Geophysical potential fields: geological and environmental applications

Cover
Geophysical Potential Fields: Geological and Environmental Applications
1 -
Introduction
References
2 -
Potential Geophysical Fields: Similarity and Difference
2.1 Gravity Field
2.2 Magnetic Field
2.3 Temperature Field
2.4 Self-Potential Field
2.5 Electric Field
2.6 Potential Fields Observed at Different Heights: A Common Interpretation Technique
References
Further Reading
3 -
Different Kinds of Noise and Ways for Their Removing
3.1 Instrumental Noise
3.1.1 Gravimeter
3.1.2 Magnetometer
3.1.3 Temperature Device
3.1.4 Electrodes in SP Method
3.1.5 Resistivity
3.2 Technogenic Noise
3.3 Temporal Variations
3.3.1 Gravity Field
3.3.2 Magnetic Field
3.3.3 Temperature Field
3.3.4 SP Field
3.3.5 Resistivity
3.4 Terrain Relief Influence
3.4.1 Magnetics
3.4.2 Temperature
3.4.3 Gravity
3.4.4 Resistivity
3.4.5 Self-Potential
3.5 Complex Geological Media and Noised Environment
References
4 -
Qualitative Analysis of Potential Fields
4.1 Target/Medium Physical Properties
4.2 Filtering
4.2.1 On the Correlation between the Useful Signal and Noise
4.2.2 Improved Kalman Filtering
4.2.3 Low-Pass Filtering
4.2.4 High-Pass Filtering
4.3 Transformations
4.3.1 Sheppard Transformation
4.3.2 Multidimensional Statistical Criterion
4.3.3 Horizontal Gradient
4.3.4 Total Gradient Operator
4.3.5 Entropy Computation
4.3.6 Informational Approach for Anomaly Enhancing
4.3.7 Likelihood Coefficient
4.3.8 3-D Inversion
4.3.9 Anisotropic Transformations and Correlation Analysis
4.3.10 Revealing of Buried Ring (Circular) Structures
4.4 Informational and Probabilistic Approaches
4.4.1 Calculation of Informational Characteristics
4.4.2 Estimating Integration Efficiency by Localization of Weak Anomalies
4.4.3 Minimizing the Number of Combined Methods by the “Four Color Theorem”
4.5 Choice of Geophysical Integration
4.6 Types of Integration Methodologies
4.6.1 Conventional Integration
4.6.2 Integration on the Basis of Information Theory
4.6.3 Evaluating the Efficiency of Geophysical Methods with Informational–Statistical Procedures
4.6.4 Advantages of Geophysical Method Integration
4.6.5 Estimating the Efficiency of Individual Methods
4.6.6 Estimation of Information by Indicator (Field) Gradations
4.6.7 Estimates of the Efficiency of Geophysical Integration Based on the Probability of Type I and Type II Errors
4.7 Multimodel Approach to Geophysical Data Analysis
References
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Quantitative Analysis of Potential Field Anomalies
5.1 Magnetic Field
5.1.1 Initial Analysis of Magnetic Data; Selection of Anomalies for Quantitative Interpretation
5.1.2 Advanced Quantitative Interpretation of Magnetic Anomalies
5.1.2.1 Quantitative analysis of magnetic anomalies from interpreting models of thin bed and horizontal circular cylinder
5.1.2.2 Application to models and field examples
5.1.2.3 Quantitative analysis of magnetic anomalies from interpreting models of thick bed, thin horizontal plate, and intermediate ...
5.1.2.3.1 Improved characteristic point method
5.1.2.3.2 Improved tangent method
5.1.2.4 Possible determination of the lower edge of thick and “quasi-thick” bodies
5.1.2.4.1 Guton magnetic anomaly of the Greater Caucasus
5.2 Gravity Field
5.3 Temperature Field
5.4 Self-Potential
5.5 Resistivity
References
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Algorithms for Combined 3D Modeling of Gravity and Magnetic Fields
6.1 Analytical Expressions of First and Second Derivatives of Gravity Potential for 3D Bodies
6.1.1 First Derivatives
6.1.2 Second Derivatives
6.1.3 Analytical Expressions of the First and Second Derivatives of Gravity Potential for Bodies Unlimited along the Strike
6.1.4 Analytical Expressions of the First and Second Derivatives of Gravity Potential for Semi-Infinite Bodies
6.2 Computation of Gravity Field Reductions
6.2.1 Computation of Gravity Field Reductions
6.3 Expressions for Simultaneous Computing Gravity and Magnetic Fields
6.3.1 A Brief Mathematical Background
6.3.2 Expressions for Simultaneous Computing Gravitational and Magnetic Fields of Anomalous Bodies
References
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Methodology of 3-D Combined Gravity–Magnetic Modeling
7.1 Indicator Space Formation for Potential Fields
7.1.1 Direct Problem Solution
7.1.2 Statistical Analysis of Terrain Corrections
7.1.3 Reduction to Line
7.2 Main Principles of Interactive Modeling
7.2.1 Combined Gravity–Magnetic Analysis
7.2.2 Preferences of Integrated Interpretation
7.2.3 Importance of Paleomagnetic Data Reconstructions
7.3 Some Prerequisites for 3-D Combined Gravity-Magnetic Modeling
7.3.1 Short Description of the Employed Algorithm
7.3.2 Description of Interpretation Methodology
References
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Studying Deep Structure
8.1 Requirements for Development of Preliminary Physical-Geological Model
8.2 Use of Petrophysical Data
8.3 Calculation of Curie Discontinuity
8.4 Some Examples of Deep Structure Examination
8.4.1 South Caucasus
8.4.1.1 Brief geological–geophysical background
8.4.1.2 Integrated physical–geological model of the Saatly Superdeep borehole
8.4.1.3 3-D combined gravity-magnetic data modeling along profiles
8.4.1.3.1 3-D magnetic-gravity modeling along profile 1
8.4.1.3.2 Results of 3-D combined interactive modeling along profile A-B (profiles 10, 3, and 4)
8.4.1.3.3 Results of 3-D combined interactive modeling along profiles 2, 5, and 6
8.4.1.4 Analysis of satellite-derived gravity in the Caspian Sea
8.4.2 Eastern Mediterranean
8.4.2.1 Eastern Mediterranean: a brief review
8.4.2.2 3-D combined gravity-magnetic modeling
8.4.2.3 Analysis of satellite-derived gravity data
8.4.3 African–Arabian Region
8.4.3.1 Brief geological–geophysical overview
8.4.3.2 Analysis of satellite-derived gravity data
8.4.3.3 Data analysis
8.4.3.4 Some applied aspects and further analysis
8.4.3.5 Development of a new tectonic map for the African-Arabian region
References
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Searching for Economic Minerals
9.1 Hydrocarbon Deposits
9.1.1 Gravity
9.1.2 Magnetics
9.1.3 Thermics
9.1.4 Resistivity and Self-Potential
9.1.5 Integrated Analysis
9.2 Ore Deposits
9.2.1 Gravity
9.2.2 Magnetics
9.2.3 Thermics
9.2.4 Self-Potential
9.2.5 Integrated Investigations
9.3 Other Kinds of Deposits
9.3.1 Yakutian Diamond Province (Siberia, Russia)
9.3.2 Makhtesh Ramon Complex Ore Deposit (Northern Negev, Israel)
9.4 Underground Geophysics
9.4.1 Gravity
9.4.2 Magnetics
9.4.3 Temperature Survey
9.4.4 Self-Potential Survey
9.4.5 Examples of Integrated Underground Observations
References
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Localization and Monitoring of Water Reserves; Mapping of Water Basins
10.1 Localization of Water Horizons and Water Flow Direction
10.2 Estimation of Water Contamination
10.3 Water Horizon Monitoring
10.4 Combined Geophysical Mapping of Water Basins: Implementation for the Sea of Galilee
10.4.1 Sea of Galilee: A Very Brief Outlook
10.4.2 Geological Setting
10.4.3 Magnetic Data Analysis: Quantitative Interpretation and 3D Modeling
10.4.4 Some Paleomagnetic Characteristics of the Basalts Around and in the Sea
10.4.5 Integrated Analysis of Spatial Location of Basaltic Formations
References
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Environmental Geophysics
11.1 Karst Terrane Localization
11.1.1 Gravity
11.1.1.1 Some conventional cases
11.1.1.2 Computation of the 3D gravity effect from models of sinkholes occurring in the Dead Sea area
11.1.1.2.1 Computation of the 3D gravity effect from the sinkhole PGM.
11.1.1.2.2 Computation of the 3D gravity effect from the DST.
11.1.1.2.3 Results of the different algorithms to eliminate regional trends
11.1.1.2.4 Removing regional gravity trend in the area of Ghor Al-Haditha, eastern coastal plain of the Dead Sea (Jordan)
11.1.2 Magnetics
11.1.3 Resistivity
11.1.4 Self-Potential
11.1.5 Temperature
11.1.6 Development of Diffusion Maps for Karst Localization
11.1.6.1 Short description of the applied methodology
11.1.6.2 Gravity and magnetic data processing
11.1.6.3 Extraction of characteristic features using wavelet packet transforms
11.1.6.4 Reduction of dimensionality and obtained results
11.2 Rockslide Localization
11.3 Examination of Mud Volcanos
11.4 Perspectives of Unmanned Geophysical Surveys and Monitoring
References
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Gravity-Magnetic Moon–Sun Influence to Environment
12.1 Brief Review of Moon–Sun Effects
12.2 Previous Catastrophe Prediction Methodologies: A Brief Review
12.2.1 Climate Change
12.2.2 Dangerous Geodynamic Events at a Depth (Earthquakes)
12.2.3 Droughts
12.3 Central American Drought: Analysis of Nonstochastic Periodical Component
12.3.1 Tornado Season
12.3.2 Hurricanes
12.4 US Tornado Season (EF3–EF5 March to August): A Proposed Predictive Model
12.4.1 2013 Oklahoma Super Tornado: Was It Predictable?
12.5 Hurricanes: A Simple Short-Term Predictive Model
12.6 Estimation of the Proposed Geocorrelation Model
References
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Monitoring of Dangerous Geodynamic Events
13.1 Magnetic Field
13.2 Gravity Field
13.3 Thermal Field
13.4 Resistivity
13.5 Self-Potential
References
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Archaeological Geophysics
14.1 Underground Ancient Caves
14.1.1 Model of Underground Cave: Magnetic Method
14.1.2 Model of Underground Cave: Gravity Method
14.1.3 Model of Closely Occurring Underground Caves: Gravity Method
14.1.4 Model of Underground Cave for the Beit Shemesh Area (Central Israel): Gravity Method
14.1.5 Analysis of SP Anomaly over the “Big Room” (USA)
14.1.6 Analysis of SP Anomalies over Caves in the Sha'ar HaGolan (Northern Israel)
14.2 Ancient Garbage Accumulations
14.2.1 Magnetic Ivestigations in Ashqelon Marina (Southern Israel)
14.2.2 Magnetic Investigations in Nahal-Zehora-II (Northern Israel)
14.3 Remains of Fortresses, Walls, and Cemeteries
14.3.1 Nahal Hagit Site (Northern Israel): Magnetic Data Analysis
14.3.2 Munhata Site (Northern Israel): Magnetic Data Analysis
14.3.3 Tel 'Ein Gev Site, Casemate Wall of the Hellenistic Period (Northern Israel): Magnetic and ERT Data Analysis
14.3.4 Banias Site (Northern Israel): Magnetic and SP Data Analysis
14.3.5 Site of Yodefat (Northern Israel): Magnetic Method
14.3.6 Ksiaz Castle, Lower Silesia, Poland: Thermal Data Analysis
14.3.7 Examination of Buried Walls at Verulamium (Hertfordshire, Great Britain): Thermal Method
14.3.8 Site of Tel Afek (Central Israel): Resistivity
14.4 Ancient Roads and Aqueducts
14.4.1 Site of Beit Guvrin II (Central Israel): Magnetic Method
14.4.2 Tel Megiddo Sites: Preferences of Two-Level Gravity Observations
14.5 Areas of Ancient Metallurgy
14.5.1 Site of Tel Kara Hadid (Southern Israel): Magnetic Method
14.6 Egyptian Pyramids
14.7 Caucasian Dolmens
14.8 Areas of Recent and Ancient Battles
14.9 Marine Archaeogeophysics
14.10 Remote Operated Vehicle and Archaeogeophysics
14.11 Analysis of Potential Field Temporal Variations in Archaeogeophysics
14.11.1 Classification of Archaeological Targets by the Use of Temporal Magnetic Variations Examination
14.11.2 Advanced Analysis of Thermal Data Variations Observed in Subsurface Wells can Unmask the Ancient Climate
14.12 Integrated Analysis
14.12.1 Some General Considerations
14.12.2 Integrated Analysis on the Basis of Informational Approach
References
Index
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