Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Green Solvents and Extraction Technology

Cover



Contributors
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 - Utilization of green solvents for synthesis of biodiesel
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Feedstocks
1.2.1 Conventional feedstocks for production of biodiesel
1.2.2 Green feedstocks for production of biodiesel
1.2.2.1 Algae: feedstock for biodiesel production
1.3 Biodiesel production technologies
1.3.1 Utilization of conventional catalysts
1.3.2 Utilization of green catalysts
1.4 Biodiesel reaction medium
1.4.1 Possible conventional organic solvents
1.4.2 Green solvents for production of biodiesel
1.4.2.1 Supercritical carbon dioxide
1.4.2.2 Ionic liquids
1.4.2.3 Deep eutectic solvents
1.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 - Chemistry of ionic liquids in multicomponent reactions
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Three-component reactions using ionic liquids as solvents
2.3 Three-component reactions using ionic liquids as catalysts
2.4 Four-component reactions in ionic liquids as solvents
2.5 Four-component reactions in ionic liquids as catalysts
2.6 Solid support ionic liquids
2.7 Biodegradable ionic liquids
2.8 Ionic liquids in nanoform
2.9 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 3 - Green solvents in polymer synthesis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Ionic liquids
3.2.1 Radical polymerization in ionic liquids
3.2.1.1 Free radical polymerization
3.2.1.2 Controlled radical polymerizations in ionic liquids
3.2.1.2.1 Atom transfer radical polymerization
3.2.1.2.2 Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
3.2.2 Metathesis polymerizations in ionic liquids
3.2.2.1 Ring-opening polymerizations
3.2.2.2 Cationic ring-opening polymerizations
3.2.3 Anionic/cationic polymerizations in ionic liquids
3.2.4 Polycondensation in ionic liquids
3.3 Supercritical carbon dioxide
3.3.1 Polymerization reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide
3.3.2 Polycondensation reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide
3.4 Polymerization reactions in water
3.4.1 Homogenous radical polymerization reactions
3.4.2 Heterogeneous radical polymerization systems
3.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 - Click reaction in micellar media: A green and sustainable approach toward 1,2,3-triazoles synthesis
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 An overview on solvent and its impact
4.1.2 In-water and on-water reactions
4.2 Amphiphiles—a brief idea
4.2.1 Different classes of amphiphiles
4.2.1.1 Surfactants
4.2.1.2 Micelles
4.2.1.3 Vesicles and Langmuir monolayers
4.2.2 Characterization of micellar system
4.2.3 Use of surfactants in catalysis
4.3 Click reaction
4.3.1 An overview
4.3.2 Classification of click reaction
4.3.2.1 Cycloadditions
4.3.2.2 Nucleophilic ring-openings
4.3.2.3 Carbonyl chemistry of the nonaldol type
4.3.2.4 Additions to carbon–carbon multiple bonds
4.3.3 Micelle promoted click reaction
4.3.3.1 Cu catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction under micellar media
4.3.3.2 Click reaction enabled by Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs) in micellar media
4.3.3.3 Micelle promoted multicomponent click reaction
4.3.3.4 Copper-free micelle promoted click reaction
4.3.3.5 Micelle catalyzed strain promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition
4.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5 - Industrial application of green solvent for energy conversion and storage
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Green solvents
5.2.1 Water
5.2.2 Solvent-free conditions
5.2.3 Ionic liquids
5.2.4 Supercritical carbon dioxide
5.2.5 Supercritical water
5.3 Applications
5.3.1 Energy conversion
5.3.2 Energy storage
5.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 - Applications of ionic liquids as green solvents in enhanced oil recovery
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Properties of ionic liquids
6.3 Ionic liquids in enhanced oil recovery
6.3.1 Reduction of interfacial tension
6.3.2 Alteration of wettability by ionic liquids
6.3.3 Adsorption onto reservoir rock surface
6.3.4 Phase behaviors of ionic liquid microemulsions
6.3.5 Ionic liquids in additional oil recovery
6.4 Advantages and disadvantages of ionic liquids
6.5 Future prospects and challenges
6.6 Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 - Solvation within deep eutectic solvent-based systems: A review
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Spectroscopy within DESs
7.3 Polarity of and solvation within DES-based systems
7.3.1 Neat DESs
7.3.2 Cosolvent-modified DESs
7.3.3 Carbon dioxide capture within DESs
7.5 Thermosolvatochromism within DES-based systems
7.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 - Introductory chapter: Understanding green chemistry principles for extraction of green solvents
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic green chemistry principles
8.2.1 Waste prevention: plan ahead and select appropriate chemical reagents and processes so as to minimize or prevent waste
8.2.2 Atom economy: design chemical processes to utilize the maximum number of atoms while making up the final product, th ...
8.2.3 Formulating less hazardous chemical synthesis
8.2.4 Design safer chemicals and products: minimize toxicity at the molecular level throughout the chemical process and ma ...
8.2.5 Use of safer solvents and auxiliary chemicals: the selection of solvents and other ancillary chemical substances sho ...
8.2.6 Designing energy-efficient techniques: operate the chemical processes at ambient temperature and pressure and incorp ...
8.2.7 Use of renewable feedstocks: promote the use of renewable feed materials wherever possible rather than using depleti ...
8.2.8 Reduce/avoid the use of derivatives: avoid or minimize the unnecessary chemical modifications such as blocking/prote ...
8.2.9 Promote catalysts: enable the use of catalysts in the chemical process wherever possible rather than the use of stoi ...
8.2.10 Design for degradation: design and develop the chemical products in such way that they are broken down easily into ...
8.2.11 Monitor and control pollution in real-time: monitor the chemical processes in real-time so as to identify the relea ...
8.2.12 Minimize the risk of accidents: design and develop chemical procedures so as to minimize the occurrence of accident ...
8.3 Conclusions
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 9 - Ionic liquids for phenolic compounds removal and extraction
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Physicochemical properties of phenols
9.3 Faith and degradation of phenols
9.4 Reactivity of phenolic compounds in aquatic system
9.5 Toxicity of phenolic compounds
9.6 Methods for the phenolic compounds removal
9.6.1 Adsorption
9.6.2 Chemical oxidation process
9.6.3 Catalytic wet air oxidation process
9.6.4 Fenton and electro‐Fenton method
9.6.5 Membrane separation technique
9.6.6 Biological treatment technique
9.6.7 Extraction method
9.6.7.1 Method of solid-phase extraction
9.6.7.2 Liquid–liquid extraction using ionic liquid solvents
9.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 - Recovery of natural polysaccharides and advances in the hydrolysis of subcritical, supercritical water and eu ...
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Importance and applications of natural polysaccharides
10.3 Main techniques for polysaccharides extraction
10.3.1 Hot water extraction
10.3.2 Chemical extraction (alkaline and acid solution)
10.3.3 Enzyme-assisted, ultrasound, and microwave extraction methods
10.4 Extraction of polysaccharides with subcritical and supercritical fluid
10.4.1 Subcritical and supercritical water
10.4.2 Process temperature increases extraction yield
10.4.3 Pressure contributes to the medium acidification
10.4.4 Viscosity and diffusivity affect solubility
10.4.5 Extraction mechanisms
10.5 Polysaccharides extraction, pretreatment, and modifications with eutectic solvents
10.6 Hydrolysis of polysaccharides with subcritical, supercritical water, and eutectic solvents
10.6.1 Biomass hydrolysis with subcritical, supercritical water, and deep eutectic solvents
10.6.2 Hydrolysis kinetics may increase degradation products production
10.6.3 Fundamentals of lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis
10.7 Conclusive observations
Additional reading
Author contributions
Ethical approval
Declaration of competing interest
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 11 - Green strategies for extraction of nanocellulose from agricultural wastes—Current trends and future perspectives
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Agricultural waste—a major source of cellulose
11.2.1 Cellulose
11.2.2 Nanocellulose
11.3 Green approach for extraction of nanocellulose
11.3.1 Mechanical methods
11.3.1.1 Ultrafine friction grinding/supermass colloider
11.3.1.2 High-intensity ultrasonication
11.3.1.3 Cryocrushing
11.3.1.4 Twin screw extrusion
11.3.1.5 Ball milling
11.3.2 Pressure-induced methods
11.3.2.1 Steam explosion
11.3.2.2 High pressure homogenization
11.3.2.3 Microfluidization
11.3.2.4 Aqueous counter collision
11.3.2.5 Subcritical water method
11.3.3 Enzyme-assisted process
11.3.3.1 Static culture method
11.3.3.2 Stirred culture method
11.3.4 Green catalyst strategies
11.3.4.1 Using phosphotungstic acid
11.3.4.2 Using Preyssler heteropolyacids
11.3.4.3 Ionic liquids as effective solvent
11.3.4.4 Organoclick strategy
11.3.5 One pot green synthesis
11.3.6 Deep eutectic solvent method
11.3.7 Ammonium persulfate oxidation
11.3.8 (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl)-mediated oxidation
11.3.9 American value-added pulping technology
11.4 Application of nanocellulose
11.5 Conclusions and future scope
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12 - Antioxidants extraction from vegetable matrices with green solvents
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Antioxidants
12.3 Antioxidant extraction techniques with green solvents
12.3.1 Supercritical fluid extraction
12.3.2 Subcritical Water Extraction
12.3.3 Pressurized liquid e xtraction
12.3.4 Microwave-assisted extraction
12.3.5 Ultrasound-assisted extraction
12.4 Main methods for in vitro antioxidant activity quantification
12.4.1 TEAC method
12.4.2 FRAP method
12.4.3 DPPH method
12.4.4 ORAC method
12.5 Considerations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 - Green methods for extraction of biomolecules
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Carbohydrates extraction
13.2.1 Pressurized liquid extraction
13.2.2 Supercritical fluid extraction
13.2.3 Enzyme-associated extraction
13.2.4 Microwave-assisted extraction
13.3 Protein extraction
13.3.1 Gel electrophoresis
13.3.2 Affinity chromatography
13.3.3 Salting out technique
13.3.4 Gel filtration chromatography
13.3.5 Isoelectric focusing
13.4 Lipid extraction
13.4.1 Folch’s method
13.4.2 Bligh and Dyer method
13.4.3 Bume method
13.4.4 MTBE method
13.5 Nucleic acid extraction
13.5.1 Alkaline extraction
13.5.2 Cesium chloride gradient centrifugation with ethidium bromide
13.5.3 CATB extraction
13.5.4 Chelex extraction
13.5.5 Silica materials
13.5.6 Diatomaceous earth
13.5.7 Magnetic bead-based method
13.6 Anions-exchange materials
13.6.1 Glass particles
13.7 Conclusion
Summary
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 14 - Extraction of phenolic compounds
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Chemistry of phenolic compounds
14.3 Factors affecting extraction of phenolic compounds
14.3.1 Nature and concentration of solvent
14.3.2 Time
14.3.3 Temperature
14.3.4 Solid to solvent ratio
14.4 Extraction techniques of phenolic compounds
14.4.1 Conventional extraction techniques
14.4.1.1 Maceration
14.4.1.2 Decoction
14.4.1.3 Infusion
14.4.1.4 Soxhlet
14.4.1.5 Percolation
14.4.2 Nonconventional extraction techniques
14.4.2.1 Microwave-assisted extraction
14.4.2.2 Ultrasound-assisted extraction
14.4.2.3 Accelerated solvent extraction
14.4.2.4 Supercritical fluid extraction
14.4.2.5 Pulsed-electric field extraction
14.4.2.6 Enzyme-assisted extraction
14.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 - Extraction of phenolic compounds by conventional and green innovative techniques
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Classification and properties of phenolic compounds
15.3 Conventional extraction methods
15.3.1 Soxhlet or hot continuous extraction
15.3.2 Maceration
15.3.3 Percolation
15.3.4 Decoction
15.3.5 Hydrodistillation
15.3.6 Reflux extraction
15.4 Concept of green technologies
15.4.1 Modern extraction methods
15.4.1.1 Ultrasound-assisted extraction
15.4.1.2 Microwave-assisted extraction
15.4.1.3 Supercritical fluid extraction
15.4.1.4 Subcritical water extraction
15.4.1.5 Pressurized liquid extraction
15.4.1.6 Pulsed electric field extraction
15.4.1.7 High hydrostatic pressure extraction
15.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 16 - Application of ionic liquids for extraction of phenolic compounds and dyes: A critical review
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Dyes
16.1.2 Phenolic compounds
16.2 Determination of dyes and phenolic compounds in various matrices
16.2.1 Ionic liquids in extraction methods
16.2.1.1 Ionic liquid-assisted liquid–liquid extraction of dyes and phenolic compounds
16.2.1.2 Ionic liquid-assisted solid phase extraction of dyes and phenolic compounds
16.2.1.3 Ionic liquid in biphasic extraction methods
16.3 Summary
16.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17 - Green methods for extraction of phenolic compounds
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Methods of extractions of phenolic compounds
17.2.1 Liquid–liquid extraction
17.2.2 Solid-phase extraction
17.2.3 Supercritical fluid extraction
17.2.4 Pressurized liquid extraction
17.2.5 Microwave-assisted extraction
17.2.6 Ultrasound-assisted extraction
17.3 Conclusion
17.4 Summary
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 18 - Current prospective of green chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Design of green chemistry
18.2.1 Choice of starting material
18.2.1.1 Choice of reagent
18.2.2 Choice of solvent
18.2.3 Choice of catalyst
18.3 Applications of green chemistry in pharmaceuticals
18.3.1 Green solvents
18.3.2 Green catalyst
18.3.3 Waste water treatment
18.3.4 Safer chemical
18.3.5 Renewable feedstock
18.3.6 Synthesis of carbon dots
18.3.6.1 Organic solvent recovery
18.3.7 Separation of natural products from agrochemical
18.3.8 Sonochemistry
18.3.9 Green chemistry considerations in APIs
18.3.9.1 Atorvastatin
18.3.9.2 Montelukast
18.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
Index