Gender-Based Violence: A Comprehensive Guide

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This book provides comprehensive information about various types of gender-based violence (GBV) and abuse. GBV is a major public health and social problem that affects people, mostly women and girls, in every community, culture, and country. GBV refers to the violence or a pattern of abusive behaviours including physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling behaviours resulting in physical, sexual or psychological harm. It is associated with severe physical and psychological consequences, and can result in death.   .

GBV can take many forms including female foeticide, infanticide, female genital mutilation, child marriage, grooming, trafficking, forced marriage, dowry-     related abuse, honour-based violence, rape, sexual assault, stalking, harassment, street violence, abuse against older people, domestic violence, and intimate partner violence. It can take place in public, private and virtual settings, and within the context of intimate, familial, community and institutional relationships. While all these forms affect girls and women more, boys and men can also be exposed of various forms of violence including child abuse, sexual abuse, wartime violence, corporal punishment to name a few.

This book takes a unique approach and presents an overview of ​gender-based violence and related practices throughout the world. The book is written in a     user friendly manner in order to be accessible as an introductory text to a wide range of readers including students, practitioners and researchers. Edited by a public health academic and a social worker, with contributions representing a wide range of disciplines, the book will appeal to many professions including nurses, midwives, social care and social work practitioners, police, teachers, psychologists, and sociologists.    


Author(s): Parveen Ali, Michaela M. Rogers
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 620
City: Cham

Foreword
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
Part I: Introduction
Understanding Gender-Based Violence
Introduction
What Is Gender?
Gender-Based Violence
A Note on Terminology
Victims or Survivors
Forms of GBV
Gender-Based Violence and Power, Privilege and Positionality
References
Theorising Gender-Based Violence
Introduction
Theorising Gender-Based Violence
Biological Perspectives
Head Injury
Neurotransmitters
Other Biological Causes
Psychological Perspectives
Psychopathology
Attachment Theory
Adult Attachment, Relationship Behaviours and Communication Skills
Feminist Perspectives
The Cycle of Violence
Learned Helplessness
Coercive Control
Power and Control
Patriarchy and Heteropatriarchy
Sociological Perspectives
Social Learning Theory
Resource Theory
Social–Ecological Theory
Social Norms
References
Part II: Child Abuse
Child Sexual Exploitation
Introduction
Defining and Understanding CSE
Key Theories and Concepts
Prevalence of Child Sexual Exploitation
International Comparisons
Vulnerability Factors
Impacts
Physical Impacts
Psychological Impacts
Impacts on Interpersonal Relationships
Socio-Economic Impacts
Policy and Practice Implication: UK Contexts
Identifying and Responding to CSE Victims
References
Childhood Sexual Abuse
Introduction
Implications of CSA
CSA and the Media
CSA and Legislation
Financial Burden of CSA
Common Features of CSA: Recognition, Blame, and Shame
Disclosure of CSA
Psychiatric Services
Statutory Vs. Voluntary Services
Services and Gender
References
Part III: Intimate Partner Violence
Forced Marriage
Introduction
Child Marriage
Legal Frameworks: International
Consent
Legal Responses to Forced Marriage in the UK
Problems Associated with Uptake of Legislative Responses
Non-Legal Interventions
Impact of Forced Marriage
Gender and Forced Marriage
Key Policy, Practice and Research Recommendations
References
Intimate Partner Violence
Introduction
Types of IPV
Examples of Different Types of IPV
Prevalence of IPV
Health Impact of IPV
Implications for Policy, Practice and Research
References
Economic Abuse
Introduction
Economic Abuse: Conceptualisation, Forms and Prevalence
Historical Context
Impact of Economic Abuse
Barriers to Help-Seeking and Achieving Financial Security
Policy and Practice
Implications for Policy, Practice and Research
References
The Intersection Between Domestic Abuse, Substance Misuse and Mental Health Problems
Introduction
Definition and Types
The Intersection of Domestic Abuse, Substance Misuse and/or Mental Health Problems
Policy and Practice
Children and Young People
Domestic Abuse and Survivor-Centred Practices
References
Post-Separation and Divorce-Related Abuse
Introduction
Definition of Terms
Comparing Grounds for Divorce
Islamic Law and Divorce
Christianity and Divorce
Prevalence
Forms of Post-Separation and Divorce-Related Abuse
Post-Separation Economic Abuse
Child Contact as a Weapon of Abuse and Control
Domestic Homicide in Separating or Separated Couples
Risk Factors
Impact of Post-Separation and Divorce-Related Abuse
Implications for Research, Policy and Practice
References
Stalking
Introduction
Defining Stalking
Prevalence Rates
Target and Perpetrator Characteristics
Prior Relationship
Stalking Behaviours
Impacts of Stalking
Target Help-Seeking
Implications and Future Directions
References
Femicide
Introduction
Definitions and Terminology
Prevalence
Impacts on Families
Children of Murdered Women: The Hidden Victims of Femicide
Experiencing Trauma
Anger and Guilt
Fulfilment of Needs
Disruption in the Everyday Environment
Expressing Feelings
Stigma
Responding to Children Affected by Femicide
Femicide Risk Factors and Risk Assessment
Future Research: Improving the Evidence Base
References
Familicide as a Form of Abuse
Introduction
Key Theories and Concepts
International Comparisons
Categorising the Offence
Type 1: Perpetrator’s Crisis of Shame
Type 2: Perpetrator’s Crisis of Abandonment
Themes in Familicide
Depression or Other Mental Health Issues
Male Proprietariness
Type 1
Type 2
Premeditation
Lack of Individuation
Retaliation
Type 2
Familicide-Suicide as a Form of Abuse
References
Widowhood
Introduction
Gendered Differences in Widowhood Research
International Comparisons
The Customary Rituals for Widowhood
Customs in India
Nigerian Customs
African Widowhood Rites in the Phokwane Area
Customs Followed in Pakistan
Preventing Remarrying
Grieving Periods and Probation from Leaving Home
Struggles Over Land Ownership
The Concept of Widowhood in Islam
Policy and Practice Recommendations
Protection of Women’s Rights
Eradicating Harmful Traditions
Public Enlightenment Campaign
Writing of Wills and Family Inheritance
References
Part IV: Non-Partner Sexual Violence
Exploring Rape as a Gender-Based Crime
Introduction
Defining Rape
Consent: ‘No Means No’ or ‘Yes Means Yes’?
Prevalence
Issues with Underreporting
False Allegations
Motives for Rape
Risk and Protective Factors for Rape and Sexual Assault
Responding to Rape and Sexual Assault
References
Sexual Harassment: Breastfeeding, Design and the City
Introduction
Breastfeeding and the UK Public Realm
Street Harassment and the UK Public Realm
Cheer Up Luv as Form-Giving Action
Korantema, Asiyah, and Kelsey
References
Part V: Harmful Practices
Acid Attacks
Introduction
Definition and Types
Historical Context
Prevalence
Prevalence and Gender: An International Comparison
Explanatory Theories
Risk Factors
Impact
Policy and Practice
Implications for Policy, Practice and Research
References
Bride Abduction
Introduction
Types of Bride Abduction
Consensual Bride Abduction
Nonconsensual Abductions
Examples of Bride Abduction
Ala Kachuu
Ukuthwala
The Impacts of Bride Abduction
Understanding Bride Abduction
Bride Abduction as a Gendered Practice
Context
The Tradition/Rights Binary
Love and Marriage
Consent and Coercion
Legal Framework
Implications for Research, Policy and Practice
References
Colourism
Introduction
Historical Context
Risk Factors
Prevalence
International Comparison
The UK
Africa
South Asia
Impacts of Colourism
Implications for Education and Awareness Raising
References
Dowry-Related Abuse and Dowry Death
Introduction
Defining Dowry, Dowry-Related Abuse and Dowry Death
Prevalence
Impacts
Interventions for the Protection of Girls and Women from Dowry-Related Abuse
Role of Education
Role of Media
Role of Matchmaker
A Whole System Approach
References
Female Genital Mutilation
Introduction
Definition, Common Terminology and Types of FGM
The Global Prevalence of FGM
Sociocultural Contexts
Legislation and Policy
FGM Law in England and Wales
FGMPOs
Duty to Notify the Police of FGM
The Impact of FGM on Physical and Emotional Wellbeing
Physical Health
Emotional Health
Impacts, Coping and Resilience
Implications for Practice, Policy and Research
Health and Social Care Interventions
Therapeutic Interventions and Guidelines for Healthcare Professionals
Sociocultural Factors
Public Health
Public Health Approaches to the Prevention and Identification of Women and Children Who Have Undergone FGM
References
Honour Crimes
Introduction
Definition of the Concepts
Honour, Dishonour and Shame
Honour Crimes and Honour Killing
The Historical Context
Explanatory Theories
Prevalence
Impact
Implications for Policy, Practice and Research
References
Violence, Land and Gender: Exploring Connections
Introduction
Background
Gender, Land and Land Tenure
Land Titling
Landholding and IPV
GBV as an Impediment to Land Rights
Underlying Factors and Policy Implications
References
Menstruation and Gender-Based Violence
Introduction
Definitions and Types
Historical Context
Nepal: The Context
Menstruation and Impurity: The Basis of the Practice
Chhaupadi: Isolation and Vulnerability
Prevalence of Chhaupadi
The Experience of Chhaupadi
Legislation and Education
References
Spiritual Abuse and Gender-Based Violence
Introduction
Researching and Defining Spiritual Abuse
Spiritual Abuse Within Faith Settings
Spiritual Abuse Within the Family
Spiritual Abuse Within the Public Sphere
References
Wartime Violence and Intimate Partner Violence
Introduction
Historical Context
Explanatory Approaches
Prevalence Rates
Military Populations
Civilian Populations
Displaced Populations
Gender Differentials
Aetiologies, Risk Factors, and Predictors
Women’s Perceptions and Experiences
Intimate Partner Violence in the Civilian Population
Intimate Partner Violence in Displaced Populations
The Importance of Religious and Cultural Parameters
A Case Study with Policy Implications
Directions for Research and Practice
References
Part VI: Human Trafficking
Abuses Against Female Migrant Domestic Workers in the UK: An Intersectional Approach
Introduction
Context
Understanding Abuses Against Female MDWs: An Intersectional Approach
The Intersectional Abuses Against Female MDWs: The UK Case
Labour Exploitation
Withholding of Passports
Forced Confinement and Social Isolation
Physical and Sexual Abuse
Verbal and Physiological Abuse
References
Human Trafficking
Introduction
Defining Human Trafficking in International Law
International Context
The Journey into Trafficking and Causation
Limitations of Anti-trafficking Strategies
Immigration Restrictions Facilitating Trafficking
Protecting Worker’s Rights
The Root Causes of Trafficking
Impunity
References
Migration and Gender-Based Violence
Introduction
Defining Migration
Migration and Violence
Feminist Interventions in Migration Scholarship
Gender-Based Violence and Migration
Risk Factors
Language, Communication and Cultural Knowledge
Social Isolation, Shame and Stigma
Insecure Immigration Status
Poverty
Inadequate GBV Services
References
Sex Work and Sex Trafficking
Introduction
Background
Feminist Theorical Perspectives
International Contexts: Policy and Practice
References
Part VII: Institutional Violence
Obstetric Violence
Introduction
Definition and Terminology
Impact of Obstetric Violence
Types and Scope of Obstetric Violence
Historical Causes of Obstetric Violence
References
Pornography
Introduction
Pornography as Work
Pornography as Consumer Product
Theoretical Perspectives
References
Reproductive Coercion and Abuse
Introduction
What Is Reproductive Coercion and Abuse?
Definition
Perpetrators of Reproductive Coercion and Abuse
Prevalence of and Associations with RCA
Forms of Reproductive Coercion and Abuse Perpetrated by Intimate Partners
Preventing Use of Contraception
Contraceptive Sabotage
Non-consensual Condom Removal
Women’s Actions to Reassert Reproductive Autonomy by Contraceptive Use
Reproductive Coercion During Pregnancy
Coerced Continuation of a Pregnancy
Forced or Perpetrator-Induced Termination of a Pregnancy
Reproductive Coercion and Abuse Beyond the Intimate Partner
Control over Family Size by the Wider Family
Impact
Prevention, Detection, Education and Harm Reduction
Implications for Service Providers and Policymakers
Future Research
References
Workplace Harassment
Introduction
Defining and Explaining Workplace Harassment
Understanding the Key Terms
Impacts of Workplace Bullying
Who Are the Targets of Workplace Harassment?
Workplace Harassment: A Brief History
Power, Privilege, and Posturing: Theories of Workplace Harassment
Workplace Harassment and the Law in the UK
References
Part VIII: Identity Abuse
Domestic Violence and Abuse in LGBTQ+ Communities
Introduction
Who Are the LGBTQ+ Communities?
Definition
Explanations
DVA and LGBTQ+ Communities
Physical Abuse
Sexual Abuse
Psychological Abuse
International Comparison: Prevalence
Impacts
Risk and Protective Factors
Implications for Policy, Practice, and Research
References
Older Adult Mistreatment
Introduction
Definition and Types
Prevalence
Prevalence and Gender
International Comparison
Historical Context
Explanatory Theories
Risk Factors and Risk Management
Impact
Policy and Practice
Implications for Policy, Practice and Research
References
Violence Against Disabled People
Introduction
Historical Context
Violence and Disability
Violence Causes Impairment
Forms of Violence Against Disabled People
Prevalence
Contexts for Abuse
Power: An Underlying Cause of Violence Against Disabled People
Protection
Responding to Violence and Abuse
Violence Prevention
Service Delivery and Intervention
The Language of Vulnerability
References
Part IX: Digital and Technology-Facilitated Abuse
Digital Sexual Assault: Understanding the Non-Consensual Sharing of Sexual Images
Introduction
Definitions of DSA
Types of DSA
Prevalence
International Comparisons
Prevalence and Gender
Explanatory Theories
Impact
Policy and Practice
Implications for Research and Practice
References
Online Text-Based (Sexual) Abuse
Introduction
Definition and Types
The Scale and Context of TBSA
The Impact of TBSA
Law, Policy and Practice
International and Regional Policy
National Law, Policy and Practice in England and Wales
Offensive Textual Communications
Online Harms/Safety
Hate Crime
References
Technology-Facilitated Abuse
Introduction
Definitions and Explanations
Behaviours Constituting TFA
Prevalence of TFA
Impact of TFA
Implications for Policy, Practice and Research
References
Part X: Legal Responses
Domestic Violence: The Legislative Overview of South Asian Countries
Introduction
Domestic Violence Legislation in South Asian Countries
How Is Domestic Violence Defined in the Countries in South Asia?
The ‘Victim’ and ‘Perpetrator’ Under South Asian DV Laws
What Is the Scope of Protected Relationships under the Respective Laws of South Asian Countries?
What Types of Violence Does DV Encompass?
Comparative Analysis: DV Legislation Related to Victims and Perpetrators
Response to DV Victims and Perpetrators
Protection Order
Custody of Children
Residence Order
Compensation Order
References
The International Legal Framework on Gender-Based Violence
Introduction
Right to a Life Free of Violence
Right to Access to Justice
Right to Education
References
Part XI: Conclusion
Reflections and Way Forward
Introduction
Definitions and Explanations
Historical Context of GBV
Structural and Individual Influences
A Typology of Gender-Based Violence
Prevalence and Various Forms of Practice
Power, Privilege and Positionality
GBV, Pandemics, Crises and Natural Disasters
Lessons to be Learned in Adopting Best Practice: Using a Comprehensive Ecological Approach
Policy and Practice
References
Glossary