This volume focuses on the most recent trends for greening analytical activities beginning with an introduction to green analytical chemistry followed by a discussion of green analytical chemistry metrics and life-cycle assessment approach to analytical method development. The chapters discuss two main topics; first is the most recent techniques for greening sample pretreatment steps, and second is modern trends for tailoring analytical techniques and instrumentation to implement the green analytical chemistry concept. The role of different kinds of green solvents, such as ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, deep eutectic solvents, bio-based solvents, and surfactants, as well as nanomaterials and green sorption materials in greening sample extraction steps is also a focus of this book. Furthermore, different approaches for greening chromatography as a key analytical technique are discussed. The applications of nanomaterials in analytical procedures are deeply reviewed, and miniaturization of spectrometers is also discussed as a recently evolved approach for efficient green on-site analysis. This book will appeal to a wide readership of academic and industrial researchers in different fields. It can be used in the classroom for undergraduate and postgraduate students focusing on the development of new analytical procedures for organic and inorganic compounds determination in different kinds of samples characterized by complex matrices composition. The book will also be useful for researchers that are interested in both chemical analysis and environment protection.
Author(s): Mahmoud H. El-Maghrabey, V. Sivasankar, Rania N. El-Shaheny
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 551
Cover
Half Title
Green Chemical Analysis and Sample Preparations: Procedures, Instrumentation, Data Metrics, and Sustainability
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Contributors
1. Introduction to Green Analytical Chemistry
1. Introduction
2. The Origin of the Notion of Green Analytical Chemistry
3. Milestone of Green Analytical Chemistry
4. Surrounding of Green Analytical Chemistry via Green Chemistry
5. Major Tools for Green Analytical Chemistry
5.1 Chemometrics
5.2 Miniaturization
5.3 Automation
5.4 Green Analytical Evaluation Tools
6. Analytical Techniques for Sample Preparation in the Framework of Sustainable Development
6.1 Green Extraction Techniques for Solid Samples
6.2 Green Extraction Techniques for the Liquid Sample and Volatile Analytes
6.3 Sample Analysis via Chromatographic Techniques
7. Conclusion
References
2. Green Analytical Chemistry Metrics and Life-Cycle Assessment Approach to Analytical Method Development
1. Introduction
2. Green Analytical Metrics
2.1 National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI)
2.1.1 Background
2.1.2 Criteria
2.1.3 Reliability
2.2 Analytical Eco-Scale
2.2.1 Background
2.2.2 Criteria of Analytical Eco-Scale
2.2.3 Reliability
2.3 Assessment of Green Profile (AGP) by Raynie and Driver
2.3.1 Background
2.3.2 Criteria
2.3.3 Reliability
2.4 HPLC-EAT (Environmental Assessment Tool)
2.4.1 Background
2.4.2 Criteria
2.4.3 Reliability
2.5 Analytical Method Volume Intensity (AMVI)
2.5.1 Background
2.5.2 Criteria
2.5.3 Reliability
2.6 Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI)
2.6.1 Background
2.6.2 Criteria
2.6.3 Reliability
2.7 Analytical Method Greenness Score (AMGS) Calculator
2.7.1 Background
2.7.2 Criteria
2.7.3 Reliability
2.8 Analytical Greenness (AGREE) Metric
2.8.1 Background
2.8.2 Criteria
2.8.3 Reliability
2.9 Other Not Commonly Applied Tools
2.9.1 Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) Method
2.9.2 Multivariate Statistical Methods
2.9.3 Greenness Index with Spider Diagram
2.9.4 Hasse Diagram as a Green Metric Tool
3. Overview of the Described Metrics Tools
4. Literature Outline of the Investigated Greenness Assessment Approaches
5. Application of Life-Cycle Assessment
5.1 Goal and Scope Definition
5.2 Life-Cycle Inventory Analysis
5.3 Life-Cycle Impact Assessment
5.4 Life-Cycle Interpretation
6. Selection Guides for Solvents and Reagents
6.1 Solvent Selection Guides for Medicinal Laboratories
6.2 Solvents Selection Guides for Pharmaceutical Manufacture
7. Conclusion
8. Future Perspectives
References
3. Green Sorption Materials Used in Analytical Procedures
1. Introduction
2. Employment of Adsorbent Materials for Analysis
2.1 Mineral Clay Composites
2.2 Sol-Gel-Based Composites
2.2.1 Silica Sorbents
2.2.2 Nonsilica Sorbents
2.3 Ionic Liquids
2.3.1 Synthesis Routes
2.3.2 Adsorptive Performance
2.4 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
2.4.1 Preparation of MIPs: Covalent and Noncovalent Imprinting Procedures
2.4.2 Adsorption Performance of MIPs
2.5 Zeolites
2.6 Carbon Nanomaterials
2.6.1 Green Synthesis Routes of Different Carbon Nanomaterials
2.6.2 Adsorption Performance of Some Carbon Nanomaterials
2.6.3 Functionalization of Graphene Oxide-Based Nanomaterials: Improving Adsorption Performance
2.7 Biopolymers
3. Future Trends of Green Sorbents for Analysis
4. Conclusion
References
4. Application of Nanomaterials for Greener Sample Extraction
1. Introduction
2. Nanomaterials
2.1 Classification of Nanomaterials Used as Sorbents
2.2 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials
3. Applications of Core Nanomaterials
4. Nanomaterial-Assisted Sample Preparation Methods
4.1 Solvent-Based Sample Extraction Methods
4.1.1 Single Drop Microextraction
4.1.2 Hollow-Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction
4.1.3 Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction
4.2 Solid-/Sorbent-Based Sample Extraction Methods
4.2.1 Solid-Phase Extraction
4.2.2 Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction
4.2.3 Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction
4.2.4 Dispersive μ-Solid-Phase Extraction
4.2.5 Micro-Solid-Phase Extraction
4.2.6 Solid-Phase Microextraction
4.2.7 Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction
5. Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
5. Supercritical Fluid Extraction as a Green Approach for Essential Oil Extraction
1. Essential Oils
2. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) as a Green Extraction Approach
3. Effect of Extraction Parameters on SFE of EOs
3.1 Effect of Pressure
3.2 Effect of Temperature
3.3 Effect of Added Modifier(s)
3.4 Effect of CO2 Flow Rate
4. Cost of Extraction Using SF-CO2
5. Taxonomy of EO-Producing Plants
6. SFE Extraction and Fractionation of Medicinally Important EOs from Selected Important Plant Families
6.1 Family Lamiaceae
6.2 Family Lauraceae
6.3 Family Liliaceae
6.4 Family Piperaceae
7. Summary
References
6. Green Hydrotropic Technology as a Convenient Tool for the Handling of Poor Water-Soluble Candidates Proceeding Their Economic Analytical Measurements
1. Introduction
2. Definition of the Hydrotropism Technology
3. Mechanism of Action of the Hydrotropes
4. The Hydrotropic Solute (Solvent) and Their Solutions
5. Application of the Hypertrophy Technology for In Vitro Monitoring and Analysis
6. The Mixed Hydrotropic Solvency Concepts and Their Analytical Applications
7. Titrimetric Analysis with the Aid of Solid Additive Hypertrophy
8. Titrimetric Analysis with the Aid of the Hydrotropic Solutions
9. Conclusion
References
7. Ionic Liquids as Greener Solvents for Sample Pretreatment of Environmental, Pharmaceutical, and Biological Samples
1. Introduction
2. Ionic Liquids as Designer Solvents
3. Ionic Liquids as Eco-Friendly Extraction Medium
4. Extraction Using Ionic Liquid Solvents
4.1 Metals
4.2 Pesticides
4.3 Herbicides
4.4 Insecticides
4.5 Fungicides
4.6 Dyes
4.7 Biological Fluids
5. Environmental Impact of Ionic Liquids
6. Pharmaceutically and Biologically Important Ionic Liquids
7. Toxicity of Ionic Liquids
8. Conclusions
References
8. Functionally Modified Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents for Extraction and Removal of Toxic Metal Ions from Contaminated Water
1. Introduction
2. Structure and Properties of Ionic Liquids
3. Complexation of Metal Ions with Ionic Liquids
4. Functionally Modified Ionic Liquids with Better Chelation for Metal Ions
5. Conclusion
References
9. Deep Eutectic Solvents, Bio-Based Solvents, and Surfactant for Green Sample Pretreatment and Determination
1. Introduction
1.1 Deep Eutectic Solvents
1.2 Surfactants
1.3 Bio-Based Solvents
2. Green Sample Pretreatment
2.1 Pretreatment of Deep Eutectic Solvents
2.2 Pretreatment of Surfactant Solvents
2.3 Pretreatment of Bio-Based Solvents
3. Determination of Deep Eutectic/Surfactants/Bio-Based Solvents
3.1 Percentage of Sample Solvents
3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
3.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis
3.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
3.5 Raman Spectroscopy
3.6 Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy
3.7 Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.8 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3.9 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
3.10 Neutron Scattering
3.11 Dynamic Light Scattering
3.12 X-Ray Scattering
References
10. Green Chromatography Techniques
1. Introduction
2. Omitting Analyte Pretreatment
3. Analyte Pretreatment by Green Strategies
3.1 Extraction of Analytes Using Solid Sorbents
3.2 Extraction of Analyte in Liquid Phase
3.3 Gas-Phase Extraction (GPE)
3.4 Membrane Extraction (ME)
3.5 Green Solvents for Analyte Extraction
3.6 Assisted Sample Extraction
4. Gas Chromatography: Green Techniques
4.1 Green Carrier Gases
4.2 Reducing Duration of GC Analysis
4.2.1 Reducing Column Size
4.2.2 Low-Pressure GC
4.2.3 Oven Temperature Programmed GC
4.2.4 Low Thermal Mass-Gas Chromatography (LTM-GC)
4.2.5 Direct Resistive Heating
4.3 Multidimensional GC Techniques
4.4 Miniaturized Gas Chromatography
5. Liquid Chromatography: Green Techniques
5.1 Decreasing Reagents Consumption
5.1.1 Decreasing Size of LC Column
5.1.2 Employing Green Packing Material in LC Column
5.1.3 High-Temperature Liquid Chromatography
5.2 Using Green Solvents for Extraction
5.3 Enhanced Fluidity Mixtures for Liquid Chromatography
5.4 Micellar Liquid Chromatography
5.5 Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography
6. Other Green Chromatography Methods
6.1 Multipurpose Chromatographs
6.2 Compact/Portable Chromatographs
7. Assessments of Greenness of Chromatography
7.1 NEMI (National Environment Method Index) Label
7.2 Eco Scale Environmental Analysis
7.3 EAT (Environment Assessment Tool)
7.4 Assessment of the Life Cycle
7.5 Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI)
7.6 Analytical Method Greenness Score (AMGS)
8. Summary and Future Perspectives
References
11. Superheated Water Chromatography as a Greener Separation Approach
1. Introduction
2. Requirements for Successful HTLC Separations
3. Water as a Mobile Phase
4. Water Chromatography Equipment Using Superheated Water
4.1 Ovens and Pumps
4.2 Injection of Sample
4.3 Eluent Preheating
5. Stationary Phase Materials in SHWC
5.1 Silica-Based Packing Materials
5.2 Polymer-Based Packing Materials
5.3 Packaging Materials Made from Zirconia
5.4 Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Columns
5.5 Temperature-Responsive Packings
5.6 Carbon-Based Columns
5.7 Columns Made of Metal Oxides
6. Phase Collapse
7. Superheated Water Chromatography Detectors Use Water as an Eluent
8. Detection in Superheated Water Chromatography
8.1 Spectroscopic Methods
8.2 Refractive Index Detection (RID)
8.3 Flame Ionization Detection (FID)
8.4 MS and NMR Spectrometric Detection
8.5 Amperometric Detector
9. Application of Elevated Temperature in SHWC Method Developments
10. Conclusion
References
12. Applications of Nanomaterials for Greener Food Analysis
1. Introduction
2. Sensory Properties of Nanomaterials
3. Classification of Food Contaminants
4. Applications of Nanotechnology in Food Analysis
4.1 Detection of Foodborne Pathogens
4.2 Detection of Mycotoxins
4.3 Detection of Heavy Metal Ions
4.4 Detection of Illegal Food Additives
4.5 Detection of Adulterants
4.6 Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues
4.7 Detection of Pesticides
4.8 Detection of Spoilage Indicators
5. Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
13. Miniature Infrared Spectral Sensing Solutions for Ubiquitous Analytical Chemistry
1. Optical Spectroscopy and Analytical Chemistry
2. Dispersive Spectrometers
3. Filter-Based Spectrometers
4. Fourier Transform Spectrometers
5. State of the Art of Miniaturized Spectrometers
6. Conclusion and Future Remarks
References
Index
