The past twenty years have seen a number of breakthroughs in astrophysics and cosmology, some of which have been awarded Nobel prizes. These physics triumphs highlight the fact that while students need a solid grounding in the fundamentals of astrophysics and cosmology, sight of the basics of the fundamental interactions in physics must not be lost. This book presents papers based on lectures given at the 200th Course of the International School of Physics Enrico Fermi , on Gravitation and Cosmology, held in Varenna, Italy, from 3 - 12 July 2017. The aim of the school was to expose students to state-of-the-art research in the field of gravitational waves and cosmology, from both a theoretical and experimental point of view. Lectures were organized in such a way as to foster interaction between the two communities, and a wide range of topics was addressed. In the gravitational waves section, topics covered include experimental issues connected with gravitational wave detection and the new field of multi-messenger astronomy, as well as more astrophysical aspects. In the section on cosmology, there are contributions on the early universe, on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and on redshift surveys. Other areas covered include a review of inflationary scenarios; the non-Gaussian features of primordial density fluctuations; and the physical mechanisms responsible for the spectral distortions of the blackbody spectrum of the CMB. The book provides an overview of important research developments and will be of interest to all students of gravitation and cosmology.
Author(s): Coccia, E., Silk, J., Vittorio, N.
Publisher: IOS Press
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 399
City: Amsterdam
Title Page
Contents
Preface
Course group shot
F. Fidecaro - Principles of gravitational wave detection
1. The detection of gravitational waves
1.1. Gravitational waves
1.2. Effect on a single mass
1.3. Effect on a pair of masses
1.4. The laboratory frame
2. Essential properties
2.1. Distance ladder
2.2. Expected amplitude
2.3. Compact objects
2.4. Single compact objects
2.5. Supernovae
2.6. The indirect evidence for gravitational radiation: PSR 1913+16
3. Signals and noise
3.1. Noise power spectrum
3.2. Power spectra in practice
3.3. Power spectrum in digitized signals
3.4. Signal and noise
3.5. Optimal filtering
4. Primary noise sources in gravitational wave interferometers
5. Position noise
5.1. Seismic noise
5.2. Seismic attenuation
5.3. The Virgo Superattenuator
5.4. Thermal noise
5.5. Fluctuation-Dissipation theorem
5.6. Thermal noise mitigation
5.7. Newtonian noise
6. Measurement noise
6.1. Michelson-Morley interferometry
6.2. Fabry-Perot cavities
6.3. Power recycling
6.4. Standard quantum limit
7. Noise curve
8. Ending remarks
Fulvio Ricci - A primer on a real gravitational wave detector
1. Introduction
2. The modulation
3. The detection of the modulation component
4. The readout of the output signal
5. The Fabry-Perot cavities as Michelson arms
5.1. More about the Fabry-Perot cavities
6. How to keep the FP cavities in resonance
7. The gravitational wave interferometer
8. The interferometer control
9. The sensitivity curve
10. Thermal noise and cryogenics for future gravitational wave detectors
11. Reduction of the readout noise
12. Conclusion
Viviana Fafone - Optical aberrations in gravitational wave detectors and a look at the future
1. Introduction
2. Optical aberrations and their effects
3. Correction of optical aberrations
4. Mid and longer term perspective for ground-based detectors
Michela Mapelli - Astrophysics of stellar black holes
1. Lesson learned from the first direct gravitational wave detections
2. The formation of compact remnants from stellar evolution and supernova explosions
2.1. Stellar winds and stellar evolution
2.2. Supernovae (SNe)
2.3. The mass of compact remnants
3. Binaries of stellar black holes
3.1. Mass transfer
3.2. Common envelope (CE)
3.3. Alternative evolution to CE
4. The dynamics of black hole binaries
4.1. Dynamically active environments
4.2. Three-body encounters
4.3. Exchanges
4.4. Hardening
4.5. Dynamical ejections
4.6. Formation of intermediate-mass black holes by runaway collisions
4.7. Formation of intermediate-mass black holes by repeated mergers
4.8. Kozai-Lidov resonance
4.9. Summary of dynamics and open issues
5. Black hole binaries in cosmological context
5.1. Analytic prescriptions
5.2. Cosmological simulations
6. Summary and outlook
Marica Branchesi - GW170817: the dawn of multi-messenger astronomy including gravitational waves
1. The first gravitational-wave observation of the coalescence of a binary system of neutron stars
2. Discovery of the high-energy counterpart
3. The multi-wavelength electromagnetic follow-up campaign
Douglas Scott - The standard model of cosmology: A skeptic's guide
1. What is the standard model of cosmology?
2. The parameters and assumptions of the SMC
3. The numbers that describe the Universe
4. Information in the SMC
5. The venerableness of the SMC
6. Tensions
7. Anomalies
8. The nature of skepticism
9. Beyond the SMC
10. Conclusions
J. Martin - The theory of inflation
1. Introduction
2. Why inflation?
2.1. The pre-inflationary standard model
2.2. The puzzles of the standard model
2.3. Basics of inflation
3. Inflationary cosmological perturbations
4. Extensions
5. Inflation and CMB observations
6. Conclusions
M. Celoria and S. Matarrese - Primordial Non-Gaussianity
1. Introduction
1.1. Historical outline
2. Non-Gaussianity in the initial conditions
2.1. Non-Gaussianity and higher-order statistics
2.2. Bispectrum of a self-interacting scalar field in de Sitter space
2.3. Shapes of non-Gaussianity from inflation
2.4. The role of fNL and the detection of primordial non-Gaussianity
3. Non-Gaussianity and Cosmic Microwave Background
3.1. Planck results on primordial non-Gaussianity
3.2. Implications for inflation
3.3. Primordial non-Gaussianity with CMB spectral distorsions
4. Primordial Non-Gaussianity and the Large-Scale Structure
4.1. Non-Gaussianity and halo mass function
4.2. Halo bias in NG models
4.3. PNG with LSS: the galaxy bispectrum
5. Controversial issues on non-Gaussianity
5.1. Single-field consistency relation
5.2. Non-Gaussian fNL-like terms generated by non-linear general relativistic evolution
6. Concluding remarks
Wayne Hu - CMB polarization theory
1. Introduction
2. Sources of CMB polarization
3. Acoustic source
4. Inflation source
5. Reionization source
6. Lensing distortion
7. Discussion
C. Burigana and T. Trombetti on behalf of the Planck Collaboration - The legacy of Planck
1. Introduction
2. The Planck mission
3. Control of systematic effects
4. Astrophysical foregrounds
4.1. Catalogs of sources and clusters of galaxies
4.2. Galactic diffuse components
5. Main implications for cosmology and fundamental physics
5.1. Cosmological results
5.2. Fundamental physics results
5.3. Constraints on primordial B-modes
6. Towards future CMB missions
6.1. CMB mission proposals at degree resolution
6.2. CMB mission proposals at sub-degree resolution
Jens Chluba - Future steps in cosmology using spectral distortions of the cosmic microwave background
1. Overview and motivation
1.1. Why are spectral distortions so interesting today
1.2. Overview and goal of the lecture
2. The physics of CMB spectral distortions
2.1. Simple blackbody relations
2.2. Photon energy and number density
2.3. What we need to do to change the blackbody temperature
2.4. What is the thermalization problem all about
2.5. General conditions relevant to the thermalization problem
2.6. Photon Boltzmann equation for average spectrum
2.7. Collision term for Compton scattering
2.7.1. Comptonization efficiency
2.8. Bremsstrahlung and double Compton emission
3. Types of spectral distortions from energy release
3.1. Scattering of CMB photons in the limit of small y-parameter
3.1.1. Thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect
3.2. Chemical potential or mu-distortion
3.2.1. Compton equilibrium solution
3.2.2. Definition of the mu-distortion
3.2.3. But how do we define the distortion?
3.3. Simple description of primordial distortions
3.3.1. Inclusion of photon production in the mu-era
3.3.2. The importance of double Compton emission
3.4. Modeling the transition between mu and y
3.5. Distortions from photon injection
4. CMB spectral distortion signals from various scenarios
4.1. Reionization and structure formation
4.2. Damping of primordial small-scale perturbations
4.3. Adiabatic cooling for baryons
4.4. The cosmological recombination radiation
4.5. Dark matter annihilation
4.6. Decaying particle scenarios
4.7. Anisotropic CMB distortions
5. Conclusions
Will J. Percival - Recent developments in the analysis of galaxy surveys
1. Introduction
2. The overdensity field
3. Line-of-sight assumptions
4. Multipole moments
5. Correlation function estimators in the local plane-parallel formalism
6. Power spectrum estimators in the global plane-parallel formalism
7. Power spectrum estimators in the local plane-parallel formalism
8. Grid assignment, aliasing and interlacing
9. Linking Fourier and Fourier-Bessel bases
10. Window convolution of models
11. Power spectrum integral constraint
12. Covariance matrix under Gaussian assumption
13. 1-point systematics
14. 2-point systematics
15. Binning in redshift and redshift-dependent weighting
16. Reconstruction
17. Conclusions
David F. Mota - Nonlinear astrophysical probes of screened modified gravity
1. Introduction
2. Theoretical models
2.1. Chameleon-f(R) gravity
2.2. Symmetron
3. Efficiency of screening mechanisms
3.1. Solar System constraints
3.2. Simulations
3.3. Results
4. Distribution of fifth force in dark matter haloes
5. The matter and the velocity power spectra
6. The dynamical and lensing masses
7. Thermal versus lensing mass measurements
7.1. Including the non-thermal pressure component
8. Modelling void abundance in modified gravity
8.1. Linear power spectrum
8.2. Spherical collapse
8.2.1. Spherical expansion
8.3. Void abundance function
8.4. Voids from simulations
8.5. Results
8.5.1. Fitting beta and D from simulations
8.5.2. Constraining modified gravity
8.5.3. Voids in galaxy samples
9. Conclusions and perspectives
List of participants
