Reduction
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Evaluation of the Natural Assurance Value (NAV) Integration within the (Re)Insurance Industry for Now and for the Future
3.2.1 Methodology
3.2.2 Fit for Today?
3.2.3 Fit for the Future?
3.2.3.1 The French Example to Mainstream Insurers’ Involvement into Loss Prevention: The Barnier Fund and the GEMAPI Policy
3.3 The Different Roles of Insurance
3.3.1 Insurers as Service Providers
3.3.2 Insurers as Investors
3.3.3 Insurers as Innovators
3.3.4 Insurers as Partners
3.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Methodologies to Assess and Map the Biophysical Effectiveness of Nature Based Solutions
4.1 Introduction: Understanding the Biophysical Effectiveness of Nature Based Solutions
4.2 The Eco:Actuary Toolkit
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 The //Smart: Tools for Monitoring NFM Effectiveness
4.2.2.1 The //Smart:River System
4.2.2.2 The //Smart:Soil System
4.2.3 The Eco:Actuary Investment Planner
4.2.3.1 Using the EIP to Assess the Effectiveness of NBS Investment
4.2.4 The Eco:Actuary Spatial Policy Support System (PSS)
4.2.4.1 Purpose of Eco:Actuary
4.2.4.2 Using Eco:Actuary to Assess NBS Effectiveness under Different Scenarios
4.3 Challenges in Assessment of NFM Effectiveness
4.3.1 Data Availability and Uncertainty
4.3.1.1 The Complex Drivers of Flooding
4.3.1.2 Model Uncertainty
4.3.1.3 Where the Assets at Risk Are
4.3.1.4 Asset Valuation Uncertainty
4.3.1.5 The Scale of NBS
4.3.2 Ways Forward
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Participatory Modelling for NBS Co-design and Implementation
5.1 Introduction and Conceptual Frame
5.2 Applied Tools and Methods
5.2.1 Individual Risk Perception and Co-benefits Definition
5.2.2 Detection of the Barriers Hampering NBS Co-design and Implementation
5.2.3 NBS Scenario Simulation and Trade-Offs Analysis
5.3 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 6: Economic Assessment of Nature-Based Solutions for Water-Related Risks
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methods
6.2.1 Overall Methodology of the Economic Assessment
6.2.2 Implementation Costs and Opportunity Costs Assessment
6.2.3 Assessment of Avoided Damages
6.2.3.1 Overall Approach to the Assessment of Avoided Damage
6.2.3.2 Estimating the Relation Between Hazard and Damage Costs: The CAT Model Framework
6.2.3.3 Estimating the Impact of NBS on Hazards
6.2.3.4 Assessing Avoided Damages
6.2.4 Co-benefits Assessment
6.3 Key Results of the Economic Assessment of NBS for Natural Assurance Schemes
6.4 Discussion-Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Designing Natural Assurance Schemes with Integrated Decision Support and Adaptive Planning
7.1 Introduction: Integration of DRR, WRM and Climate Change Adaptation Planning
7.1.1 DRR in a Nutshell
7.1.2 Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in a Nutshell
7.1.3 Climate Change Adaptation in a Nutshell
7.1.4 Integration: Merging Approaches and Different Policies
7.2 Strategic Planning Framework
7.2.1 Definition and Main Steps
7.2.2 Towards the Strategic Planning of NBS for Adaptive Management
7.2.3 Towards Implementation: Financing Framework for Water Security
7.3 Tools and Methods Used in the Planning Phases
7.3.1 Why Do We Need Tools for Planning?
7.3.2 Finding the Right Tool at the Right Phase
7.3.2.1 Inception/Scoping
7.3.2.2 Situation Analysis
7.3.2.3 Strategy Building
7.3.2.4 Action Planning
7.3.2.5 Implementation
7.3.3 Linking Case Studies to the Planning Framework
7.4 Lessons Learned and Recommendations
References
Chapter 8: NAS Canvas: Identifying Business Models to Support Implementation of Natural Assurance Schemes
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The NAS Canvas Conceptual Framework
8.3 Applied Tools and Methods: How the NAS Canvas Is Used
8.4 A Staged Approach in the NAS Canvas Implementation
8.5 Common Factors and Lessons Learnt from NAS Canvas Application to Case Studies
8.5.1 Lessons Learnt from the Case Studies
8.5.2 Lessons Learnt from the Modular Co-design Process: Transferability of the Method
8.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Closing the Implementation Gap of NBS for Water Security: Developing an Implementation Strategy for Natural Assurance Schemes
9.1 Introduction and Conceptual Frame
9.2 Financing Framework for Water Security
9.3 Green Versus Grey Infrastructure Projects: Structuring Investable NBS Propositions
9.3.1 Cost-Effectiveness of NBS Versus Grey Infrastructure
9.3.2 Cash Profiles of Green Versus Grey Infrastructure
9.3.3 Specifying Multiple Levels of Service: A Hierarchy of Functions to Guide Trade-Offs
9.4 Spain, Medina Del Campo Aquifer Recovery as Illustration
9.4.1 Strategic Case: Theory of Change and Enabling Environment
9.4.2 Economic Case: Winners and Losers
9.4.3 Commercial, Financial and Management Cases
9.5 The Way Forward
9.5.1 The Missing Link: A Full Business Case
9.5.2 New Partnerships and Expertise Required
9.5.3 Mosaic and the Need for Innovative Contracting Practices
9.5.4 Policy Recommendations
References
Chapter 10: Reducing Water Related Risks in the Lower Danube Through Nature Based Solution Design: A Stakeholder Participatory Process
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Case Study Characterisation and Physical Risk Assessment
10.3 Nature Based Solution Design Process
10.3.1 Main Beneficiaries and Regulatory Framework
10.3.2 Stakeholders Engagement Process
10.3.3 Proposed NBS Scenarios for the Case Study Area of the Dabuleni-Potelu-Corabia Enclosure
10.4 Economic Assessment
10.4.1 Literature Review on 2006 Flood Damage
10.4.2 GIS-Based Indicators
10.5 Conclusions and Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 11: Multidisciplinary Assessment of Nature-Based Strategies to Address Groundwater Overexploitation and Drought Risk in Medina Del Campo Groundwater Body
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biophysical Characterization and Assessment of the MCGWB
11.2.1 Improvement of Geological, Geophysical and Hydrogeological Knowledge
11.2.2 Assessment of Groundwater-Related Ecosystem Services
11.2.3 Assessment of Managed Artificial Recharge (MAR)
11.2.4 Hydrological and Water Allocation Assessment
11.3 Risk Assessment of Natural Hazards in MCGWB
11.4 Social Assessment: Risk Perception and Selection of NAS Strategies
11.5 Economic Assessment of NAS Effectiveness
11.6 Integration of Results from the Biophysical, Social and Economic Assessments
11.6.1 Qualitative Integration of Results in Medina Del Campo-Drought
11.6.2 Quantitative Integration of Results: Effectiveness of NBS for Strategic Adaptive Planning in Medina Del Campo
11.7 Conclusions and Lessons Learnt
References
Chapter 12: Natural Flood Management in the Thames Basin: Building Evidence for What Will and Will Not Work
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Study Site: Thames Basin Context
12.3 Risk Assessment
12.4 Natural Flood Management (NFM) Effectiveness
12.4.1 Ability of NFM Interventions to Hold Water in the Landscape
12.5 Cost Effectiveness of NFM
12.6 Co-benefits of NFM
12.7 Lessons Learned and Advice
12.8 Practical Advice for those Intending to Deploy //Smart: Sensors
12.9 Achievements and Remaining Barriers to NFM in the Thames
12.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Giving Room to the River: A Nature-Based Solution for Flash Flood Hazards? The Brague River Case Study (France)
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Risk Assessment
13.3 Evaluation of Protection Strategies
13.3.1 Tailoring Protection Strategies
13.3.2 Costs of Strategies
13.3.3 Estimating Physical Efficacy for Hazard and Risk Reduction
13.3.3.1 Protection Efficacy of Small Natural Water Retention Measures
13.3.3.2 Protection Efficacy of Large Dams and Giving-Room-to-the-River
13.3.4 Co-benefit Estimations
13.3.4.1 Top-Down Approach
13.3.4.2 Bottom-Up Approach
13.3.5 Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) to Assess Strategy Efficiency
13.4 Lessons Learnt and Replication/Scaling/Re-scaling Issues
13.4.1 Should We Perform Top-Down or Bottom-Up CBA or Both?
13.4.2 Evidence of the Importance to Give Room to Rivers Prone to Flash Floods
13.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Can NBS Address the Challenges of an Urbanized Mediterranean Catchment? The Lez Case Study
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Overall Methodology
14.2.1 Identification of NBS Strategies
14.2.2 Active Management of the Karst
14.2.3 Urbanization Strategies
14.2.4 Green Infrastructure Strategies
14.3 Risk Modelling and the Impact of NBS Strategies
14.3.1 The Impact of the Active Management of the Karst on Overflow Risk
14.3.2 The CCR Risk Modelling Approach and Its Use to Evaluate the Impact of NBS Strategies
14.3.2.1 General Overview
14.3.2.2 Calibration of Damage Curves in the Lez Watershed
14.3.2.3 Impact of Urbanization Strategies on Runoff Hazard
14.3.2.4 Impact of Climate Change on Flood Risk
14.3.2.5 Impact of GI Strategies on Urban Flood Risk
14.4 Economic Valuation of NBS Strategies
14.4.1 Assessment of Implementation and Opportunity Costs of NBS Strategies
14.4.1.1 Method
14.4.1.2 Results
14.4.2 Economic Valuation of Co-benefits
14.4.2.1 Method
14.4.2.2 Results
14.4.2.3 Integration of the Economic Assessment
14.5 Towards Implementation of NBS Strategies in the Lez Catchment
Appendix A: Sources for the Estimation of GI Costs
References
Chapter 15: Glinščica for All: Exploring the Potential of NBS in Slovenia: Barriers and Opportunities
15.1 The Glinščica Catchment Characterization
15.2 Risk Assessment and Perception
15.2.1 Physical Flood Risk Assessment
15.2.2 Risk Perception
15.3 The Participative Search for Solution
15.3.1 Identifying Potential Solutions
15.3.2 Identifying and Modelling Co-benefits
15.3.3 Identifying and Selecting Indicators
15.3.4 Freestation as a Multi-functional Monitoring Tool
15.4 Developing, Testing and Selecting the Most Suitable Strategy
15.5 The Road to Implementation (E/Valuation)
15.5.1 Economics of Glinščica for All Strategy
15.5.2 Co-benefits
15.5.3 Costs of Strategies
15.6 Conclusions and Lessons Learnt
15.6.1 Barriers to Implementation
Supplementary Material (Tables 15.8, 15.9 and Fig. 15.9)
References
Chapter 16: The Opportunities and Challenges for Urban NBS: Lessons from Implementing the Urban Waterbuffer in Rotterdam
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Background
16.1.2 The Case Study Area: Spangen Neighbourhood
16.1.3 Chapter Outline
16.2 Lessons from the Rotterdam Case Study
16.2.1 The NBS Implementation Was Driven by Its Ability to Address Multiple Challenges Integrally
16.2.1.1 Drivers of the Implementation Process
16.2.1.2 Stakeholder Perception Analysis
16.2.2 Current Planning Regulations and Policy Making Do Not Facilitate the Uptake of NBS
16.2.3 NBS Can Compete on Life Cycle Cost with Grey Solutions, Though Strategies Must Be Carefully Designed and Assessed per Location
16.2.4 Monitoring Co-benefits Is Critical to Support the Wider Uptake of NBS
16.2.5 If There Is Space, Full NBS Is Ace; if Space Is Tight, Hybrid Might Be Right
16.2.6 Multi-functionality of NBS Allows for the Development of New Business Cases
16.2.7 Implementing NBS Is Needed to Catalyse Wider Acceptance, Interest and Future Uptake
16.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Urban River Restoration, a Scenario for Copenhagen
17.1 Introduction and Characterization
17.2 Case Study Area and Methodology
17.2.1 Hydrological Model
17.2.2 Assessment of Management Alternatives Using Model Scenarios
17.2.3 Assessment of Avoided Damages
17.3 Integrating Stakeholder’s Knowledge in the NBS Designing Process
17.3.1 Fuzzy Cognitive Maps as a Tool for Trade-Offs Identification
17.3.2 Fuzzy Cognitive Map Development
17.4 Results and Discussion
17.4.1 Hydrological Modelling and Damage Functions
17.4.2 Participatory Modelling
17.4.3 Uncertainties and Usefulness of the Approach in Assessing NAS Effectiveness
17.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Enabling Effective Engagement, Investment and Implementation of Natural Assurance Systems for Water and Climate Security
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Overview of Key Challenges and Enablers for NBS and NAS
18.2.1 Connecting an Evidence-Base to an Experience Gap
18.2.2 Capturing Full Value in Cost-Benefit Assessment
18.2.3 Capitalizing on Existing and Potential Investor Demand
18.2.4 Creating an Enabling Regulatory Environment
18.3 Enabling Conditions for NAS – Learning from Case Studies
18.3.1 Lessons from Glinščica, Slovenia – Overcoming Political Challenges to Considering Nature’s Solutions
18.3.2 Lessons from Brague, France – A Strong Enabling Environment Still Requires Political Will
18.3.3 Lessons from the Lower Danube in Romania: How to Confront Overly Optimistic Risk Perception?
18.4 Priorities to Promote Uptake of NBS and NAS
18.4.1 Solutions to De-risk Private Sector Investment in NBS
18.4.2 Quotas for Financing Natural Infrastructure Projects in Initiatives and Funds
18.4.3 Placing Explicit Criteria for NBS, DRR and Adaptation in Green Finance
18.5 Enabling Effective Engagement with the Insurance Sector
18.5.1 Scientific Exchange and Joint Action to Raise Awareness on Climate Risks
18.5.2 Policy Dialogue on Risk Reduction and Environmental Regulation
18.5.3 Guidance for Insurance Companies to Contribute to Resilience Planning and Investment
18.5.4 Capitalize on the Insurance Sector as Investors
18.5.5 Leverage Loss Data for More Resilient Municipalities
18.5.6 Ensure Institutional Investors Underwriting Risks Fully Consider Climate
18.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: The Natural Assurance Schemes Methodological Approach – From Assessment to Implementation
19.1 Introduction: NBS and NAS Implementation Readiness
19.2 NAS Approach: From Assessment to Implementation
19.2.1 Participatory Adaptive Planning Framework and Readiness Levels
19.2.2 NAS Framework and Selection of Methods/Tools
19.2.3 Stakeholder Engagement at the Core of the NAS Approach
19.3 Methods: Ex-post Analysis of NAS Using an Integrated Readiness Framework
19.3.1 Selected Case Studies
19.3.2 Checklist of Questions
19.4 Results: Assessment of Readiness and Its Increase Using the NAS Approach
19.4.1 Urban Water Buffer, The Netherlands
19.4.2 Copenhagen City Plan, Denmark
19.4.3 Lez Basin, France
19.4.4 Glinciska River Basin, Slovenia
19.4.5 Medina Aquifer, Spain
19.4.6 Danube Floodplain, Romania
19.5 Discussion
19.5.1 The NAS Toolbox and Contribution of Methods and Tools to Technology and Investment Readiness
19.5.2 Importance of Capacity Building and Stakeholder Engagement for Institutional Readiness
19.5.3 Lessons Learned for NAS Building in Europe and Other Contexts
19.6 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 20: Looking into the Future: Natural Assurance Schemes for Resilience
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Conceptual Framing: What Added Value Does a Natural Assurance Scheme Bring into the Picture?
20.3 Physical Assessment
20.4 Codesign and Stakeholder Participation: Lessons Learnt and Next Steps
20.5 Economic Valuation of NBS for Risk Reduction and Co-benefits
20.6 Decision Making Processes
20.7 Business Models, Enabling Frameworks and Investments for Risk Prevention and Reduction Through Nature Based Solutions
20.8 Capacity Building and Additional Resources – Do Your Own NAS
20.9 Lessons Learnt and Main Conclusions
References