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Fundamentals and Recent Advances in Nanocomposites Based on Polymers and Nanocellulose

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Fundamentals and Recent Advances in Nanocomposites Based on Polymers and Nanocellulosebrings together the latest research in cellulose-based nanocomposites, covering fundamentals, processing, properties, performance, applications, and the state of the art.

The book begins by explaining the fundamentals of cellulose and cellulose-based nanocomposites, including sources, extraction, types, classification, linkages, model structure, model compounds, and characterization techniques. The second part of the book covers the incorporation of cellulose fillers to improve the properties or characteristics of nanocomposites, organized by composite category, including in aerogels, thermoplastic composites, thermoset composites, bioplastic composites, carbon nanofibers, rubber composites, carbon fibers, and foaming materials. Throughout these chapters, there is an emphasis on the latest innovations and application potential. Finally, applications are explored in more detail, notably focusing on the utilization of nanocellulose in biodegradable composites for biomedical applications, along with other important industrial application areas.

This book is of great interest to researchers, scientists, and advanced students working with bio-based materials, and across polymer science, nanomaterials, composite materials, plastics engineering, chemical engineering, materials science and engineering, as well as R&D professionals, engineers, and industrialists interested in the development of bio-based materials for advanced applications or material commercialization.

Author(s): Md Rezaur Rahman
Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2021

Language: English
Pages: 311
City: Amsterdam

Front Cover
Fundamentals and Recent Advances in Nanocomposites Based on Polymers and Nanocellulose
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Sources of cellulose
1.1. Introduction of cellulose
1.2. Functions of cellulose
1.3. Sources of cellulose
1.4. Potentiality of cellulose
1.4.1. Feedstock, foods, medicine, and reinforcement
1.4.2. Textile
1.5. Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 2: Extraction, types, and classification of cellulose
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Extraction/isolation method of cellulose
2.2.1. Cellulose extraction/isolation by using alkaline
2.2.2. Cellulose extraction/isolation by using dilute acid
2.2.3. Cellulose extraction/isolation by using ultrasound
2.2.4. Cellulose extraction/isolation by using enzyme
2.3. Types and classification of cellulose
2.3.1. Hypromellose or HPMC
2.3.2. Hydroxyethyl cellulose
2.3.3. Hydroxypropyl cellulose
2.3.4. Cellulose acetate phthalate
2.3.5. Cellulose acetate
2.3.6. Cellulose triacetate
2.3.7. Cellulose nitrate (nitrocellulose)
2.3.8. Carboxymethyl cellulose
2.3.9. Ethyl cellulose
2.3.10. Methyl cellulose
2.4. Commercial-grade cellulose
2.5. Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 3: Cellulose interunit linkages and model compounds
3.1. Introduction
3.1.1. Cellulose and hemicellulose
3.1.2. Lignin
3.2. Common linkages of cellulose
3.3. Model structure of cellulose
3.4. Model compounds of cellullose
3.5. Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
Chapter 4: Advanced techniques for characterizing cellulose
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Structure of cellulose
4.3. Molecular weight of cellulose
4.4. Chemical structure characterization techniques
4.4.1. Cellulose crystallinity
4.4.1.1. Updegraff method
4.4.1.2. X-ray diffraction (XRD)
4.4.1.3. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR)
4.4.1.4. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
4.4.1.5. Raman spectroscopy
4.4.2. Size and organization of the cellulose microfibrils
4.4.2.1. Electron microscopy (EM)
4.4.2.2. Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
4.4.2.3. X-ray and neutron small angle scattering technique
4.4.2.4. Surface area analysis
4.5. Thermal properties of cellulose characterization techniques
4.5.1. Thermal analysis (TA) technique
4.5.1.1. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
4.5.1.2. Modulated DSC (MDSC)
4.5.1.3. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
4.5.1.4. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA)
4.5.1.5. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)
4.5.2. Thermal conductivity of planar materials measurement methods
4.5.2.1. Steady-state methods
4.5.2.2. Laser spot periodic heating radiation thermometry method
4.5.2.3. Flash method
4.6. Mechanical properties of cellulose characterization techniques
4.6.1. Impact (toughness) testing
4.6.1.1. Charpy impact test
4.6.1.2. Izod test
4.6.1.3. Unnotched Izod test
4.6.1.4. Gardner impact testing
4.6.1.5. Drop testing
4.6.1.6. Ballistics test
4.6.2. Tensile testing
4.6.2.1. Force controlled tensile testing
4.6.2.2. Displacement controlled tensile testing
4.6.3. Indentation hardness testing
4.6.3.1. Rockwell test
4.6.3.2. Vickers test
4.6.3.3. Micro-indentation tests
Micro-Vickers test
Knoop test
4.7. Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 5: Cellulose-based aerogels
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Silica-based aerogel
5.3. Cellulose-based aerogel
5.4. Cellulose-based aerogel composite
5.5. Applications of cellulose-based aerogels and composites
5.5.1. Fire retardant
5.5.2. Water treatment
5.5.3. Biomedical
5.6. Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 6: Cellulose reinforcement in thermoplastic composites
6.1. Introduction
6.1.1. Polypropylene (PP)
6.1.2. Polyethylene (PE)
6.1.3. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
6.1.4. Polycarbonate (PC)
6.2. Cellulose in thermoplastic composites and its blend
6.2.1. Isolation or extraction methods of cellulose nanomaterials
6.2.1.1. Acid hydrolysis
6.2.1.2. Enzymatic hydrolysis
6.2.1.3. Mechanical treatment
High-pressure homogenization (HPH)
High-intensity ultrasonication (HIUS)
Microfluidization
Cryocrushing
6.2.2. Processing technique of thermoplastic reinforced with cellulose
6.2.2.1. Hot-melt extrusion (HME)
6.2.2.2. Injection molding
6.2.2.3. Compression molding
6.2.2.4. Blow molding
6.2.3. Performance of thermoplastic with cellulose reinforcement materials
6.2.3.1. Mechanical properties
6.2.3.2. Thermal properties
6.2.3.3. Barrier properties
6.3. Summary
References
Chapter 7: Cellulose reinforcement in thermoset composites
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Phenol formaldehyde resins
7.3. Cellulose-based polyurethanes
7.4. Cellulose-modified epoxy resins
7.5. Miscellaneous
7.5.1. Vulcanized rubber
7.5.2. Polyimides
7.5.3. Cyanate esters
7.5.4. Furan
7.5.5. Vinyl ester
7.6. Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 8: Cellulose reinforcement in bioplastic composites
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Bioplastics for ``green composites´´
8.3. Cellulose as filler for ``green composites´´
8.4. Processing of cellulose reinforced green composites
8.4.1. Melt processing
8.4.2. Solvent-based processing
8.4.3. Electrospinning
8.5. Performance of cellulose reinforcing green composites
8.6. Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 9: Cellulose-based composite carbon nanofibers
9.1. Introduction to cellulose
9.1.1. An overview of cellulose-based composite carbon nanofibers
9.1.2. Cellulose-based composite carbon nanofibers
9.2. Fabrication of cellulose-based composite carbon nanofibers
9.3. Properties of cellulose-based composite carbon nanofibers
9.4. Applications of cellulose-based carbon nanofibers
9.5. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 10: Cellulose-reinforced rubber composites
10.1. An introduction to cellulose reinforced rubber composites
10.2. Solution blending of cellulose and rubber nanocomposites
10.3. Melt blending of cellulose and rubber nanocomposites
10.3.1. Latex blending
10.4. Cellulose reinforced natural rubber nanocomposites
10.5. Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 11: Cellulose-derived carbon fibers
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Physical properties of carbon fiber materials
11.3. Electrical properties of carbon fiber materials
11.4. Advantages of carbon fiber materials
11.5. Disadvantages of conventional carbon fiber feedstock
11.6. Solution for meeting the increasing demand of carbon fiber composite
11.7. Lignin
11.8. Yield from carbon fiber feedstocks
11.9. Processing
11.9.1. Extrusion/spinning
11.9.2. Oxidation/thermo-stabilization
11.9.3. Carbonization and graphitization
11.9.4. Surface treatment
11.9.5. Sizing
11.10. Microwave-assisted plasma processing
11.11. Pulp mill black liquor gasification
11.12. Applications
11.12.1. 2006 Corvette Z06 fender
11.12.2. Advanced protective helmet for formula one
11.12.3. Supercapacitors
11.12.4. Thermal link
11.12.5. Compressed natural gas (CNG) storage tanks
11.12.6. Gas diffusion layer (GDLL) for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)
11.13. Microstructure carbon fiber mats
11.13.1. Microstructure of a mixture of PAN & CA with different ratio
11.13.2. Microstructure of cellulose-based carbon fiber
11.14. Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 12: Cellulose-based foaming materials
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Cellulose-based polyurethane foams
12.3. Nanocomposites
12.4. Cellulose-phenolic foams
12.5. Cellulose in starch foams
12.6. Cellulose as a reinforcing agent
12.7. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 13: Utilization of nanocellulose as reinforcement in biodegradable biomaterials
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Nanocellulose types and properties
13.2.1. Esters and ethers cellulose derivates
13.2.2. Esterification of cellulose ester
13.2.3. Etherification of cellulose ether
13.2.4. Extraction of bacterial cellulose
13.3. Extraction processses
13.4. Biomaterials for biomedical application
13.4.1. Bacterial nanocellulose
13.4.2. Cellulosic hydrogels
13.5. Nanocellulose biocomposites
13.5.1. Biodegradable polymers as matrix material
13.5.2. Nanocellulose as reinforcement material
13.6. Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 14: Applications of cellulose materials and their composites
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Processing of cellulose matrix composites
14.3. Engineered parts from cellulose matrix composites
14.3.1. Structural
14.3.2. Nanocomposites
14.3.3. Water engineering
14.3.4. Paper making
14.4. Further applications
14.5. Summary and future trends
Acknowledgment
References
Index
Back Cover