This reference explores the science of signaling mechanisms associated with diseases like endocrine, metabolic, and immune disorders which are linked to oxidative stress-mediated disease mechanisms. The common diseases in these categories include diabetes mellitus and arthritis and conditions defined by inflammation and autoimmunity. These diseases involve metabolic pathways mediated by reactive oxygen species or free radicals. The pathways are targets in the mechanism of drugs that aim to treat related disorders. The book covers key topics in free radical biology that help to understand the nature of the pathways and the pharmacology of the drugs that are designed to target them.
5 chapters elucidate the free radical biology of the diseases.
1. Role of free radical biology in diabetes mellitus
2. Role of GSK3 in the regulation of insulin release and glucose metabolism
3. Regulatory role of NRF2 in rheumatoid arthritis
4. Role of free radical biology in Alzheimer’s disease
5. Regulatory role of immune cells mediated antibody on rheumatoid arthritis
Key features:
- Elucidates the key biochemical and pharmacological mechanisms that are mediated by free radicals in common endocrine, metabolic and immune diseases
- Explains the activation of immunological factors (like RF and ACPA) that trigger inflammation and arthritis
- Covers the role of free radicals in Alzheimer’s disease and new interventions that target mitochondrial mechanisms
- Systematically explains the molecular biology of free radicals with the help of schematic diagrams
- Includes references for further reading
The accessible and structured text in this reference makes it a suitable resource for all biomedical scientists, faculty, and postgraduate students in academia and industry.
Author(s): Asis Bala
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 160
City: Singapore
Cover
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Foreword
Preface
REFERENCES
Acknowledgements
List of Contributors
Free Radical Biology of Diabetes Mellitus
Bidita Khandelwal1,*, Chamma Gupta2, Levin Thomas3, Sonal Sekhar Miraj3, Mahadev Rao3, Rubi Dey4, Karma Gurmey Dolma5, Rinchen Doma Bhutia2 and Vijay Pratap Singh6
INTRODUCTION-FREE RADICALS
HISTORY ON THE CONCEPT OF FREE RADICALS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS OF FREE RADICALS AND OXIDANTS
Types of Free Radicals
GENERATION/SOURCE OF FREE RADICALS AND OXIDANTS
BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF FREE RADICALS AND OXIDANTS
OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO DNA, LIPIDS, AND PROTEINS
OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO LIPID
OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO PROTEIN
OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE
FREE RADICALS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND ANTIOXIDANTS IN DIABETES MELLITUS
Overview
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus and Free Radical
Free Radicals: Molecular Mechanism of Production and Mode of Action in DM
Increased Glycolysis and β-cell Dysfunction
Increased Polyol/sorbitol Pathway Flux
Glucose Auto-oxidation
Glycosylation
OXIDATIVE STRESS IN DIABETES MELLITUS
Molecular Mechanisms Linking Oxidative Stress and Diabetes Mellitus
Lipid Peroxidation
β-cell Dysfunction
Inflammatory Processes
GLUT-4 Down Regulation and/or Localization
Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Impairment of the Normal Insulin Signaling Pathways
Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in DM
Antioxidant Supplementation- Advantages and Inconveniences
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS IN DIABETES MELLITUS (DM)
Concepts of Functional Food and Nutraceuticals
Natural
Artificial
YOGA, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS
CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
Antioxidants Rich Diet
Exercise
Medicinal Plants
Vitamins, Micronutrients, and Probiotics Supplementation
Antioxidants Supplementation for the Treatment of Diabetic Complications
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
Role of GSK-3 in the Regulation of Insulin Release and Glucose Metabolism
Debjeet Sur1, Pallab Kanti Haldar2, Himangshu Sekhar Maji3, Ashok Kumar Balaraman4, Lopamudra Roy5 and Asis Bala1,*
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES AND REGULATION OF GSK-3
STRUCTURE OF GSK-3β
ROLE OF GSK-3 IN GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS AND INSULIN SIGNALLING
ROLE OF GSK-3 IN INSULIN RESISTANCE
ROLE OF GSK-3 IN GLUT4 REGULATION
REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION IN T2DM BY GSK-3
ROLE OF GSK-3 IN β-CELL APOPTOSIS
DESIGNING OF GSK-3 INHIBITOR
GSK-3 INHIBITORS: CURRENT STATUS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
The Regulatory Role of NRF-2 in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Satyajit Tripathy1, Barsha Dassarma1, Mohammed Alsaweed2 and Motlalepula Gilbert Matsabisa1,*
INTRODUCTION
NUCLEAR FACTOR ERYTHROID 2-RELATED FACTOR-2 (NRF-2) AND REGULATION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND PROTECTIVE MECHANISM IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)
CONTROL OF RA BY NRF-2 INDUCER
DIFFERENT NRF-2 INDUCERS AND THEIR POSSIBLE MODE OF ACTION
Sulforaphan (SFN)
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF)
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate
Antirheumatic gold(I)
15d-PGJ2
Allylpyrocatechol (APC)
NRF-2 INHIBITOR: INHIBITION ON KEAP-1- NRF-2 SYSTEM
EXPRESSIONS OF DIFFERENT INFLAMMATORY MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
NRF-2/HO-1 SIGNALLING IN THE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Free Radical Biology in Alzheimer's Disease
Samrat Singh Bhandari1,*, Nileswar Das2 and Vatsala Sharma3
INTRODUCTION
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND AD PATHOGENESIS
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND RISK FACTORS FOR AD
Genetic Factor
Aging
Hypoxia
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
OXIDATIVE STRESS PROMOTES THE PROGRESSION OF AD
PRODUCTS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS FURTHER EXACERBATE AD
Products of Lipid Oxidation
Products of Protein Oxidation
Products of Glycoxidation
ANTIOXIDANTS AND THEIR ROLES IN AD
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Regulatory Role of Immune Cell-mediated Antibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Debanjana Das1, Sumit Kumar2, Asis Bala3 and Chaitali Mondal4,*
INTRODUCTION
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
AUTOANTIBODIES
RHEUMATOID FACTOR (RF)
ANTI CITRULLINATED PROTEIN ANTIBODY (ACPA)
ANTI CARBAMYLATED PROTEIN ANTIBODIES (ANTI-CARP)
ANTI-ACETYLATED PROTEIN ANTIBODIES (ACPA)
ANTIGLUCOSE-6 PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE ANTIBODIES (ANTI-GPI)
NATURAL AND PATHOGENIC ANTIBODIES (NABS)
ANTI-CALPASTATIN ANTIBODIES
ANTI-P68 ANTIBODIES OR HEAVY CHAIN BINDING PROTEIN AUTOANTIBODIES (BIP)
ANTI-SA ANTIBODIES
ANTI-RA33 ANTIBODIES
ANTIKERATINE ANTIBODIES (AKA)
ANTIPERINUCLEAR FACTOR (APF)
ANTIFILAGGRIN
ANTI-NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES (ANCA)
ANTI-NUCLEAR ANTIGEN ANTIBODIES (ANA)
ANTI-COLLAGEN TYPE II ANTIBODIES
ANTI-FIBRONECTIN ANTIBODIES
OTHER AUTOANTIBODIES
EXPERT OPINION ON REGULATORY ROLE OF IMMUNE CELL MEDIATED ANTIBODIES IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
Subject Index
