This book provides an interdisciplinary, integrative overview of environmental problem-solving using mild reaction conditions, green reagents, waste free and energy efficient synthesis in both industry and academic world. Discussions include a broad, integrated perspective on sustainability, integrated risk, multi-scale changes and impacts taking place within ecosystems worldwide.
Features
This book serves as a reference book for scientific investigators who need to do greener synthesis of organic compounds, drugs and natural products under mild reaction condition using green reagents, eco-friendly catalysts and benign reaction mediums over traditional synthetic processes which is a key driving force of scientists.
Greener synthesis of multiple value-added heterocycles opens up a new horizon towards the organic catalysis and for this purpose, development of natural resources acts as an effective catalyst. Using environmentally friendly reaction medium e.g. ACC, WETSA, WEBSA have been used for the synthesis of some crucial heterocyclic scaffolds such as bisenols and 2-amino-4H-pyrans, tetraketones, pyrans, and biaryls.
This book can also be used as a textbook for graduate and post graduate level courses for students. Furthermore, the problems with answers in book will add better understanding for students.
Author(s): Ahindra Nag
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 369
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editor
Contributors
Chapter 1: Green Chemistry and Green Catalysts
1.1 Green Chemistry
1.1.1 Water as a Greener Solvent
1.1.2 Photochemistry
1.1.3 Microwave-assisted Synthesis
1.1.4 Tandem Reaction
1.1.5 Click Reactions
1.1.6 Multicomponent Reactions
1.1.7 Flow Chemistry Reactions
1.1.8 Versatile, Small and Biologically Active Molecules with Diverse Functionality
1.1.9 Phenolic Compounds
1.1.10 Heterocyclic Compounds
1.2 Green Catalysts
1.2.1 Lipase, Esterase and Yeast as Biocatalysts
1.2.1.1 Lipase
1.2.1.2 Esterase
1.2.1.3 Yeast
1.2.2 Plant as Biocatalyst
1.2.3 Waste Feedstock as Green Catalyst
1.2.3.1 Biomass Waste as Catalyst (Homogenous or Heterogeneous)
1.2.4 Heterogeneous Catalysts from Waste Materials
1.2.5 Green Nanoparticles as Heterogeneous Catalyst
1.2.6 Ecocatalyst as Heterogeneous Catalyst from Plant Parts
1.2.7 Carbon Nanoparticles as Heterogeneous Catalysts
References
Chapter 2: New Greener Developments in Direct Amidation of Carboxylic Acids
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Mechanistic Considerations
2.3 Catalyst-free Reactions
2.4 Organic Additives
2.5 Boron
2.6 Mesoporous Solids as Heterogeneous Catalyst
2.7 Other Catalytic Systems
2.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Greener Methods for Halogenation of Aromatic Compounds
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Brominations
3.3 Chlorinations
3.4 Iodinations
3.5 Fluorinations
3.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Microwave as a Greener Alternative in the Synthesis of Organic Compounds
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Microwave Effects
4.3 Applications in the Synthesis of Active Compounds
4.3.1 Drugs Synthesis
4.3.2 Chromanes
4.3.3 Indoles
4.3.4 Quinolines
4.3.5 Cumarines
4.3.6 Pyrimidines and Derivatives
4.3.7 Benzotriazoles
4.3.8 Triazinas
4.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Photochemical Reactions as a Useful and Easy to Implement and Scale-Up, New Method for the Synthesis of Chemicals
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Excited States Chemistry
5.3 How to Carry Out Satisfactory Photochemical Reactions
5.4 Photochemical Reactions with Oxygen
5.5 Photoinitiated Processes
5.6 Energy Transfersensitization
5.7 Photoinitiated Processes: Generation of Radicals
5.8 Choice of Apparatus
5.9 Cost Issue
5.10 Conclusion and Outlook
Notes
References
Chapter 6: Biocatalysis in Green Biosolvents
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF)
6.2.1 Lipase-Catalyzed Acylation of Alcohols in 2-MeTHF
6.2.2 Enzyme-Catalyzed Hydrolysis Using 2-MeTHF as (Co)solvent
6.2.3 Bioreductions Using 2-MeTHF as (Co)solvent
6.2.4 Use of Lyases and 2-MeTHF as (Co)solvent
6.2.5 Biocatalytic Cascades Using 2-MeTHF as (Co)solvent
6.2.6 Recent Examples of Biocatalysis in 2-MeTHF
6.3 Glycerol and Glycerol-Derived Solvents
6.4 Gamma-Valerolactone (GVL)
6.5 Dihydrolevoglucosenone
6.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling in Continuous Flows
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanism of Suzuki Cross-Coupling
7.3 Homogeneous Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction in Continuous Flows
7.4 Heterogeneous Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction in Continuous Flows
7.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 8: Synthesis of Bioactive Heterocyclic Compounds
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Microbial Reactions on Heterocyclic Natural Products
8.3 Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds
8.3.1 Quinoxaline Analogues
8.3.2 Dispiroheterocyclic Compounds
8.3.3 Synthesis of Heteroannulated 8-Nitroquinolines
8.3.4 Synthesis of Angular and Linear Fused Pyrazoloquinolines
8.4 Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of Bioactive Heterocyclic Natural Products
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9: The Use of Small Particle Catalysts in Pursuit of Green and Sustainable Chemistry
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nanoscale Applications
9.3 Large-Scale Bulk Chemical Applications
9.3.1 Ammonia Synthesis
9.3.2 Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis
9.4 Nanocatalyzed Organic Transformations
9.4.1 The Cross-Coupling Reaction
9.4.2 Recycling of Aqueous Micellar Solutions
9.4.3 Applications to Agricultural Products
9.4.4 Single-Atom Catalysts
9.4.5 Catalyst Recovery
9.5 Conclusions
Disclaimer
Copyright
References
Chapter 10: Greener Organic Transformations by Plant-Derived Water Extract Ashes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Literature Survey
10.3 Organic Transformations by Plant-Derived Water Extract Ashes
10.4 Palladium-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reaction
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Application of Starch in the Synthesis of N -substituted Pyrroles by a Simple and Green Route
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Experimental
11.2.1 Synthesis of N -substituted Pyrroles Using Iron(III) Phosphate: General Procedure
11.2.2 Reusability of the Catalyst
11.2.3 Results and Discussion
11.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Greener Synthesis of Potential Drugs
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Greener Organic Synthesis of Potential Drugs
12.2.1 Quinoline and Quinoxaline Derivatives
12.2.1.1 Pyrrole Derivatives
12.2.1.2 Furan and Pyran Derivatives
12.2.1.3 Pyrazole Derivatives
12.2.1.4 Imidazole Derivatives
12.2.1.5 Thiazole Derivatives
12.2.1.6 Oxazole, Isoxazole, and Oxazines Derivatives
12.2.1.7 Other Potential Drugs
12.2.1.8 Substrates in the Synthesis of Potential Drugs
12.2.1.9 Biocatalysis
References
Chapter 13: Selected Green Efforts to Utilization of Carbohydrates
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Research in Uses of Carbohydrates Falls into Two Principal Categories
13.3 Chemical and Enzymatic Syntheses of Medicinally Valuable Intermediates and Drugs from Carbohydrates
13.4 Carbohydrates as Biomass for Renewable Energy Production via HTC
13.5 Future Outlook
References
Chapter 14: Greener Synthesis of Natural Products
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Enzymes in Asymmetric Synthesis
14.3 Enzymatic Synthesis of Chiral Bioflavonoids
14.4 Enzymatic Synthesis of Chiral Alkaloids
14.5 Enzymatic Synthesis and Biotransformation of Terpenoids
References
Chapter 15: The Prelude of Green Syntheses of Drugs and Natural Products
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Mechanosynthesis of Drugs
15.3 Pharmaceutical Cocrystals by Mechanochemical
15.4 Ultrasound Synthesis of Drugs
15.5 Green Synthesis of Natural Products
15.5.1 History of Natural Products
15.5.2 Primary and Secondary Metabolites
15.5.3 Historically Important Natural Products
15.5.4 Development of New Medicines
15.5.5 Sustainable Synthesis of Natural Products
15.5.6 Grinding Method
15.5.7 Microwave-Assisted Method
15.5.8 Using Green Catalyst Method
15.5.9 Solvent-Free Method
15.5.10 Water as Greener Solvent
References
Chapter 16: Biosynthesis of Natural Products
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biosynthesis of Homoisoflavonoids
16.3 Biosynthesis of Alkaloids
16.4 Biosynthesis of Terpenoids
Acknowledgment
References
Problems and Answers
Answers to Problems
Index
