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Forward Brillouin Scattering in Standard Optical Fibers: Single-Mode, Polarization-Maintaining, and Multi-Core

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This book, the first dedicated to the topic, provides a comprehensive treatment of forward stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in standard optical fibers. SBS interactions between guided light and sound waves have drawn much attention for over fifty years, and optical fibers provide an excellent playground for the study of Brillouin scattering as they support guided modes of both wave types and provide long interaction lengths. This book is dedicated to forward SBS processes that are driven by co-propagating optical fields. The physics of forward SBS is explained in detail, starting from the fundamentals of interactions between guided optical and acoustic waves, with emphasis given to the acoustic modes that are stimulated in the processes. The realization of forward SBS in standard single-mode, polarization-maintaining and multi-core fibers is then discussed in depth. Innovative potential applications in sensors, monitoring of coating layers, lasers, and radio-frequency oscillators are presented. This book introduces the subject to graduate students in optics and applied physics, and it will be of interest to scientists working in fiber-optics, nonlinear optics and opto-mechanics.

Provides the first treatment of forward stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in book form;

Reflects the dramatic recent increase in interest in forward SBS processes , driven in part by the promise of new fiber sensing concepts;

Delivers a solid and comprehensive grounding in the physics of forward SBS along with detailed experimental set-ups, measurement protocols, and applications.

Author(s): Avi Zadok, Hilel Hagai Diamandi, Yosef London, Gil Bashan
Series: Springer Series in Optical Sciences, 240
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 212
City: Cham

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction: Interactions Between Guided Optical and Acoustic Waves
1.1 Scattering Effects in Optical Fibers
1.1.1 Rayleigh Scattering
1.1.2 Raman Scattering
1.1.3 The Optical Kerr Effect
1.1.4 Short-Period Fiber Gratings
1.1.5 Long-Period Fiber Gratings
1.1.6 Brillouin Scattering
1.2 Physical Principles of Opto-Mechanical Interactions
1.2.1 Electrostrictive Forces in the Bulk
1.2.2 Optically Induced Pressure at Refractive Index Discontinuities
1.2.3 Photoelastic Scattering in the Bulk
1.2.4 Moving Boundaries
1.2.5 Electrostrictive Forces in Standard Single-Mode Fibers
1.2.6 Photoelastic Scattering in Standard Single-Mode Fibers
1.3 Brillouin Scattering over Different Fiber and Waveguide Platforms
1.3.1 Polarization-Maintaining (PM) Fibers
1.3.2 Multi-Core Fibers
1.3.3 Photonic Crystal, Nanostructured, and Tapered Fibers
1.3.4 Micro-Resonators
1.3.5 Planar Photonic-Integrated Waveguides
1.4 Applications of Brillouin Scattering in Fibers
1.4.1 Brillouin Lasers and Microwave Oscillators
1.4.2 Microwave-Photonic and All-Optical Signal Processing
1.4.3 Distributed Brillouin Fiber Sensors
1.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Guided Acoustic Waves in Standard Single-Mode Fibers
2.1 Solution to the Elastic Wave Equation in Cylindrical Rods
2.2 Boundary Conditions at the Outer Edge of the Cladding
2.3 Transverse Guided Acoustic Modes
2.3.1 Radial Guided Acoustic Modes
2.3.2 Torsional-Radial Guided Acoustic Modes of Twofold Azimuthal Symmetry
References
Chapter 3: Electrostrictive Stimulation of Guided Acoustic Modes in Standard Single-Mode Fibers
3.1 Optical Tones of Aligned Linear Polarizations
3.2 Modulated Optical Carrier
3.3 Optical Tones of Linear and Orthogonal Polarizations
3.4 Optical Tones of Circular Polarizations
3.5 Acoustic Dissipation and Media Outside the Cladding
3.6 Summary
References
Chapter 4: Photoelastic Perturbations to the Dielectric Tensor Due to Guided Acoustic Modes
4.1 Radial Acoustic Modes
4.2 Torsional-Radial Modes of Twofold Azimuthal Symmetry
References
Chapter 5: Spontaneous Forward Brillouin Scattering in Standard Single-Mode Fibers
5.1 Photoelastic Scattering of Probe Waves by Radial Acoustic Modes
5.2 Photoelastic Scattering of Probe Waves by Torsional Radial Acoustic Modes
5.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Stimulated Forward Brillouin Scattering in Standard Single-Mode Fibers
6.1 Forward Brillouin Coupling of Power Between Two Co-Propagating Continuous Waves
6.2 Cascaded Stimulation of Multiple Sidebands
References
Chapter 7: Forward Brillouin Scattering Spectra in Coated Single-Mode Fibers
7.1 Guided Acoustic Modes of Standard Single-Mode Fibers with a Thin Coating Layer
References
Chapter 8: Forward Brillouin Scattering Spectra in Multi-core Fibers
8.1 Forward Brillouin Scattering Cross-Phase Modulation Between an On-Axis Core and an Off-Axis Core
8.2 Forward Brillouin Scattering Cross-Phase Modulation Between Two Off-Axis Cores
8.3 Summary
References
Chapter 9: Forward Brillouin Scattering in Polarization-Maintaining Fibers
9.1 Guided Acoustic Modes of Polarization-Maintaining Fibers
9.2 Intra-modal Forward Brillouin Scattering in Polarization-Maintaining Fibers
9.3 Cross-Polarization Phase Modulation via Intra-modal Forward Brillouin Scattering
9.4 Inter-modal Forward Brillouin Scattering in Polarization-Maintaining Fibers
9.5 Non-reciprocal Polarization Switching of Probe Waves in Inter-Modal Forward Brillouin Scattering over Polarization-Maintai...
9.6 Summary
References
Chapter 10: Measurement Setups and Protocols
10.1 Position-Integrated Measurements
10.1.1 Phase-to-Intensity Conversion of Probe Wave Modulation in a Sagnac Interferometer Loop
10.1.2 Phase-to-Intensity Conversion of Probe Wave Modulation Using Fiber Bragg Gratings
10.1.3 Polarization Rotation of Probe Waves
10.1.4 Forward Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Amplification
10.2 Point Measurements
10.3 Spatially Distributed Analysis
10.3.1 Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry Based on Rayleigh Backscatter
10.3.2 Mapping of Forward Scattering Based on Backward Brillouin Amplification
10.3.3 Direct Distributed Analysis of Inter-Modal Forward Brillouin Scattering in a Polarization-Maintaining Fiber
10.4 Summary
References
Chapter 11: Experimental Results
11.1 Forward Brillouin Scattering Spectra in Standard Single-Mode Fibers
11.2 Forward Brillouin Scattering Spectra in Multi-core Fibers
11.3 Forward Brillouin Scattering Spectra in Polarization-Maintaining Fibers
11.4 Forward Brillouin Sensing of Media Outside the Cladding and Coating of Fibers
11.4.1 Position-Integrated Sensing
11.4.2 Point Sensing
11.4.3 Spatially Distributed Analysis
11.5 Forward Brillouin Analysis of Coating Layers
11.6 Forward Brillouin Scattering and the Kerr Effect Combined
11.7 Forward Brillouin Scattering Fiber Lasers and Electro-Optic Oscillators
11.7.1 Electro-Opto-Mechanical Oscillators at Microwave Frequencies
11.7.2 Forward Brillouin Scattering Laser in a Polarization-Maintaining Fiber
11.8 Summary
References
Chapter 12: Concluding Perspectives
References