Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry

Cover
Contents in Brief
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: The Nature of Analytical Chemistry
1A: The Role of Analytical Chemistry
1B: Quantitative Analytical Methods
1C: A Typical Quantitative Analysis
1D: An Integral Role for Chemical Analysis: Feedback Control Systems
Part I: Quality Of Analytical Measurements
Chapter 2: Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry
2A: Some Important Units of Measurement
2B: Solutions and Their Concentrations
2C: Chemical Stoichiometry
Chapter 3: Precision and Accuracy of Chemical Analyses
3A: Some Important Terms
3B: Systematic Errors
Chapter 4: Random Errors in Chemical Analysis
4A: The Nature of Random Errors
4B: Statistical Treatment of Random Errors
4C: Standard Deviation of Calculated Results
4D: Reporting Computed Data
Chapter 5: Statistical Data Treatment and Evaluation
5A: Confidence Intervals
5B: Statistical Aids to Hypothesis Testing
5C: Analysis of Variance
5D: Detection of Gross Errors
Chapter 6: Sampling, Standardization, and Calibration
6A: Analytical Samples and Methods
6B: Sampling
6C: Automated Sample Handling
6D: Standardization and Calibration
6E: Figures of Merit for Analytical Methods
Part II: Chemical Equilibria
Chapter 7: Aqueous Solutions and Chemical Equilibria
7A: The Chemical Composition of Aqueous Solutions
7B: Chemical Equilibrium
7C: Buffer Solutions
Chapter 8: Effect of Electrolytes on Chemical Equilibria
8A: The Effect of Electrolytes on Chemical Equilibria
8B: Activity Coefficients
Chapter 9: Solving Equilibrium Problems for Complex Systems
9A: Solving Multiple-Equilibrium Problems Using a Systematic Method
9B: Calculating Solubilities by the Systematic Method
9C: Separation of Ions by Control of the Concentration of the Precipitating Agent
Part III: Classical Methods of Analysis
Chapter 10: Gravimetric Methods of Analysis
10A: Precipitation Gravimetry
10B: Calculation of Results from Gravimetric Data
10C: Applications of Gravimetric Methods
Chapter 11: Titrations in Analytical Chemistry
11A: Some Terms Used in Volumetric Titrations
11B: Standard Solutions
11C: Volumetric Calculations
11D: Gravimetric Titrations
11E: Titration Curves
Chapter 12: Principles of Neutralization Titrations
12A: Solutions and Indicators for Acid-Base Titrations
12B: Titration of Strong Acids and Bases
12C: Titration Curves for Weak Acids
12D: Titration Curves for Weak Bases
12E: The Composition of Solutions During Acid-Base Titrations
Chapter 13: Complex Acid-Base Systems
13A: Mixtures of Strong and Weak Acids or Strong and Weak Bases
13B: Polyfunctional Acids and Bases
13C: Buffer Solutions Involving Polyprotic Acids
13D: Calculation of the pH of Solutions of NaHA
13E: Titration Curves for Polyfunctional Acids
13F: Titration Curves for Polyfunctional Bases
13G: Titration Curves for Amphiprotic Species
13H: Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH
Chapter 14: Applications of Neutralization Titrations
14A: Reagents for Neutralization Titrations
14B: Typical Applications of Neutralization Titrations
Chapter 15: Complexation and Precipitation Reactions and Titrations
15A: The Formation of Complexes
15B: Titrations with Inorganic Complexing Agents
15C: Organic Complexing Agents
15D: Aminocarboxylic Acid Titrations
Part IV: Electrochemical Methods
Chapter 16: Introduction to Electrochemistry
16A: Characterizing Oxidation/Reduction Reactions
16B: Electrochemical Cells
16C: Electrode Potentials
Chapter 17: Applications of Standard Electrode Potentials
17A: Calculating Potentials of Electrochemical Cells
17B: Determining Standard Potentials Experimentally
17C: Calculating Redox Equilibrium Constants
17D: Constructing Redox Titration Curves
17E: Oxidation/Reduction Indicators
17F: Potentiometric End Points
Chapter 18: Applications of Oxidation/Reduction Titrations
18A: Auxiliary Oxidizing and Reducing Reagents
18B: Applying Standard Reducing Agents
18C: Applying Standard Oxidizing Agents
Chapter 19: Potentiometry
19A: General Principles
19B: Reference Electrodes
19C: Liquid Junction Potentials
19D: Indicator Electrodes
19E: Instruments for Measuring Cell Potential
19F: Direct Potentiometry
19G: Potentiometric Titrations
19H: Potentiometric Determination of Equilibrium Constants
Chapter 20: Bulk Electrolysis: Electrogravimetry and Coulometry
20A: The Effect of Current on Cell Potential
20B: The Selectivity of Electrolytic Methods
20C: Electrogravimetric Methods
20D: Coulometric Methods
Chapter 21: Voltammetry
21A: Excitation Signals in Voltammetry
21B: Voltammetric Instrumentation
21C: Hydrodynamic Voltammetry
21D: Polarography
21E: Cyclic Voltammetry
21F: Pulse Voltammetry
21G: Applications of Voltammetry
21H: Stripping Methods
21I: Voltammetry with Microelectrodes
Part V: Spectrochemical Analysis
Chapter 22: Introduction to Spectrochemical Methods
22A: Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation
22B: Interaction of Radiation and Matter
22C: Absorption of Radiation
22D: Emission of Electromagnetic Radiation
Chapter 23: Instruments for Optical Spectrometry
23A: Instrument Components
23B: Ultraviolet/Visible Photometers and Spectrophotometers
23C: Infrared Spectrophotometers
Chapter 24: Molecular Absorption Spectrometry
24A: Ultraviolet and Visible Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy
24B: Automated Photometric and Spectrophotometric Methods
24C: Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy
Chapter 25: Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy
25A: Theory of Molecular Fluorescence
25B: Effect of Concentration on Fluorescence Intensity
25C: Fluorescence Instrumentation
25D: Applications of Fluorescence Methods
25E: Molecular Phosphorescence Spectroscopy
25F: Chemiluminescence Methods
Chapter 26: Atomic Spectroscopy
26A: Origins of Atomic Spectra
26B: Production of Atoms and Ions
26C: Atomic Emission Spectrometry
26D: Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
26E: Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry
Chapter 27: Mass Spectrometry
27A: Principles of Mass Spectrometry
27B: Mass Spectrometers
27C: Atomic Mass Spectrometry
27D: Molecular Mass Spectrometry
Part VI: Kinetics And Separations
Chapter 28: Kinetic Methods of Analysis
28A: Rates of Chemical Reactions
28B: Determining Reaction Rates
28C: Applications of Kinetic Methods
Chapter 29: Introduction to Analytical Separations
29A: Separation by Precipitation
29B: Separation of Species by Distillation
29C: Separation by Extraction
29D: Separating Ions by Ion Exchange
29E: Chromatographic Separations
Chapter 30: Gas Chromatography
30A: Instruments for Gas-Liquid Chromatography
30B: Gas Chromatographic Columns and Stationary Phases
30C: Applications of Gas-Liquid Chromatography
30D: Gas-Solid Chromatography
Chapter 31: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
31A: Instrumentation
31B: Partition Chromatography
31C: Adsorption Chromatography
31D: Ion Chromatography
31E: Size-Exclusion Chromatography
31F: Affinity Chromatography
31G: Chiral Chromatography
31H: Comparison of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography
Chapter 32: Miscellaneous Separation Methods
32A: Supercritical Fluid Separations
32B: Planar Chromatography
32C: Capillary Electrophoresis
32D: Capillary Electrochromatography
32E: Field-Flow Fractionation
Part VII: Practical Aspects Of Chemical Analysis
Chapter 33: The Analysis of Real Samples
33A: Real Samples
33B: Choice of Analytical Method
33C: Accuracy in the Analysis of Complex Materials
Chapter 34: Preparing Samples for Analysis
34A: Preparing Laboratory Samples
34B: Moisture in Samples
34C: Determining Water in Samples
Chapter 35: Decomposing and Dissolving the Sample
35A: Sources of Error in Decomposition and Dissolution
35B: Decomposing Samples with Inorganic Acids in Open Vessels
35C: Microwave Decompositions
35D: Combustion Methods for Decomposing Organic Samples
35E: Decomposing Inorganic Materials with Fluxes
Chapter 36: Chemicals, Apparatus, and Unit Operations of Analytical Chemistry
36A: Selecting and Handling Reagents and Other Chemicals
36B: Cleaning and Marking of Laboratory Ware
36C: Evaporating Liquids
36D: Measuring Mass
36E: Equipment and Manipulations Associated with Weighing
36F: Filtration and Ignition of Solids
36G: Measuring Volume
36H: Calibrating Volumetric Glassware
36I: The Laboratory Notebook
36J: Safety in the Laboratory
Chapter 37 Selected Methods of Analysis
37A: An Introductory Experiment
37B: Gravimetric Methods of Analysis
37C: Neutralization Titrations
37D: Precipitation Titrations
37E: Complex-Formation Titrations with EDTA
37F: Titrations with Potassium Permanganate
37G: Titrations with Iodine
37H: Titrations with Sodium Thiosulfate
37I: Titrations with Potassium Bromate
37J: Potentiometric Methods
37K: Electrogravimetric Methods
37L: Coulometric Titrations
37M: Voltammetry
37N: Methods Based on the Absorption of Radiation
37O: Molecular Fluorescence
37P: Atomic Spectroscopy
37Q: Application of Ion-Exchange Resins
Glossary
Appendix 1:The Literature Of Analytical Chemistry
Appendix 2: Solubility Product Constants at 25°C
Appendix 3: Acid Dissociation Constants at 25°C
Appendix 4: Formation Constants at 25°C
Appendix 5: Standard and Formal Electrode Potentials
Appendix 6: Use of Exponential Numbers and Logarithms
Appendix 7: Volumetric Calculations Using Normality and Equivalent Weight
Appendix 8: Compounds Recommended for the Preparation of Standard Solutions of Some Common Elements
Appendix 9: Derivation of Error Propagation Equations
Answers to Selected Questions and Problems
Index