Functional Materials from Carbon, Inorganic, and Organic Sources: Methods and Advances

Cover
Half Title
Functional Materials from Carbon, Inorganic, and Organic Sources: Methods and Advances
Copyright
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
1. Exploring the world of functional materials
1.1 Introduction
1.2 General concept and fundamental properties of functional materials
1.2.1 Carbon-based functional materials
1.2.2 Polymer quantum dots and derived nanomaterials
1.2.3 Modified biochar-based functional materials
1.2.4 Carbon quantum dots as new functional materials
1.2.5 Functional materials for renewable and sustainable energy applications single and multijunction functional solar cells
1.2.6 Heterostructure functional materials
1.2.7 Ceramics as functional materials
1.2.8 Nanocomposite-based functional materials
1.2.9 Chalcogenide semiconductors as functional materials
1.2.10 Hybrid biomass-derived carbonaceous functional materials
1.3 A brief introduction to processing technology of functional materials
1.3.1 Electrodeposition
1.3.2 Chemical/physical vapor deposition
1.3.3 Epitaxial beam method
1.3.4 Ultrasonification
1.3.5 Solution phase technique
1.3.6 In situ synthesis
1.3.7 Microtechnology and flow chemistry
1.3.8 Gas-phase synthesis
1.3.9 Sol–gel route
1.3.10 Bioinspired synthesis of functional materials
1.4 Basic and advanced applications of functional materials
1.5 Concluding remarks
References
2. Preparation, characterization, and applications of graphene based quantum dots (GQDs)
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Graphene-based quantum dots
2.1.2 Preparation methods of graphene quantum dots
2.2 Preparation methods of graphene quantum dots
2.2.1 Top-down method
2.2.1.1 Reduced GO by modified Hummers method
2.2.1.2 Mechanical exfoliation
2.2.1.3 Hydrothermal synthesis of GQDs
2.2.1.4 Solvothermal synthesis
2.2.1.5 Acidic oxidation/oxidative cleavage/oxidative cutting/ chemical e
2.2.1.6 Ultrasonic-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation
2.2.1.7 Electrochemical synthesis
2.2.1.8 Nanolithography
2.2.2 Bottom-up methods
2.2.2.1 Carbonization/pyrolysis
2.2.2.2 Soft template method
2.2.2.3 GQDs from fullerenes
2.2.2.4 Chemical vapor deposition
2.3 Characterization of graphene QDs
2.3.1 Spectroscopic techniques
2.3.1.1 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
2.3.1.2 X-ray diffraction
2.3.1.3 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
2.3.1.4 UV-visible
2.3.1.5 Raman spectroscopy
2.3.1.6 Dynamic light scattering
2.3.1.7 Dual polarization interferometry
2.3.1.8 Nuclear magnetic resonance
2.3.2 Microscopic methods
2.3.2.1 Scanning electron microscopy
2.3.2.2 Transmission electron microscopy
2.3.2.3 Atomic force microscopy
2.3.2.4 Scanning tunneling microscope
2.3.3 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller
2.4 Applications of graphene QDs
2.4.1 Graphene QDs in energy conversion and storage
2.4.1.1 Introduction
2.4.1.2 Graphene QDs in photoelectrochemical solar cells
2.4.1.3 Graphene QDs in fuel cells
2.4.2 Graphene QDs in biomedical applications
2.4.2.1 GQDs in drug delivery
2.4.2.2 GQDs as an antibacterial
2.4.2.3 GQDs for bioimaging
2.4.2.4 GQDs as a treatment for neurodegenerative disorders
2.4.3 Graphene QDs for sensors
2.4.3.1 Luminescence chemosensors
2.4.3.2 Electrochemical chemosensors
2.4.3.3 Biosensors
2.5 Summary
2.6 Future prospective
References
3. Synthesis and applications of carbon-polymer composites and nanocomposite functional materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Synthesis of graphene
3.2.1 Mechanical or micromechanical exfoliation
3.2.2 Electrochemical synthesis or exfoliation
3.2.3 Plasma discharge etching of graphite
3.2.4 Chemical vapor deposition
3.2.4.1 Thermal chemical vapor deposition
3.2.4.2 Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
3.2.5 Epitaxial growth on silicon carbide
3.2.6 Unzipping carbon nanotubes
3.2.7 Summary of graphene synthesis methods
3.3 Synthesis of functionalized graphene
3.3.1 Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide
3.3.2 Surface functionalization
3.3.3 Structural characteristics
3.4 Synthesis of graphene-based composites
3.4.1 Graphene-polymer composites
3.4.2 Graphene-nanoparticles composites
3.5 Graphene growth mechanism
3.6 Challenges and opportunities
3.7 Future perspectives
3.8 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
4. Graphene and graphene oxide: Application in luminescence and solar cell
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Preparation techniques to synthesize graphene and GO
4.2.1 Mechanical cleaving (exfoliation)
4.2.2 Liquid-phase exfoliation
4.2.3 Chemical vapor deposition
4.2.4 Solvothermal synthesis
4.3 Characterization of graphene and graphene oxide
4.3.1 Electrical measurements
4.3.2 Optical measurements
4.3.3 Structural and microstructural characteristics
4.4 Fundamental information about luminescence and solar cell materials
4.4.1 Luminescent materials
4.4.2 Solar cell materials
4.5 Application of graphene and graphene oxide in field of luminescence
4.5.1 Graphene and graphene oxide as luminescent material
4.5.1.1 Graphene-based luminescence materials
4.5.1.2 GO-based luminescence materials
4.6 Application of graphene and graphene oxide in the field of solar or photovoltaics cells
4.6.1 Graphene and graphene oxide as solar cell materials
4.6.2 Traditional solar cell materials and graphene and graphene oxide
4.7 Concluding remark
References
5. Application of graphene in energy storage devices
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types of graphene
5.2.1 Monolayer graphene
5.2.2 Multilayer graphene
5.2.3 Graphene oxide
5.2.4 Reduced graphene oxide
5.3 Application of graphene in energy storage devices
5.3.1 Graphene in lithium-ion batteries
5.3.2 Graphene in electrical double-layer capacitors
5.3.3 Graphene in dye-sensitized solar cells
5.4 Conclusions
References
6. Solar cell efficiency enhancement by modeling the downconversion and downshifting of functional materials
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamental aspects of solar cell
6.3 Downconversion and downshifting for solar cell generation
6.4 Nanomaterials in downconversion process
6.5 Downconversion approach in solar cell devices
6.5.1 Downconversion in silicon solar cells
6.6.1 Luminescent downshifting applications for thin film solar cells
6.6 Functional luminescent materials for downshifting applications in solar cells
6.7 Solar cells’ functional materials with downconversion approach
6.8 Current scenario and future trends of functional luminescent materials for solar cell
6.9 Concluding remark
Acknowledgments
References
7. Exploration of UV absorbing functional materials and their advanced applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 UV radiation absorbers
7.2.1 UV-blocking organic compounds
7.2.1.1 Avobenzone
7.2.1.2 Oxybenzone
7.2.1.3 Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid
7.2.1.4 Octyl methoxycinnamate
7.2.1.5 Octyl salicylate
7.2.2 Inorganic UV-blocking compounds
7.2.2.1 TiO2 nanoparticles
7.2.2.2 ZnO nanoparticles
7.2.2.3 Other nanoparticles
7.3 Sport-specific risk factors for UV exposure
7.4 UV coatings: Materials and applications
7.5 Recent development
7.5.1 Chemistry-related developments
7.5.1.1 Solvent-borne UV coatings
7.5.1.2 Water-based UV coatings
7.5.1.3 UV powder coatings
7.6 New applications
7.6.1 Automotive applications
7.6.1.1 Suitability of UV coatings for automotive applications
7.6.1.2 UV-curable clear coats (head lamps, reflectors, Alu wheels)
7.6.1.3 UV-curable primer/sealer (eco-efficiency)
7.6.1.4 UV-curable coatings for car refinish
7.6.1.5 Scratch-resistant coatings for automotive applications
7.6.1.6 Plastic applications in automotive
7.6.2 Industrial applications
7.6.2.1 UV-curable coatings for hard topcoats on plastic
7.6.2.2 UV curing of highly flexible coatings
7.6.2.3 Coil coatings
7.6.2.4 Adhesives
7.6.2.5 UV inkjet
7.6.2.6 UV systems for dental applications
7.6.2.7 Furniture foil coatings
7.6.3 Film coating instead of painting: An innovative concept
References
8. Interface engineering in oxide heterostructures for novel magnetic and electronic properties
8.1 Magnetism in oxide materials
8.2 Exchange interaction
8.2.1 Super and double exchange
8.2.2 RKKY interaction
8.3 RKKY interaction in diluted magnetic oxide thin films
8.4 Role of nonmagnetic spacer thickness in oxide heterostructures
8.5 Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in perovskite of 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metal oxides
8.5.1 Spin-orbit coupling
8.6 Interface-induced magnetism of perovskite oxide heterostructures: SOC role
8.6.1 Interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (iDMI)
8.6.2 Magnetic anisotropy
8.7 Surface and thickness influence on magnetic anisotropy
8.8 Interface role in determining the magnetic anisotropy
8.9 Further modification of magnetic anisotropy while competing with other physical phenomena
8.10 Summary
References
9. Composition induced dielectric and conductivity properties of rare-earth doped barium zirconium titanate ceramics
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Barium zirconium titanate (BZT)
9.3 Applications of barium zirconium titanate (BZT)
9.4 Doping of barium zirconium titanates with different rare-earth elements
9.5 Effects of rare-earth doping on different properties of BZT
9.5.1 Structural and morphological properties
9.5.2 Raman spectroscopic properties
9.5.3 Temperature and frequency dependent dielectric properties
9.5.4 Temperature and frequency dependent conductivity properties
9.5.4.1 Complex impedance spectroscopy
9.5.4.2 Modulus spectroscopy
9.5.4.3 AC conductivity
9.6 Summary
9.7 Future aspects
References
10. Nanocomposite-based functional materials: Synthesis, properties, and applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Nanocomposite-based functional materials: Types
10.2.1 Myxene-based nanocomposite functional materials
10.2.2 Polymer-based nanocomposites
10.2.3 Lanthanide nanocomposites
10.2.4 Inorganic material functionalized carbon nanotubes
10.3 Characterization methods
10.3.1 X-ray diffraction methods
10.3.2 Structural characterization techniques
10.3.3 Morphological studies
10.3.4 Optical properties
10.4 Novel method of synthesis of nanocomposite-based functional materials
10.4.1 Ultrasound-assisted method
10.4.2 Microwave-assisted method
10.4.3 Hydro/solvothermal method
10.4.4 Solution mixing
10.4.5 Functionalization
10.4.6 In situ polymer mixing
10.4.7 Miscellaneous novel methods
10.5 Dielectric properties of nanocomposite-based functional materials
10.6 Application of nanocomposites-based functional materials
10.7 Conclusions and outlook
References
11. Hazardness of mercury and challenges in functional materials of lighting devices
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Luminescence
11.1.1.1 Photoluminescence
11.1.2 Compact fluorescent lamps and linear fluorescent lamps (CFL & LFL)
11.2 Mercury
11.2.1 Ecological outcomes of Mercury
11.2.2 Mercury exposure and health impacts on humans
11.2.3 Drawbacks of Hg from lighting devices
11.2.4 Challenges in disposal of Hg-based lighting
11.3 Mercury free lighting
11.4 Conclusion
References
12. Synthesis and application of CdSe functional material
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Material properties of CdSe nanostructures
12.2.1 Size effect
12.2.2 Shape effect
12.2.3 Doping effect
12.3 Growth of CdSe nanostructures
12.3.1 Chemical methods
12.3.2 Physical methods
12.4 Applications of CdSe-based nanostructures
12.4.1 Photo-detectors
12.4.2 Field-effect transistors
12.4.3 Solar cells
12.4.4 Light-emitting diodes
12.4.5 Biological imaging
12.5 Future challenges and opportunities
References
13. Synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of ZnS-based green semiconductor: A review
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Synthesis of ZnS nanostructure semiconductor
13.3 Characterization of ZnS nanostructure semiconductor
13.3.1 Most popular morphology/forms of ZnS
13.3.2 Main properties of ZnS in micro/nanocrystalline
13.3.2.1 Optoelectronics properties of ZnS
13.3.3 ZnS semiconductor-based device fabrication methods
13.4 Physico-chemical properties of ZnS nanostructure semiconductor
13.5 Application of ZnS nanostructure semiconductor
13.5.1 Catalysis, photocatalysis, and solar cells
13.5.2 Lasers
13.5.3 Light-emitting diodes
13.5.4 Sensors
13.6 Perspectives of ZnS nanostructure semiconductor and challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
14. Multifacets of organometallic quinoline complexes
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Importance of organic complexes
14.3 Historical review on quinoline complexes
14.4 Advances in quinoline-based material
14.4.1 LED
14.4.2 OLEDs
14.4.3 Display
14.4.4 Solid state lighting
14.4.5 Solar cell
14.5 Versatile applications of quinoline-based complexes
14.6 Futures prospective of quinoline-based complexes
14.7 Conclusion
References
15. Mq2(M=Zn, Cd, Ca, and Sr) organometallic functional complexes for luminous paints
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Luminous paints
15.3 Experimental section
15.3.1 Properties of raw materials
15.3.2 Synthesis of the pigment
15.3.3 Preparation of substrate
15.3.4 Different compositions of paint
15.4 Results and discussion
15.4.1 Pigment characterization
15.4.1.1 Photoluminescence spectra
15.4.1.2 Oil adsorption capacity
15.4.1.3 Bulk density
15.4.1.4 Hiding capacity
15.5 Testing of painted panels
15.5.1 Water resistance test
15.5.2 Drying test
15.5.3 Impact test
15.5.4 Flexibility test
15.5.5 Adhesion test
15.5.6 Humidity test
15.5.7 Chemical resistance
15.5.7.1 Acid test
15.5.7.2 Alkali test
15.5.7.3 Salt spray test
15.5.8 Luminescence test
15.6 Conclusions
15.7 Future scope
References
16. Metal organic framework of Eu (dmh)3phen polymer matrices and their applications for energy-efficient solution-processed OLEDs
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Experimental
16.2.1 Preparation of blended thin films
16.3 Result and discussion
16.3.1 Characterization of blended thinfilms in solid state
16.3.1.1 UV–vis absorption spectra of blended thin films in solid state
16.3.1.2 Photoluminescence spectra of blended thin films in solid state
16.3.1.3 CIE coordinates of blended thin films in solid state
16.3.1.4 Thermal annealing effect on PL spectra
16.3.1.5 Determination of film thickness
16.3.2 Characterization of blended films in solvated state
16.3.2.1 UV–vis absorption spectra of blended thin film in various organic solvents
16.3.2.2 Absorption spectra of solvated Eu(dmh)3phen/PMMA blended thin films
16.3.2.3 Absorption spectra of solvated Eu(dmh)3phen/PS blended thin films
16.3.2.4 Determination of optical energy gap of thin films in PMMA/PS
16.3.2.5 Photoluminescence spectra of solvated Eu(dmh)3phen/ PMMA/PS thin films
16.3.2.6 Determination of relative intensity ratio (R-ratio)
16.3.2.7 CIE coordinates for blended films of PMMA and PS in solvated state
16.4 Device and industrial applications
16.5 Conclusions
References
17. Advanced functional nanomaterials of biopolymers: Structure, properties, and applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Biopolymers
17.3 Biopolymer-based biomaterials
17.4 Biopolymers classification and properties
17.5 Biopolymer-based nanomaterials, nanocomposites, and formulation strategies
17.6 Formulation strategies for the fabrication of biopolymeric nanocomposites
17.7 Modification and improvement in the physicochemical properties of the biopolymer composites
17.8 Thermal, mechanical, and optical properties of biopolymers and its composites
17.9 Diverse applications of biopolymers
17.9.1 Biopolymers in drug delivery
17.9.2 Biopolymers in tissue engineering
17.9.3 Biopolymer-based implants for long-term treatment
17.9.4 Biopolymers in packaging industries
17.9.5 Biopolymer-based nanocomposites as sensors
17.9.6 Biopolymer-based nanocomposites in renewable energy
17.9.7 Biopolymer-based nanocomposites in textile
17.10 Conclusion and future prospective
References
18. Synthesis and applications of biomass-derived carbonaceous materials
18.1 Introduction of biomass
18.2 Classification of biomass
18.2.1 Wood and woody biomass
18.2.2 Herbaceous biomass
18.2.3 Aquatic biomass
18.2.4 Animal and human waste biomass
18.2.5 Biomass mixture
18.3 Application of biomass feedstock
18.4 Energy from biomass
18.5 Synthesis of porous carbon from biomass
18.5.1 Rice husk–derived chemically activated carbon
18.5.2 Introduction of hybrid carbonaceous material
18.5.3 Functionalization of carbonaceous materials for catalysis applications
18.6 Application of biomass-derived hybrid carbon in organic synthesis
18.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
19. Summary, future trends, and challenges in functional materials
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Summary and highlights of the discussed chapters
19.3 Future, challenges, and scope in functional materials
References
Index