General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Cover
FES-2
FES-3
FES-4
Title
Statement
Copyright
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Ch 1: Basic Concepts About Matter
Ch 1: Chapter Outline
Ch 1: Introduction
1-1: Chemistry: The Study of Matter
1-2: Physical States of Matter
1-3: Properties of Matter
1-4: Changes in Matter
1-5: Pure Substances and Mixtures
1-6: Elements and Compounds
1-7: Discovery and Abundance of the Elements
1-8: Names and Chemical Symbols of the Elements
1-9: Atoms and Molecules
1-10: Chemical Formulas
Ch 1: Concepts to Remember
Ch 1: Exercises and Problems
Ch 2: Measurements in Chemistry
Ch 2: Chapter Outline
Ch 2: Introduction
2-1: Measurement Systems
2-2: Metric System Units
2-3: Exact and Inexact Numbers
2-4: Uncertainty in Measurement and Significant Figures
2-5: Significant Figures and Mathematical Operations
2-6: Scientific Notation
2-7: Conversion Factors
2-8: Dimensional Analysis
2-9: Density
2-10: Temperature Scales
Ch 2: Concepts to Remember
Ch 2: Exercises and Problems
Ch 3: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Ch 2: Chapter Outline
Ch 2: Introduction
3-1: Internal Structure of an Atom
3-2: Atomic Number and Mass Number
3-3: Isotopes and Atomic Masses
3-4: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
3-5: Metals and Nonmetals
3-6: Electron Arrangements Within Atoms
3-7: Electron Configurations and Orbital Diagrams
3-8: The Electronic Basis for the Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
3-9: Classification of the Elements
Ch 3: Concepts to Remember
Ch 3: Exercises and Problems
Ch 4: Chemical Bonding: The Ionic Bond Model
Ch 4: Chapter Outline
Ch 4: Introduction
4-1: Chemical Bonds
4-2: Valence Electrons and Lewis Symbols
4-3: The Octet Rule
4-4: The Ionic Bond Model
4-5: The Sign and Magnitude of Ionic Charge
4-6: Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds
4-7: Chemical Formulas for Ionic Compounds
4-8: The Structure of Ionic Compounds
4-9: Recognizing and Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
4-10: Polyatomic Ions
4-11: Chemical Formulas and Names for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
Ch 4: Concepts to Remember
Ch 4: Exercises and Problems
Ch 5: Chemical Bonding: The Covalent Bond Model
Ch 5: Chapter Outline
Ch 5: Introduction
5-1: The Covalent Bond Model
5-2: Lewis Structures for Molecular Compounds
5-3: Single, Double, and Triple Covalent Bonds
5-4: Valence Electrons and Number of Covalent Bonds Formed
5-5: Coordinate Covalent Bonds
5-6: Systematic Procedures for Drawing Lewis Structures
5-7: Bonding in Compounds with Polyatomic Ions Present
5-8: Molecular Geometry
5-9: Electronegativity
5-10: Bond Polarity
5-11: Molecular Polarity
5-12: Recognizing and Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
Ch 5: Concepts to Remember
Ch 5: Exercises and Problems
Ch 6: Chemical Calculations: Formula Masses, Moles, and Chemical Equations
Ch 6: Chapter Outline
Ch 6: Introduction
6-1: Formula Masses
6-2: The Mole: A Counting Unit for Chemists
6-3: The Mass of a Mole
6-4: Chemical Formulas and the Mole Concept
6-5: The Mole and Chemical Calculations
6-6: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
6-7: Chemical Equations and the Mole Concept
6-8: Chemical Calculations Using Chemical Equations
6-9: Yields: Theoretical, Actual, and Percent
Ch 6: Concepts to Remember
Ch 6: Exercises and Problems
Ch 7: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
Ch 7: Chapter Outline
Ch 7: Introduction
7-1: The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter
7-2: Kinetic Molecular Theory and Physical States
7-3: Gas Law Variables
7-4: Boyle’s Law: A Pressure–Volume Relationship
7-5: Charles’s Law: A Temperature–Volume Relationship
7-6: The Combined Gas Law
7-7: The Ideal Gas Law
7-8: Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
7-9: Changes of State
7-10: Evaporation of Liquids
7-11: Vapor Pressure of Liquids
7-12: Boiling and Boiling Point
7-13: Intermolecular Forces in Liquids
Ch 7: Concepts to Remember
Ch 7: Exercises and Problems
Ch 8: Solutions
Ch 8: Chapter Outline
Ch 8: Introduction
8-1: Characteristics of Solutions
8-2: Solubility
8-3: Solution Formation
8-4: Solubility Rules
8-5: Percent Concentration Units
8-6: Molarity Concentration Unit
8-7: Dilution
8-8: Colloidal Dispersions and Suspensions
8-9: Colligative Properties of Solutions
8-10: Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
Ch 8: Concepts to Remember
Ch 8: Exercises and Problems
Ch 9: Chemical Reactions
Ch 9: Chapter Outline
Ch 9: Introduction
9-1: Types of Chemical Reactions
9-2: Redox and Nonredox Chemical Reactions
9-3: Terminology Associated with Redox Processes
9-4: Collision Theory and Chemical Reactions
9-5: Exothermic and Endothermic Chemical Reactions
9-6: Factors That Influence Chemical Reaction Rates
9-7: Chemical Equilibrium
9-8: Equilibrium Constants
9-9: Altering Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châtelier’s Principle
Ch 9: Concepts to Remember
Ch 9: Exercises and Problems
Ch 10: Acids, Bases, and Salts
Ch 10: Chapter Outline
Ch 10: Introduction
10-1: Arrhenius Acid–Base Theory
10-2: Brønsted–Lowry Acid–Base Theory
10-3: Mono-, Di-, and Triprotic Acids
10-4: Strengths of Acids and Bases
10-5: Ionization Constants for Acids and Bases
10-6: Salts
10-7: Acid–Base Neutralization Chemical Reactions
10-8: Self-Ionization of Water
10-9: The pH Concept
10-10: The pKa Method for Expressing Acid Strength
10-11: The pH of Aqueous Salt Solutions
10-12: Buffers
10-13: The Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation
10-14: Electrolytes
10-15: Equivalents and Milliequivalents of Electrolytes
10-16: Acid–Base Titrations
Ch 10: Concepts to Remember
Ch 10: Exercises and Problems
Ch 11: Nuclear Chemistry
Ch 11: Chapter Outline
Ch 11: Introduction
11-1: Stable and Unstable Nuclides
11-2: The Nature of Radioactive Emissions
11-3: Equations for Radioactive Decay
11-4: Rate of Radioactive Decay
11-5: Transmutation and Bombardment Reactions
11-6: Radioactive Decay Series
11-7: Detection of Radiation
11-8: Chemical Effects of Radiation
11-9: Biochemical Effects of Radiation
11-10: Sources of Radiation Exposure
11-11: Nuclear Medicine
11-12: Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
11-13: Nuclear and Chemical Reactions Compared
Ch 11: Concepts to Remember
Ch 11: Exercises and Problems
Ch 12: Saturated Hydrocarbons
Ch 12: Chapter Outline
Ch 12: Introduction
12-1: Organic and Inorganic Compounds
12-2: Bonding Characteristics of the Carbon Atom
12-3: Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbon Derivatives
12-4: Alkanes: Acyclic Saturated Hydrocarbons
12-5: Structural Formulas
12-6: Alkane Isomerism
12-7: Conformations of Alkanes
12-8: IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkanes
12-9: Line-Angle Structural Formulas for Alkanes
12-10: Classification of Carbon Atoms
12-11: Branched-Chain Alkyl Groups
12-12: Cycloalkanes
12-13: IUPAC Nomenclature for Cycloalkanes
12-14: Isomerism in Cycloalkanes
12-15: Sources of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
12-16: Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
12-17: Chemical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
12-18: Halogenated Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
Ch 12: Concepts to Remember
Ch 12: Exercises and Problems
Ch 13: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Ch 13: Chapter Outline
Ch 13: Introduction
13-1: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
13-2: Characteristics of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes
13-3: Nomenclature for Alkenes and Cycloalkenes
13-4: Line-Angle Structural Formulas for Alkenes
13-5: Constitutional Isomerism in Alkenes
13-6: Cis–Trans Isomerism in Alkenes
13-7: Naturally Occurring Alkenes
13-8: Physical Properties of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes
13-9: Preparation of Alkenes
13-10: Chemical Reactions of Alkenes
13-11: Polymerization of Alkenes: Addition Polymers
13-12: Alkynes
13-13: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
13-14: Nomenclature for Aromatic Hydrocarbons
13-15: Properties of and Sources for Aromatic Hydrocarbons
13-16: Fused-Ring Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Ch 13: Concepts to Remember
Ch 13: Exercises and Problems
Ch 14: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Ch 14: Chapter Outline
Ch 14: Introduction
14-1: Bonding Characteristics of Oxygen Atoms in Organic Compounds
14-2: Structural Characteristics of Alcohols
14-3: Nomenclature for Alcohols
14-4: Isomerism for Alcohols
14-5: Important Commonly Encountered Alcohols
14-6: Physical Properties of Alcohols
14-7: Preparation of Alcohols
14-8: Classification of Alcohols
14-9: Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
14-10: Structural Characteristics of Phenols
14-11: Nomenclature for Phenols
14-12: Physical and Chemical Properties of Phenols
14-13: Occurrence of and Uses for Phenols
14-14: Structural Characteristics of Ethers
14-15: Nomenclature for Ethers
14-16: Occurrence of and Uses for Ethers
14-17: Isomerism for Ethers
14-18: Physical and Chemical Properties of Ethers
14-19: Cyclic Ethers
14-20: Thiols: Sulfur Analogs of Alcohols
14-21: Thioethers: Sulfur Analogs of Ethers
Ch 14: Concepts to Remember
Ch 14: Exercises and Problems
Ch 15: Aldehydes and Ketones
Ch 15: Chapter Outline
Ch 15: Introduction
15-1: The Carbonyl Group
15-2: Compounds Containing a Carbonyl Group
15-3: The Aldehyde and Ketone Functional Groups
15-4: Nomenclature for Aldehydes
15-5: Nomenclature for Ketones
15-6: Isomerism for Aldehydes and Ketones
15-7: Selected Common Aldehydes and Ketones
15-8: Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
15-9: Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
15-10: Oxidation and Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
15-11: Reaction of Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols
15-12: Sulfur-Containing Carbonyl Groups
Ch 15: Concepts to Remember
Ch 15: Exercises and Problems
Ch 16: Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Other Acid Derivatives
Ch 16: Chapter Outline
Ch 16: Introduction
16-1: Structure of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
16-2: IUPAC Nomenclature for Carboxylic Acids
16-3: Common Names for Carboxylic Acids
16-4: Polyfunctional Carboxylic Acids
16-5: Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
16-6: Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
16-7: Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
16-8: Carboxylic Acid Salts
16-9: Carboxylic Acid Decarboxylation Reaction
16-10: Structure of Esters
16-11: Preparation of Esters
16-12: Nomenclature for Esters
16-13: Selected Common Esters
16-14: Isomerism for Carboxylic Acids and Esters
16-15: Physical Properties of Esters
16-16: Chemical Reactions of Esters
16-17: Sulfur Analogs of Esters
16-18: Polyesters
16-19: Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides
16-20: Esters and Anhydrides of Inorganic Acids
Ch 16: Concepts to Remember
Ch 16: Exercises and Problems
Ch 17: Amines and Amides
Ch 17: Chapter Outline
Ch 17: Introduction
17-1: Bonding Characteristics of Nitrogen Atoms in Organic Compounds
17-2: Structure and Classification of Amines
17-3: Nomenclature for Amines
17-4: Isomerism for Amines
17-5: Physical Properties of Amines
17-6: Basicity of Amines
17-7: Reaction of Amines with Acids
17-8: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines
17-9: Heterocyclic Amines
17-10: Selected Biochemically Important Amines
17-11: Alkaloids
17-12: Structure and Classification of Amides
17-13: Nomenclature for Amides
17-14: Selected Amides and Their Uses
17-15: Basicity of Amides
17-16: Physical Properties of Amides
17-17: Preparation of Amides
17-18: Hydrolysis of Amides
17-19: Polyamides and Polyurethanes
Ch 17: Concepts to Remember
Ch 17: Exercises and Problems
Ch 18: Carbohydrates
Ch 18: Chapter Outline
Ch 18: Introduction
18-1: Biochemistry—An Overview
18-2: Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates
18-3: Classification of Carbohydrates
18-4: Chirality: Handedness in Molecules
18-5: Stereoisomerism: Enantiomers and Diastereomers
18-6: Designating Handedness Using Fischer Projection Formulas
18-7: Properties of Enantiomers
18-8: Classification of Monosaccharides
18-9: Biochemically Important Monosaccharides
18-10: Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides
18-11: Haworth Projection Formulas
18-12: Reactions of Monosaccharides
18-13: Disaccharides
18-14: Oligosaccharides
18-15: General Characteristics of Polysaccharides
18-16: Storage Polysaccharides
18-17: Structural Polysaccharides
18-18: Acidic Polysaccharides
18-19: Dietary Considerations and Carbohydrates
18-20: Glycolipids and Glycoproteins: Cell Recognition
Ch 18: Concepts to Remember
Ch 18: Exercises and Problems
Ch 19: Lipids
Ch 19: Chapter Outline
Ch 19: Introduction
19-1: Structure and Classification of Lipids
19-2: Types of Fatty Acids
19-3: Physical Properties of Fatty Acids
19-4: Energy-Storage Lipids: Triacylglycerols
19-5: Dietary Considerations and Triacylglycerols
19-6: Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols
19-7: Membrane Lipids: Phospholipids
19-8: Membrane Lipids: Sphingoglycolipids
19-9: Membrane Lipids: Cholesterol
19-10: Cell Membranes
19-11: Emulsification Lipids: Bile Acids
19-12: Messenger Lipids: Steroid Hormones
19-13: Messenger Lipids: Eicosanoids
19-14: Protective-Coating Lipids: Biological Waxes
19-15: Saponifiable and Nonsaponifiable Lipids
Ch 19: Concepts to Remember
Ch 19: Exercises and Problems
Ch 20: Proteins
Ch 20: Chapter Outline
Ch 20: Introduction
20-1: Characteristics of Proteins
20-2: Amino Acids: The Building Blocks for Proteins
20-3: Essential Amino Acids
20-4: Chirality and Amino Acids
20-5: Acid–Base Properties of Amino Acids
20-6: Cysteine: A Chemically Unique Amino Acid
20-7: Peptides
20-8: Biochemically Important Small Peptides
20-9: General Structural Characteristics of Proteins
20-10: Primary Structure of Proteins
20-11: Secondary Structure of Proteins
20-12: Tertiary Structure of Proteins
20-13: Quaternary Structure of Proteins
20-14: Protein Hydrolysis
20-15: Protein Denaturation
20-16: Protein Classification Based on Shape
20-17: Protein Classification Based on Function
20-18: Glycoproteins
20-19: Lipoproteins
Ch 20: Concepts to Remember
Ch 20: Exercises and Problems
Ch 21: Enzymes and Vitamins
Ch 21: Chapter Outline
Ch 21: Introduction
21-1: General Characteristics of Enzymes
21-2: Enzyme Structure
21-3: Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes
21-4: Models of Enzyme Action
21-5: Enzyme Specificity
21-6: Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity
21-7: Extremozymes
21-8: Enzyme Inhibition
21-9: Regulation of Enzyme Activity
21-10: Prescription Drugs That Inhibit Enzyme Activity
21-11: Medical Uses of Enzymes
21-12: General Characteristics of Vitamins
21-13: Water-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin C
21-14: Water-Soluble Vitamins: The B Vitamins
21-15: Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Ch 21: Concepts to Remember
Ch 21: Exercises and Problems
Ch 22: Nucleic Acids
Ch 22: Chapter Outline
Ch 22: Introduction
22-1: Types of Nucleic Acids
22-2: Nucleotides: Structural Building Blocks for Nucleic Acids
22-3: Nucleotide Formation
22-4: Primary Nucleic Acid Structure
22-5: The DNA Double Helix
22-6: Replication of DNA Molecules
22-7: Overview of Protein Synthesis
22-8: Ribonucleic Acids
22-9: Transcription: RNA Synthesis
22-10: The Genetic Code
22-11: Anticodons and tRNA Molecules
22-12: Translation: Protein Synthesis
22-13: Mutations
22-14: Nucleic Acids and Viruses
22-15: Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering
22-16: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
Ch 22: Concepts to Remember
Ch 22: Exercises and Problems
Ch 23: Biochemical Energy Production
Ch 23: Chapter Outline
Ch 23: Introduction
23-1: Metabolism
23-2: Metabolism and Cell Structure
23-3: Important Nucleotide-Containing Compounds in Metabolic Pathways
23-4: Important Carboxylate Ions in Metabolic Pathways
23-5: High-Energy Phosphate Compounds
23-6: An Overview of Biochemical Energy Production
23-7: The Citric Acid Cycle
23-8: The Electron Transport Chain
23-9: Oxidative Phosphorylation
23-10: ATP Production for the Common Metabolic Pathway
23-11: Non-ETC Oxygen-Consuming Reactions
23-12: B Vitamins and the Common Metabolic Pathway
Ch 23: Concepts to Remember
Ch 23: Exercises and Problems
Ch 24: Carbohydrate Metabolism
Ch 24: Chapter Outline
Ch 24: Introduction
24-1: Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
24-2: Glycolysis
24-3: Fates of Pyruvate
24-4: ATP Production from the Complete Oxidation of Glucose
24-5: Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
24-6: Gluconeogenesis
24-7: Terminology for Glucose Metabolic Pathways
24-8: The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
24-9: Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
24-10: B Vitamins and Carbohydrate Metabolism
Ch 24: Concepts to Remember
Ch 24: Exercises and Problems
Ch 25: Lipid Metabolism
Ch 25: Chapter Outline
Ch 25: Introduction
25-1: Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
25-2: Triacylglycerol Storage and Mobilization
25-3: Glycerol Metabolism
25-4: Oxidation of Fatty Acids
25-5: ATP Production from Fatty Acid Oxidation
25-6: Ketone Bodies and Ketogenesis
25-7: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids: Lipogenesis
25-8: Relationships Between Lipogenesis and Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates
25-9: Fate of Fatty-Acid-Generated Acetyl CoA
25-10: Relationships Between Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism
25-11: B Vitamins and Lipid Metabolism
Ch 25: Concepts to Remember
Ch 25: Exercises and Problems
Ch 26: Protein Metabolism
Ch 26: Chapter Outline
Ch 26: Introduction
26-1: Protein Digestion and Absorption
26-2: Amino Acid Utilization
26-3: Transamination and Oxidative Deamination
26-4: The Urea Cycle
26-5: Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons
26-6: Amino Acid Biosynthesis
26-7: Hemoglobin Catabolism
26-8: Proteins and the Element Sulfur
26-9: Interrelationships Among Metabolic Pathways
26-10: B Vitamins and Protein Metabolism
Ch 26: Concepts to Remember
Ch 26: Exercises and Problems
Answers to Selected Exercises
Index/Glossary
BES-6
BES-7