Geospatial Modeling for Environmental Management: Case Studies from South Asia

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Introduction
Editorial Advisory Board
List of Contributors
PART A: Geospatial Modeling in Hydrological Studies
Chapter 1 Flood Vulnerability and Risk Assessment with Parsimonious Hydrodynamic Modeling and GIS
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Study Area
1.3 Methodology
1.3.1 Flood Frequency Analysis
1.3.2 Hydrodynamic Modeling
1.3.3 Flood Vulnerability Analysis
1.3.4 Flood Risk Assessment
1.4 Results and Discussion
1.4.1 Land Use Under Risk
1.4.2 Villages Under Risk
1.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Estimation of Parameters in Ungauged Catchment Using Map-Correlation Method: A Case Study on Krishna-Godavari Basin
2.1 Introduction
2.2 MCM
2.3 Case Study on Krishna-Godavari River Basin in Southern India
2.4 The Effect of Distance on the Correlation of Daily Streamflow Data
2.5 Map Correlation Results for Krishna-Godavari Basins
2.6 Application Map Correlation Technique in Ungauged Catchments
2.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Soil and Water Assessment Tool for Simulating the Sediment and Water Yield of Alpine Catchments: A Brief Review
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Studies Using SWAT for Climate and Land-Use Changes Assessment
3.3 SWAT Use in Hydrology with Different Sources of Hydro-Metrological Input Data
3.3.1 Studies Using SWAT Runoff Assessment
3.3.2 Comparison of SWAT with Other Models with Future SWAT Improvements
3.3.3 SWAT Model Using Snow and Glacier Parameter Assessment
3.3.4 The Efficiency of SWAT Model on Soil Erosion and Sediment Flux in Streamflow
3.3.5 Studies Using SWAT for Soil Erosion
3.3.6 Studies Using SWAT for Sediment Dynamics
3.3.7 The Efficiency of SWAT in Simulating the Impact of Land Use Land Cover Change on Hydrological Processes
3.3.8 Studies Using SWAT for LULC Change in Affecting Sediment Dynamics
3.3.9 Studies Using SWAT for Assessing LULC and Climate on Watershed Hydrology
3.3.10 Studies Using SWAT for Forest Assessment
3.3.11 Studies Using SWAT for Nutrient Modelling
3.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Competing Interest
References
Chapter 4 Temporal Assessment of Sedimentation in Siruvani Reservoir Using Remote Sensing and GIS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Study Area
4.3 Methodology
4.3.1 Morphometric Analysis
4.3.2 USLE
4.3.3 NDWI
4.4 Results and Discussion
4.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Review of Conceptual Models of Estimating the S patio-Temporal Variations of Water Depth Using Remote Sensing and GIS for the Management of Dams and Reservoirs
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Dams and Reservoirs
5.2 Concept of Space, Time, and Spatio-Temporal Analysis
5.2.1 Space
5.2.2 Time
5.2.3 Spatio-Temporal Analysis
5.3 The Technology and Approaches
5.3.1 Remote Sensing
5.3.2 Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB)
5.3.3 LiDAR
5.4 Conceptual Model Overview
5.4.1 Model Development
5.4.2 Model Application
5.4.3 Satellite Imageries Based Models
5.4.4 LiDAR-Based Models
5.5 Conclusion
References
PART B: Geospatial Modeling in Landslide Studies
Chapter 6 Geospatial Modeling in Landslide Hazard Assessment: A Case Study along Bandipora-Srinagar Highway, N-W Himalaya, J&K, India
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Methods
6.2.1 Study Area
6.2.2 Geology of Study Area
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.3.1 Slope
6.3.2 Aspect
6.3.3 Geological and Geotechnical Investigations along Bandipora-Srinagar Highway
6.3.4 Land Cover
6.3.5 Contour Map
6.3.6 Landslide Hazard Assessment and Inventory Map
6.3.7 Management Plan
6.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Causes, Consequences, and Mitigation of Landslides in the Himalayas: A Case Study of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Study Area
7.3 Materials and Methods
7.3.1 Data Preparation and Methodology Framework
7.4 Results and Discussion
7.4.1 Field Validation
7.4.2 Policy Imperatives and Mitigations
7.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Landslide Hazard and Exposure Mapping of Risk Elements in Lower Mandakini Valley, Uttarakhand, India
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Study Area
8.3 Data Source
8.3.1 Landslide Inventory
8.4 Methodology
8.4.1 Landslide Spatial Probability Mapping Using Logistic Regression Model
8.4.2 Landslide Temporal Probability
8.4.3 Landslide Hazard and Exposed Risk Elements Mapping
8.5 Result and Discussion
8.5.1 Landslide Spatial Probability
8.5.2 Landslide Hazard Analysis
8.5.3 Exposed Risk Elements
8.6 Conclusions
Conflict of Interest
Funding
References
PART C: Geospatial Modeling for Climate Change Studies
Chapter 9 Crop Response to Changing Climate, Integrating Model Approaches: A Review
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Climate Change Projections
9.3 Observed Changes
9.4 Climate Change Scenarios
9.5 Climate Change and Agricultural
9.5.1 Wheat
9.5.2 Rice
9.5.3 Pulses
9.5.4 Groundnut
9.6 Crop Simulation Model (CSM)
9.7 Global Climate Models
9.8 Regional Climate Models
9.9 Climate Downscaling
9.10 Crop Simulation Models and Remote Sensing
9.11 Integrated Assessment Through Climate and Crop Models
9.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Snow and Glacier Resources in the Western Himalayas: A Review
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Snow and Glacier Resources
10.3 Melt Water from Snow and Glaciers
10.3.1 Changing Streamflow Pattern Under Climate Change
10.4 Recommendations
10.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 11 Detecting Vegetation and Timberline Dynamics in Pinder Watershed Central Himalaya Using Geospatial Techniques
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Study Area
11.3 Materials and Methods
11.4 Results and Discussion
11.4.1 Status of Vegetation Line and Vegetation Cover Area
11.4.2 Status of Timberline and Timber Cover Area
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Climate Change Studies, Permanent Forest Observational Plots and Geospatial Modeling
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Network of “Preservation
Permanent Plot” Established in Indian
Forests Since Its Inception
12.2.1 Why Is There the Need of Long-Term Ecological Research
12.3 Establishment of Permanent Long Term Ecological Research Station
12.3.1 The Following Can be Answered Through LTERS
12.4 Methods to Establish Permanent Plots to Study Forest Dynamics
(Taken
from “The
Manual of Instructions for Field Inventory, 2002,
Forest Survey of India, Dehradun.”)
12.4.1 Equipment Required for Installation and Layout of POPs
12.5 Impacts of Climate Change on Forests of Jharkhand, Bihar and West Bengal
12.6 Climate Change Predictions: Geospatial Species Distribution Model
12.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Analyzing the Relationship of LST with MNDWI and NDBI in Urban Heat Islands of Hyderabad City, India
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Study Area and Data
13.3 Methodology
13.3.1 Image Preprocessing
13.3.2 Extraction of Different LU–LC Types Using MNDWI and NDBI
13.3.3 Retrieving LST from Landsat-8 TIR Band
13.3.4 Mapping UHI
13.3.5 Delineating the UHS
13.4 Results and Discussion
13.4.1 Spatial Distribution of MNDWI and NDBI
13.4.2 Spatial Distribution of LST
13.4.3 Spatial Distribution of UHIs and Non-UHIs
13.4.4 Identification of UHSs
13.4.5 Relationship of LST with MNDWI and NDBI for Whole City, UHIs, Non-UHIs, and UHSs
13.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Disclosure Statement
References
PART D: Geospatial Modeling in Change Dynamics Studies
Chapter 14 Assessment of the Visual Disaster of Land Degradation and
Desertification Using TGSI, SAVI, and NDVI Techniques
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Study Area
14.2.1 Geology
14.2.2 Geomorphology
14.3 Materials and Methods
14.3.1 Processing of Images
14.3.1.1 SAVI
14.3.1.2 TGSI
14.3.1.3 Classification of Land Cover Using NDVI
14.4 Results and Discussion
14.4.1 SAVI and TGSI
14.4.2 Land Cover Change by NDVI
14.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Dynamics of Forest Cover Changes in Hindu Kush-Himalayan Mountains Using Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Indus Kohistan Palas Valley, Pakistan
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Overview of Forest Cover Changes
15.2 Study Area
15.3 Materials and Methods
15.3.1 Primary Data
15.3.2 Focused Group Discussions
15.3.3 Secondary Data
15.3.4 Accuracy Assessment
15.4 Results and Discussion
15.4.1 Trend of Forest Cover Change (1980–2017)
15.4.2 Spatial and Temporal Change in Forest Cover (1980–2017)
15.4.3 Forest Cover Change within 1 and 3 km of the Selected Settlements (1980–2017)
15.4.4 Forest Cover Change within 1 and 3 km of the Roads (1980–2017)
15.4.5 Local Committee System for Management
15.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 16 Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System for Evaluating the Changes in Earth System Dynamics: A Review
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Remote Sensing and GIS as Tools
16.2.1 Remote Sensing
16.2.2 GIS
16.3 Role of GIS and Remote Sensing in Assessing Different Changes in
Earth’s System Dynamics
16.3.1 Application in the Field of Land Use and Land Cover
16.3.1.1 Natural Resource Management
16.3.1.2 Application in the Field of Agriculture
16.3.1.3 Application in the Field of Forestry
16.3.1.4 Application in the Field of Geology
16.3.1.5 Application in the Field of Hydrology
16.3.1.6 Application in the Field of Sea Ice
16.3.1.7 Application in the Field of Ocean Monitoring
16.3.1.8 Application in the Field of Coastal Management
16.3.1.9 Application in the Field of Environmental Monitoring
16.3.1.10 Application in the Field of Ecology and Biodiversity
16.4 Conclusion
References
PART E: Geospatial Modeling in Policy and Decision-Making
Chapter 17 Sustainable Livelihood Security Index: A Case Study in Chirrakunta Rurban Cluster
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Study Area
17.3 Materials and Methods
17.3.1 Normalization of Indicators Using the Functional Relationship with SLSI
17.3.2 Selection of Variables for Computing SLSI
17.3.3 Ecological Security Indicators
17.3.4 Economic Efficiency Indicators
17.3.5 Social Equity Indicators
17.4 Results and Discussion
17.4.1 Ecological Security Index
17.4.2 Economic Equity Index
17.4.2.1 Social Equity Index (SEI)
17.4.3 Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI)
17.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Carrying Capacity of Water Supply in Shimla City: A Study of Sustainability and Policy Framework
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Geographical Personality of the Study Area
18.3 Materials and Methods
18.4 Results and Discussion
18.4.1 Water Source
18.4.1.1 Dhalli Catchment
18.4.1.2 Cherot and Jagroti
18.4.1.3 Chair Nallah
18.4.1.4 Source at Gumma at Nauti Khad
18.4.1.5 Ashwani Khad
18.4.1.6 Giri Khad
18.4.1.7 Existing Distribution System of Water Supply in Shimla City
18.4.2 Distribution of Water Connection in Shimla City
18.4.3 Water Storage Reservoirs in Shimla City
18.4.4 Carrying Capacity, Demand and Deficits of Water Supply
18.4.5 Population Projection, Water Demand and Deficits
18.4.6 Sustainable Water Supply
18.5 Conclusion
References
Index