Cover
FUNDAMENTALS of SOLID MODELING AND GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
About the Authors
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction to Engineering Graphics Communication and the Product Lifecycle
Objectives and Overview,
1.1 Introduction,
1.2 The Importance of Graphics in the Design Process,
1.2.1 Visualization,
1.2.2 Communication,
1.2.3 Documentation,
1.3 The Engineering Design Process,
Design in Industry, Arc Second
1.3.1 Linear Engineering Design,
1.3.2 Model-Centered Engineering Design,
1.3.3 Collaborative Engineering,
1.3.4 Digital Product Representation,
1.3.5 Prototyping,
1.3.6 Productivity Tools,
1.3.7 PDM/Configuration Management,
1.3.8 Internet, Intranet, and Extranet,
1.3.9 Product Lifecycle Management (PLM),
1.3.10 e-Business,
1.3.11 Design Teams,
1.3.12 Members of Design Teams,
1.3.13 Types of Design Projects,
1.4 Ideation,
1.4.1 Problem Identification,
1.4.2 Preliminary Ideas Statement,
1.4.3 Preliminary Design,
1.4.4 Ideation Resources,
1.4.5 The Designer’s Notebook,
1.5 Refinement,
1.5.1 Modeling,
1.5.2 Computer Simulation and Animation,
1.5.3 Design Analysis,
1.6 Design Review Meetings,
1.7 Implementation,
1.7.1 Planning,
1.7.2 Production,
1.7.3 Marketing,
1.7.4 Finance,
1.7.5 Management,
1.7.6 Service,
1.7.7 Documentation,
1.8 Other Engineering Design Methods,
1.9 Standards and Conventions,
1.10 Graphics Communication Technologies,
1.10.1 Reverse Engineering,
1.10.2 Web-Based Communication,
1.10.3 Output Devices,
1.10.4 Storage Technologies,
1.10.5 Virtual Reality,
1.11 Summary,
Goals Review,
Questions for Review,
Further Reading,
Problems,
Chapter 2: Role of the 3-D Model in the Product Lifecycle
Objectives and Overview,
2.1 CAD Model as a Repository,
2.2 CAD Model as a Communications Medium,
2.3 CAD Model as a Validation Mechanism,
2.4 CAD Models as Input to Other PLM Processes,
2.5 Model-Based Enterprise,
2.5.1 Model-Based Definition (MBD),
2.5.2 Model-Based Engineering (MBe),
2.5.3 Model-Based Manufacturing (MBm),
2.5.4 Model-Based Sustainment (MBs),
2.5.5 MBD as the Conduit for Communication,
2.6 Multiple Enterprise Collaboration,
2.7 System-of-Systems Modeling for MBE,
2.7.1 Model-Based PLM,
2.7.2 Product and Systems Data-Driven Design,
2.8 Enabling Processes for MBE,
2.8.1 Configuration Management for MBE,
2.8.2 Shared Model Libraries,
2.8.3 Enterprise-Wide Process Management,
2.8.4 Enterprise-Wide Cost Management,
2.8.5 Model-Based Resource Management,
2.8.6 Model-Based, Real-Time Factory Operations,
2.8.7 Model-Based Distribution,
2.8.8 Information Delivery to Point of Use,
2.9 Summary,
Goals Review,
Questions for Review,
Further Reading,
Problems,
Chapter 3: Sketching and Basic Geometry Definition
Objectives and Overview,
3.1 Technical Sketching for Engineering Design,
3.1.1 Freehand Sketching Tools,
3.2 Sketching Technique,
3.2.1 Seeing, Imaging, Representing,
3.2.2 Contour Sketching,
Design in Industry, PUMA Footwear’s The Fass
3.2.3 Negative Space Sketching,
3.2.4 Upside-Down Sketching,
3.2.5 Straight Lines,
3.2.6 Curved Lines,
3.3 Proportions and Construction Lines,
3.4 Sketching Irregular Shapes with Complex Features and Detailed Text,
3.5 Sketching Using a Constraint-Based Modeling Software Program,
3.6 Comparing Manual Technical Sketches with Constraint-Based Sketching by Computer,
3.7 Preliminary Freehand Sketches and Legible Lettering,
3.8 Engineering Geometry,
3.9 Shape Description,
3.10 Coordinate Space,
3.10.1 Right-Hand Rule,
3.10.2 Polar Coordinates,
3.10.3 Cylindrical Coordinates,
3.10.4 Spherical Coordinates,
3.10.5 Absolute and Relative Coordinates,
3.10.6 World and Local Coordinate Systems,
3.11 Geometric Elements,
3.12 Points, Lines, Circles, and Arcs,
3.12.1 Points,
3.12.2 Lines,
3.12.3 Tangencies,
3.12.4 Circles,
3.13 Conic Curves,
3.13.1 Parabolas,
Dream High Tech Job Designing Bicycles for Women,
3.13.2 Hyperbolas,
3.13.3 Ellipses,
3.14 Freeform Curves,
3.14.1 Spline Curves,
3.14.2 Bezier and B-Spline Curves,
3.15 Constraining Profile Geometry for 3-D Modeling,
3.16 Angles,
3.17 Planes,
3.17.1 Planar Geometry,
3.18 Surfaces,
3.18.1 Ruled Surfaces,
3.18.2 Fractal Curves and Surfaces,
3.19 3-D Modeling Elements,
3.19.1 Wireframe Modeling,
3.19.2 Surface Modeling,
3.20 Summary,
Goals Review,
Questions for Review,
Further Reading,
Problems,
Chapter 4: Feature-Based Modeling
Objectives and Overview,
4.1 Model Definition,
4.2 Model Data Structures,
4.3 Constraint-Based Modeling,
4.3.1 Initial Planning,
4.3.2 Sources of Data,
4.3.3 Eventual Model Use,
4.3.4 Modeling Standards,
4.4 Model Planning,
4.5 Visualization for Design,
4.5.1 Problem Solving,
4.6 Solid Object Features,
4.7 Solid Object Visualization,
4.7.1 Combinations and Negative Solids,
4.7.2 Planar Surfaces,
4.7.3 Symmetry,
4.7.4 Surface Models (Developments),
4.8 Feature Definition,
4.8.1 Features from Generalized Sweeps,
4.8.2 Construction Geometry,
4.8.3 Sketching the Profile,
4.8.4 Completing the Feature Definition,
4.8.5 Feature Planning Strategies,
Dream High Tech Job Designing Snowboards,
4.9 Editing Part Features,
4.9.1 Understanding Feature Order,
4.9.2 Editing Feature Properties,
4.10 Duplicating Part Features,
4.11 Simplified Models,
4.12 Viewing the Part Model,
4.12.1 View Camera Operation,
4.12.2 View Camera Strategy,
4.13 Summary,
Goals Review,
Questions for Review,
Further Reading,
Problems,
Chapter 5: Introduction to Assembly Modeling
Objectives and Overview,
5.1 Assembly Modeling,
5.1.1 Overview of Component and Assembly Relationship,
5.1.2 Assembly Constraints,
5.1.3 Assemblies and Part Design in Context,
5.2 Product Structure Planning and Strategy,
5.2.1 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Design,
5.2.2 Strategic Modeling,
5.2.3 Flexible Representations of Assembly Models,
Design in Industry, Shaving Seconds from an Olympic Lid
5.3 Summary,
Goals Review,
Questions for Review,
Further Reading,
Problems,
Chapter 6: Product Manufacturing Information(PMI)
Objectives and Overview,
6.1 Dimensioning,
6.2 Size and Location Dimensions,
6.2.1 Terminology,
6.2.2 Basic Concepts,
6.2.3 Size Dimensions,
6.2.4 Location and Orientation Dimensions,
6.2.5 Coordinate Dimensions,
6.2.6 Standard Practices,
6.3 Tolerancing,
6.3.1 Interchangeability,
6.4 Tolerance Representation,
6.4.1 General Tolerances,
6.4.2 Limit Dimensions,
6.4.3 Plus and Minus Dimensions,
6.4.4 Single Limit Dimensions,
6.4.5 Important Terms,
6.4.6 Fit Types,
6.4.7 Fit Type Determination,
6.4.8 Tolerance Costs,
6.4.9 Functional Dimensioning,
6.4.10 Tolerance Stack-Up,
6.4.11 Metric Limits and Fits,
6.4.12 Standard Precision Fits: English Units,
6.5 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing,
6.6 GDT Symbols,
6.7 GDT Rule 1,
6.8 Maximum Material Condition,
6.8.1 Material Condition Symbols,
6.8.2 Departure from MMC,
6.8.3 Perfect Form at MMC,
6.8.4 Separation of Control Types,
6.9 Datums and Datum Features,
6.9.1 Datum Uses,
6.9.2 Datums and Assembly,
6.9.3 Datum Feature Control,
6.9.4 Datum Reference Frame,
6.9.5 Primary Datum,
6.9.6 Secondary and Tertiary Datums,
6.9.7 Datum Feature Symbols,
6.10 Geometric Controls,
6.10.1 Perfection,
6.10.2 Tolerance Zones,
6.10.3 Virtual Condition,
6.10.4 Form Controls,
6.10.5 Orientation Controls,
6.10.6 Line Profile,
6.10.7 Surface Profile,
6.10.8 Location Controls,
6.11 Tolerance Calculations,
6.11.1 Floating Fastener Tolerancing,
6.11.2 Fixed Fastener Tolerancing,
6.11.3 Hole Diameter Tolerancing,
6.12 Design Applications,
6.12.1 Five-Step GDT Process,
6.12.2 Application Example,
6.13 Model-Based Product Definition,
6.14 Summary,
Goals Review,
Questions for Review,
Problems,
Chapter 7: Standard Parts
Objectives and Overview,
7.1 Standard Parts,
7.2 Part Templates,
7.3 Part Families,
7.4 Threaded Fasteners,
7.4.1 Thread Terminology,
7.4.2 Thread Specifications: English System,
7.4.3 Form,
7.4.4 Series,
7.4.5 Class of Fit,
7.4.6 Thread Notes,
7.4.7 Thread Specifications: Metric System,
7.5 Standard Bolts, Studs, and Screws,
7.6 Nonthreaded Fasteners,
7.6.1 Pins,
7.6.2 Keys,
7.6.3 Rivets,
7.7 Springs,
7.8 Mechanisms,
7.8.1 Gears,
7.8.2 Cams,
7.8.3 Linkages,
7.8.4 Bearings,
7.9 Summary,
Goals Review,
Questions for Review,
Further Reading,
Problems,
Chapter 8: Data Management, Exchange, and Translation
Objectives and Overview,
8.1 Overview of PLM,
8.2 Overview of PDM and Change Management,
8.3 Relationship Between CAD and PDM,
8.4 Product Configuration,
8.5 CAD Metadata,
8.6 Job Roles/Permissions,
8.7 Long-Term Data Retention and Archiving,
8.8 Data Exchange and Derivative Models,
8.9 Summary,
Goals Review,
Questions for Review,
Further Reading,
Problems,
Chapter 9: Leveraging the 3-D Model in the Product Lifecycle
Objectives and Overview,
9.1 Application of Part Model Data,
9.1.1 Documentation,
9.1.2 Analysis,
9.2 Data Visualization in Engineering andDesign,
9.2.1 Data Visualization Elements,
9.2.2 Data Types,
9.2.3 Marks,
9.2.4 Encoding Data Variables,
9.2.5 Visualization Methods,
9.2.6 Visualizations for One Independent Variable,
9.2.7 Visualizations for Two Independent Variables,
9.2.8 Visualizations for Functional Relationships,
9.2.9 Object Rendering,
9.2.10 The Rendering Pipeline,
9.2.11 Visible Surface Determination,
9.2.12 Light Definition,
9.2.13 Basic Shading Techniques,
9.2.14 Advanced Shading Techniques,
9.2.15 Color Definition,
9.2.16 Surface Detail Definitions,
9.2.17 Information Integration with Text and Graphics,
9.2.18 Animation,
9.2.19 Hypermedia,
9.3 Supply Chain Communication,
9.4 Service and Sustainment,
9.5 Marketing Communications,
9.6 Engineering Visualization,
9.7 Recycling Specifications,
9.8 Regulations and Compliance,
9.9 Summary,
Goals Review,
Questions for Review,
Problems,
Chapter 10: Engineering Drawings from Parts and Assembly Models
Objectives and Overview,
10.1 Basic Concepts,
10.2 Working Drawings,
10.2.1 Detail Drawings,
10.2.2 Assembly Drawings,
10.2.3 Part Numbers,
10.2.4 Drawing Numbers,
10.2.5 Title Blocks,
10.2.6 Parts Lists,
10.2.7 Part Identification,
10.2.8 Revision Block,
10.2.9 Engineering Change Orders (ECO),
10.2.10 Scale Specifications,
10.2.11 Tolerance Specifications,
10.2.12 Zones,
10.2.13 Tabular Drawings,
10.2.14 Working Assembly Drawing,
10.3 Using CAD to Create a Working Drawing from a 3-D Model,
10.4 Projection Theory,
10.4.1 Line of Sight (LOS),
10.4.2 Plane of Projection,
10.4.3 Parallel versus Perspective Projection,
10.5 Multiview Projection Planes,
10.5.1 Frontal Plane of Projection,
10.5.2 Horizontal Plane of Projection,
10.5.3 Profile Plane of Projection,
10.5.4 Orientation of Views from Projection Planes,
10.6 The Six Principal Views,
10.6.1 Conventional View Placement,
10.6.2 First- and Third-Angle Projection,
10.6.3 Adjacent Views,
10.6.4 Related Views,
10.6.5 Central View,
10.6.6 Line Conventions,
10.7 Multiview Sketches,
10.7.1 One-View Sketches,
10.7.2 Two-View Sketches,
10.7.3 Three-View Sketches,
10.7.4 Multiviews from 3-D CAD Models,
10.8 View Selection,
10.9 Fundamental Views of Edges and Planes for Visualization,
10.9.1 Edges (Lines),
10.9.2 Principal Planes,
10.9.3 Inclined Planes,
10.9.4 Oblique Planes,
10.10 Multiview Representations for Sketches,
10.10.1 Points,
10.10.2 Planes,
10.10.3 Change of Planes (Edge),
10.10.4 Angles,
10.10.5 Curved Surfaces,
10.10.6 Holes,
10.10.7 Fillets, Rounds, Finished Surfaces, and Chamfers,
10.10.8 Runouts,
10.10.9 Intersecting Cylinders,
10.10.10 Cylinders Intersecting Prisms and Holes,
10.11 ANSI Standards for Multiview Drawings and Sketches,
10.11.1 Partial Views,
10.11.2 Revolution Conventions,
10.11.3 Removed Views,
10.12 Multiview Drawings Visualization,
10.12.1 Projection Studies,
10.12.2 Physical Model Construction,
10.12.3 Adjacent Areas,
10.12.4 Similar Shapes,
10.12.5 Surface Labeling,
10.12.6 Missing Lines,
10.12.7 Vertex Labeling,
10.12.8 Analysis by Solids,
10.12.9 Analysis by Surfaces,
10.13 Auxiliary View Projection Theory,
10.13.1 Fold-Line Method,
Design in Industry, Guitar Maker Sets New Standards with CAD/CAM
10.14 Auxiliary View Classifications,
10.14.1 Reference or Fold-Line Labeling Conventions,
10.14.2 Depth Auxiliary View,
10.14.3 Height Auxiliary View,
10.14.4 Partial Auxiliary Views,
10.14.5 Half Auxiliary Views,
10.14.6 Curves,
10.14.5 Auxiliary Views Using CAD,
10.15 Sectioning Basics,
10.15.1 CAD Technique,
10.15.2 Visualization of Section Views,
10.16 Cutting Plane Lines,
Design in Industry, The Design of the Leonard Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge
10.16.1 Placement of Cutting Plane Lines,
10.17 Section View Line Styles,
10.17.1 Material Symbols,
10.17.2 Sketching Techniques,
10.17.3 Outline Sections,
10.17.4 Thin-Wall Sections,
10.18 Section View Types,
10.18.1 Full Sections,
10.18.2 Half Sections,
10.18.3 Broken-Out Sections,
10.18.4 Revolved Sections,
10.18.5 Removed Sections,
10.18.6 Offset Sections,
10.18.7 Assembly Sections,
10.18.8 Auxiliary Sections,
10.19 Section View Conventions,
10.19.1 Ribs, Webs, and Other Thin Features,
10.19.2 Aligned Sections,
10.19.3 Conventional Breaks,
10.20 Section View CAD Techniques,
10.21 Advantages of Multiview Drawings,
Design in Industry, Scientific Visualization
10.22 Dimensioning Techniques,
Design in Industry, John Deere 8020 Series Tractor
10.22.1 The Dimensioning Process,
10.22.2 Dimensioning Guidelines,
10.22.3 ASME Standard Dimensioning Rules,
10.23 Standard Dimensioning Practices,
10.24 Detail Dimensioning,
10.24.1 Diameter versus Radius,
10.24.2 Holes and Blind Holes,
10.24.3 Counterbored Holes,
10.24.4 Spotfaces,
10.24.5 Countersinks,
10.24.6 Screw Threads,
10.24.7 Grooves,
10.24.8 Manufacturers’ Gages,
10.25 Axonometric Projection,
10.25.1 Axonometric Projection Classifications,
10.26 Isometric Assembly Drawings,
10.27 Oblique Projections,
10.27.1 Oblique Projection Theory,
10.27.2 Oblique Drawing Classifications,
10.27.3 Object Orientation Rules,
10.28 Perspective Projections,
10.29 Perspective Projection Terminology,
10.30 Perspective Projection Classifications,
10.31 Perspective Drawing Variables Selection,
10.32 Summary,
Goals Review,
Questions for Review,
Further Reading,
Problems,
Appendixes
1. Metric Equivalents,
2. Trigonometry Functions,
3. ANSI Running and Sliding Fits (RC),
4. ANSI Clearance Locational Fits (LC),
5. ANSI Transition Locational Fits (LT),
6. ANSI Interference Locational Fits (LN),
7. ANSI Force and Shrink Fits (FN),
8. Description of Preferred Metric Fits,
9. ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Metric Clearance Fits,
10. ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Transition and Interference Fits,
11. ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Clearance Fits,
12. ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Transition and Interference Fits,
13. Unified Standard Screw Thread Series,
14. Thread Sizes and Dimensions,
15. Tap Drill Sizes for American National Thread Forms,
16. Hex Cap Screws (Finished Hex Bolts),
17. Socket Head Cap Screws (1960 Series),
18. Square Head Bolts,
19. Hex Nuts and Hex Jam Nuts,
20. Square Nuts,
21. ANSI Metric Hex Jam Nuts and Heavy Hex Nuts,
22. ANSI Metric Hex Nuts, Styles 1 and 2,
23. ANSI Metric Slotted Hex Nuts and Hex Flange Nuts,
24. ANSI Square and Hexagon Machine Screw Nuts and Flat Head Machine Screws,
25. ANSI Slotted Flat Countersunk Head Cap Screws,
26. ANSI Slotted Round and Fillister Head Cap Screws,
27. Drill and Counterbore Sizes for Socket Head Cap Screws,
28. ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Head Cap Screws,
29. ANSI Hexagon Socket Head Shoulder Screws,
30. Drill and Counterbore Sizes for Metric Socket Head Cap Screws,
31. ANSI Socket Head Cap Screws—Metric Series,
32. ANSI Metric Hex Bolts,
33. ANSI Metric Hex Cap Screws,
34. ANSI Hex and Hex Flange Head Metric Machine Screws,
35. ANSI Slotted Flat Head Metric Machine Screws,
36. ANSI Slotted Headless Set Screws,
37. ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screws,
38. ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screw Optional Cup Points,
39. ANSI Square Head Set Screws,
40. ANSI Taper Pipe Threads (NPT),
41. ANSI Metric Plain Washers,
42. ANSI Type A Plain Washers—Preferred Sizes,
43. ANSI Type A Plain Washers—Additional Selected Sizes,
44. ANSI Type B Plain Washers,
45. ANSI Helical Spring Lock Washers,
46. ANSI Internal and External Tooth Lock Washers,
47. ANSI Keyseat Dimensions for Woodruff Keys,
48. ANSI Standard Woodruff Keys,
49. Key Size versus Shaft Diameter—Key Size and Keyway Depth,
50. ANSI Standard Plain and Gib Head Keys,
51. ANSI Chamfered, Square End, and Taper Pins,
52. ANSI Cotter and Clevis Pins,
53. Welding Symbols,
54. Patterns,
55. Geometric Characteristic Symbols,
Glossary
Index
