Global Urban Heat Island Mitigation

Global Urban Heat Island Mitigation
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1 . Mapping and management of urban shade assets: a novel approach for promoting climatic urban action
1. Urban planning and urban microclimate: a challenge of knowledge communication
2. Correlating the language of urban morphology with its climatic outcomes
3. Urban heat island mitigation measures: the limits of intervention
3.1 Building envelopes
3.2 Pavements and roads
3.3 Urban landscaping elements
3.4 Street geometry
4. Shade's pivotal effect on outdoor thermal comfort and its urban-scale mapping
5. Quantifying shade levels and tree planting: suggested indicators
5.1 Shade index
5.2 Tree canopy cover
5.3 Tree shade efficacy index
5.4 Street tree density
6. Case study: using the indicators for urban shade analysis in Tel Aviv-Yafo
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
2 . Vulnerability to the urban heat islands effect in the Global North and the Global South: assessment of the drivers and miti ...
1. Introduction
2. Drivers and consequences of the UHI: a brief literature review
3. Methodology and data issues
4. Empirical analysis
4.1 Descriptive statistics
4.2 Multilevel multivariate regression analysis
5. Conclusion and policy discussion
References
3 . Luminescence for the built environment: from lighting to urban heat island mitigation purposes
1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1 Fluorescent materials
2.2 Phosphorescent materials
3. Characterizing photoluminescent materials for building applications
3.1 Structural characterization techniques
3.2 Thermo-optical characterization techniques
3.3 Cool photoluminescent materials characterization techniques
4. Fields of application
4.1 Potential for cool photoluminescent applications
4.2 Additional benefits of photoluminescent materials in building-related applications
4.2.1 Toward the implementation in solar cells
4.2.2 Toward the implementation for photocatalysis
4.2.3 Toward the implementation in lighting systems
5. Conclusions and future developments
Acknowledgments
References
4 . Urban heat island: land cover changes, management, and mitigation strategies
1. Introduction
2. Urban heat island (UHI)
3. Land use land cover (LULC)
3.1 Impact of LULC changes on land surface temperature
3.2 Impact of LULC on climate system
4. Remote sensing indices
4.1 Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)
4.2 Normalized difference built-up index (NDBI)
4.3 Normalized difference bareness index (NDBaI)
4.4 Enhanced built-up and bareness index (EBBI)
4.5 Dry built-up index (DBI) and dry bareness index (DBSI)
4.6 Urban heat island index (UHI index)
4.7 Urban index (UI)
4.8 Index-based built-up index (IBI)
4.9 Normalized difference water index (NDWI)
4.10 Normalized difference snow index (NDSI)
5. Land cover management strategies for heat and temperature management
5.1 Trees and vegetations
5.1.1 Benefits
5.1.2 Negative impacts
5.2 Greenery in buildings
5.2.1 Green roofs
5.2.2 Green wall
5.2.3 Green façades
5.2.3.1 Benefits
5.2.3.2 Negative impacts
5.3 Cool roofs
5.3.1 Benefits
5.3.2 Negative impacts
5.4 Cool pavements
5.4.1 Benefits
5.4.2 Negative impacts
5.5 Smart growth
6. Mitigation strategies
6.1 Green vegetation
6.1.1 Green roofs
6.1.2 Green wall
6.1.3 Green façades
6.1.4 Parks and roadside plantation
6.1.5 Shade trees
6.1.6 Green pavements
6.1.7 Green parking lot
6.1.8 Urban farming
6.2 Water cover
6.2.1 Water bodies
6.2.2 Water features
6.3 Modified building materials
6.3.1 High albedo roofing
6.3.2 Cool façades
6.3.3 High albedo pavements
6.3.4 Pervious pavements
6.3.5 Hi-tech materials
6.3.6 Water cooling and desiccant systems
6.3.7 Dynamic and active roofs/façades
6.4 Urban geometry
6.4.1 Sky-view factor and aspect ratio
6.4.2 Building form
6.4.3 Building heights
6.4.4 Avoid obstruction
6.4.5 Building porosity
6.4.6 Passive design for thermal comfort
6.5 Policies and awareness
7. Summary
References
5 . Use of landscape metrics for the mitigation of the surface urban heat island effect in Mediterranean cities
1. Introduction
2. Landscape metrics and the urban heat island
3. Material and methods
3.1 Study area
3.2 Land use
3.3 Landscape metrics
3.4 Land surface temperature
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Urban composition
4.2 Urban configuration
4.3 Urban thermal environment
5. Conclusions
References
6 . Effects of land use composition and pattern on land surface temperature: an urban heat island study in the megacities of Sc ...
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1 Study area
2.2 Satellite data used and preprocessing
2.3 Land cover mapping
2.4 LST retrieval
2.5 Spatial analysis
2.5.1 Urban–rural gradient analysis
2.5.2 Multiresolution grid-based analysis
3. Results
3.1 Impervious surface, green space, and other versus LST
3.2 Impervious surface, green space, and other versus LST along urban–rural gradient
3.3 Impervious surface, green space, and bare soil and cultivated versus LST at multiple resolutions
4. Discussion and conclusions
References
7 . Urban heat island mitigation and adaptation in China: policies and practices
1. Introduction
2. Significant spatiotemporal variations of (S)UHI in China
3. Policies and practices of UHI mitigation in China
3.1 National policies: a focus from climate change to urban climate
3.2 City practice: Wuhan, the pioneer in mainland China
4. Existing challenges and future directions
5. Conclusion
References
8 . Climatic control of outdoor spaces in the Universal Exposition 1992 (EXPO'92)
1. Side description
2. Mitigation measure description
3. Assessment method
4. Results
4.1 Description
4.2 Climatically controlled zones in avenues
4.3 Central space for shows at the Palenque
5. Conclusions
Further reading
9 . Open space and built form metrics: identification and implementation of strategies to mitigate UHI in tropical climates
1. Introduction
2. Open space and built form metrics
2.1 Open space metrics
2.2 Built form parameters
3. Open space metrics and UHI at Vijayawada
4. Development regulations and UHI at Chennai
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
10 . StEMAIRF-BGI as a tool for UHI mitigation using land use planning and designing
1. Introduction
2. UHI as a disaster risk
2.1 UHI and urbanization
2.2 UHI and air pollution
2.3 Methods, tools, and techniques for UHI analysis
3. Climate scenarios
3.1 Representative Concentration Pathways
3.2 Shared Socioeconomic pathways
3.3 UHI and climate change
4. Mitigation and adaptation for UHI
4.1 Blue-Green Infrastructure
4.2 Policy and planning actions against UHI
5. Strategic Ecosystem Monitoring, Assessment, and BGI Implementation-Based Resilience Framework
5.1 StEMAIR Framework concept
5.2 Features involved the StEMAIR Framework
5.2.1 GeoSMNatE tool+
5.2.2 Monitoring and analyzing
5.2.3 Risk identification and mapping
5.2.4 Strategic transition of space
5.2.5 Assessment and strategic selection
5.2.6 Implementation
6. StEMAIR framework application for UHI
6.1 Study area of Gurugram, India—demarcation of area of interest
6.2 Monitoring and analysis of study area
6.2.1 Base data (historical hazardous event and risk identification)
6.2.1.1 Demography
6.2.2 Hazardous events in Gurugram: UHI
6.3 Mapping: process framework
6.3.1 Green Infrastructure (vegetation)
6.3.2 Urbanization (built-up region)
6.3.3 Land surface temperature
6.4 Results and discussion
6.5 Analysis: hotspots and intervention zone
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
11 . Urban heat island effect in India: assessment, impacts, and mitigation
1. Introduction
2. Growth of research in urban heat island in India
3. Classification and assessment methodologies for UHI
3.1 Classification of UHI
3.2 Methodologies for estimation of urban heat island intensity
3.3 Assessment of heat islands
3.3.1 In situ measurements
3.3.2 Satellite-derived observations
3.3.3 Numerical modeling
3.3.4 Diurnal temperature range (DTR) as a proxy to urbanization and heat island
4. Evolution of UHI with urbanization and development: case studies
5. Impacts of urban heat island effect
5.1 Thermal stress and consequent health impacts
5.2 Impact on air quality
5.3 Energy consumption and economic concerns
5.4 UHI impact on other phenomena
6. Mitigation studies
6.1 Microenvironment
6.2 Macroenvironment
7. Conclusions
References
12 . Urban heat island in Latin American cities: a review of trends, impacts, and mitigation strategies
1. Introduction
2. Cities and climate in Latin America
3. UHI studies in Latin America: a brief review
4. Trends and impacts
5. Mitigation strategies: recent implementations, advances, and proposals
6. Tropical climate
7. Arid climate
8. Temperate climates
9. Increasing adaptive capacity
10. Conclusion
References
13 . Air quality and heat-related health impacts of increasing urban greenery cover
1. Introduction
2. Method and results
2.1 Heat-related impacts on air quality
2.1.1 Preparation of statistical model variables
2.1.2 Effect of meteorological parameters variation
2.1.2.1 Regression analyses for model-A (maximum values)
2.1.2.2 Regression analyses for model-B (mean values)
2.1.3 Validation of regression analyses
2.2 Effect of increasing urban greenery cover
2.2.1 Microclimate simulations
3. Air quality and health responses
4. Conclusions
References
14 . Visualization of landuse change pattern and its impact on Urban Heat Islands
1. Introduction
2. Understanding LST
3. Urban Heat Island
4. Significance of studying LST and UHI
5. Theoretical background
6. Practical example
6.1 Introduction and study area
6.1.1 Method used
6.1.2 Results and discussion
7. Mitigation measures
8. Conclusion
References
15 . Surface urban heat islands in 33 medium-sized cities across different climates in Chile
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1 Calculation of the surface urban heat island (SUHI)
2.2 SUHI relationship with social, urban, and environmental factors
2.3 Cluster analysis
3. Results
3.1 Daytime and nighttime surface urban heat island
3.2 SUHI relationship with urban-environmental factors
3.3 City cluster analysis
4. Final considerations
Acknowledgments
References
16 . Investigating the intra-urban urban heat island effect for two subtropical mega-urban regions in China by adopting local cl ...
1. Introduction
2. Case study: Pearl River Delta region
2.1 Location and urbanization of the PRD
2.2 Land cover change in the PRD
2.3 Land surface temperature analysis in the PRD
2.4 Relation of surface warming trend to land cover changes
2.5 Thermal characteristic of LCZ type
2.6 Dominant LCZ type in SUHI zones
2.7 Implications for urban planning
3. Case study: Yangtze River Delta
3.1 Location and urbanization of the YRD
3.2 LCZ maps of the YRD region
3.3 SUHI intensity in the YRD
3.4 Relationship between surface temperature and LCZ classes
3.5 Representation of urban morphology of the YRD cities
3.5.1 Regional level
3.5.2 City level
3.6 Implications for urban planning
4. Discussions and implementations
5. Conclusions
References
17 . Impact of urban cool strategies on energy performance of HVAC systems in a dense urban district of a Mediterranean city, Be ...
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1 Simulation tools
2.2 Coupling method
2.3 Description of urban district
3. Case study
3.1 Description of ENVI-met simulation cases
3.2 Choice of the studied building
4. Results
4.1 Sensitive building cooling load
4.2 Reference building
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion
References
Index
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U
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X
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List of contributors