"Ginger has a strong reputation as an anti-nausea agent but our understanding of the roles played by its important biological constituents (gingerols and shogaols) as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents has not been examined in detail. This seriesof monographs seeks to look first at how and why ginger was used as an ethnomedicine and how this expanded into general antimicrobial studies. One cardinal use for ginger and its constituents may be in the topical management of osteoarthritis. Given the widespread nature of this condition and ginger's ability to block pain receptors it may join other molecules such as capsaicin in this mode of treatment"--
Author(s): Diana R. Cundell
Series: Natural Products and Therapeutics
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 298
City: New York
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1
Ginger and the Gastrointestinal Tract: Bioactive Effector Molecules and Possible Future Uses
Abstract
Introduction
Gingerol and Shogaol Chemistry and Availability
Metabolism and Bioavailability of Gingerols and Shogaols
Ginger, Nausea and Emesis: Reviewing the Evidence
Ginger and Nausea: Evidence from Human Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials
Molecular Mechanismsof Nausea and Emesis
Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy: Pathophysiology and Management
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Pathophysiology and Treatment
Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting: Pathophysiology and Treatment
Mechanisms of Anti-Emetic and Anti-Nausea Action of Gingerols and Shogaols: Implications for NVP, CINV and PONV
Gingerols and Shogaols Anti-Nausea and Emesis Mechanisms in Pregnancy-Induced Vomiting
Gingerols and Shogaols Anti-Nausea and Emesis Mechanisms in Chemotherapy-Induced Vomiting
Gingerols and Shogaols Anti-Nausea and Emesis Mechanisms in Post-Operative Vomiting
Probiotic Effects of Gingerols and Shogaols: Important in Managing NVP and CINV
Strategies to Standardize and Deliver Gingerols and Shogaols
Current State of the Art of Semi-Synthetic Forms of Gingerols and Shogaols
Current State of the Art in the Development of Stabilized Gingerols and Shogaols
Gingerol and Shogaol Nanoparticles as Potential Tumoricidal Agents and to Remediate Intestinal Inflammation
Stabilized Shogaol Micelles as Tumoricidal Agents
Other Methodologies for Stabilizing Gingerol as an Antioxidant and Tumoricidal Agent
Conclusion and Potential Future Directions
Potential for Gingerol and Shogaol in the Management of Neoplastic Disease
Potential for Gingerol and Shogaol in the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
References
Chapter 2
Ginger as an Antibacterial Agent
Abstract
Introduction
Antibacterial Compounds of Ginger
Antibacterial Effects of Zingiber officinale against Skin and Joint Infections
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Other Notable Bacterial Agents in Skin and Joint Infections
Antibacterial Effects of Zingiber officinale against Respiratory Infections
Effects of Ginger on Multiple Respiratory Bacteria
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Antibacterial Effects of Zingiber officinale on Diseases of the Digestive System
Escherichia coli
Helicobacter pylori
Salmonella typhi
Other Gastrointestinal Bacterial Pathogens
Antibacterial Effects of Zingiber officinale against Oral Infections
Streptococcus mutans
Lactobacillus
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3
Ginger as an Antifungal Agent
Abstract
Introduction
Ecological Relationships Underpin Mechanisms of Fungal Action
Antifungal Activity of Ginger Essential Oil (EO)
Pathogenic Human Disease: Ginger as Antifungal Agent for Immunocompromised Populations
Immunocompromised Populations at Risk for Fungal
Resistance and Side Effects of Current Pharmaceutical Treatments
Ginger as an Effective Antifungal Agent for Aspergillosis
Ginger as an Effective Antifungal Agent for Candidiasis
Vaginal Candidiasis
Oral Candidiasis
Traditional Use to Clinical Trial: An Example
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4
Ginger as an Antiviral Agent
Abstract
Introduction
Ginger as an Agent against Human Respiratory Viruses
SARS-CoV-2
Influenza Viruses
Rhinovirus
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Ginger as an Agent against Human Non-Respiratory Viruses
Herpes Simplex Virus
Norovirus
Hepatitis A Virus
Hepatitis C Virus
Human Papillomavirus
Dengue Virus
Ginger as an Agent against Non-Human Viruses
Newcastle Disease Virus
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Fig Leaf Mottle Associated Virus 1
Conclusion and Unanswered Questions
References
Chapter 5
Ginger and Osteoarthritis: Current Evidence for Efficacy and Possible Future Uses for Effective Delivery Systems
Abstract
Introduction
Osteoarthritis Pathophysiology
Synoviocyte Activation as an Initiating Event
IL-1β Is Central to Decreased OA Cartilage Integrity
OA Is an Inflammatory Disease Involving NO and ROS
RANKL Activation Results in Mobilization of Arachidonic Acid Mediators
Cartilage Matrix Breakdown Involves the WNT/β Catenin Pathway
Gingerols, Shogaols and Enriched Ginger Extract and OA: In Vitro and Animal Studies
In Vitro Studies of Ginger and Its Components on OA Cells
In Vivo Preclinical (Animal) Studies of Ginger and Its Components on Experimental Arthritis Models
In Vitro and Animal Data Suggest Gingerols and Shogaols Inhibit Multiple OA Pathways
OA Synoviocyte Activation and Inflammatory Cell Influx is Reduced or Prevented
OA Chondrocyte Apoptosis and Cartilage Turnover Are Reduced or Prevented
OA Reactive Bone Thickening is Reduced or Prevented
Human Data for Ginger and OA Have Produced Conflicting Data
Conclusion and Potential Ways Forward for Ginger
TLR-4, Nrf2 and WNT/β Catenin Activities: Three Reasons to Develop 6-Gingerol and 6-Shogoal for OA
Could 6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol Be Developed into Oral Medicinal AGENTS?
Transdermal Delivery for 6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol Represents an Optimal Safe Use for OA Patients
Final Thoughts
References
Editor’s Contact Information
Index
Blank Page
Blank Page
