Forensic Microscopy: Truth Under the Lenses

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Forensic Microscopy: Truth Under the Lensesprovides an overview and understanding of the various types of microscopes and their techniques employed in forensic science. The book emphasizes both the theoretical and practical aspects of microscopy to enrich the reader’s understanding of the various tools, techniques, and utility―including strengths and weaknesses―of types of microscopes in analyzing certain forms of evidence.

The book begins with the history of microscopes, the basic optics for microscopy, then moves to advanced microscopies such as electron microscopes and atomic force microscopes. In addition to the various types of microscopes and how to use and best utilize them, the book looks at the analysis of specific types of evidence, including hair, fiber, fingerprint, body fluids, tool marks, ink, pollen grains, spores, diatoms, bullets, cartridges, among other evidence types. Since forensic science is an applied, hands-on discipline, the book includes both a theoretical and a practical approach to the topic.

Key Features:

  • Addresses simple to advanced microscopy techniques for the effective analyses of trace evidence
  • Pairs chapters on a particular type of microscopy, explaining it thoroughly, before delving into specific usage for forensic applications
  • Presents theories and as well as real-world application of concepts
  • Provides abundant micro-photographs, including graphical representations and flow charts, to illustrate concepts clearly

Forensic Microscopy serves as a helpful reference for undergraduate and postgraduate students in forensic science, forensic biology, forensic chemistry and related programs. It is also recommended for research students, academicians, technicians, industry and laboratory professionals working on trace evidence analysis.

Author(s): Ritesh K Shukla, Neeti Kapoor, Ashish Badiye
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 366
City: Boca Raton

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of Figures
Acknowledgement
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction to Microscopy
Introduction
History of Microscopy
The Different Microscopes
The Simple/Hand-held Microscopes
The Compound Microscope
Brightfield Microscope
Darkfield Microscope
The Stereo Microscope
The Comparison Microscope
The Phase-contrast Microscope
The Polarized Microscope
The Fluorescence Microscope
The Electron Microscope
TEM
SEM
Atomic Force Microscope
Optical System
Mechanical System
Terminology Used in Microscope
Optical System
Mechanical System
Illumination System
General Do’s & Don’ts
Do’s
Don’ts
References
Chapter 2: Optical Components of a Light Microscope
Introduction
Modern Compound Light Microscope
Illuminator
Light Source
Collector Lens
Filters
Neutral Density (ND) Filter
Light Conditioner
Condenser
Types of Condenser
Numerical Aperture
Considerations While Using Condensers
Specimen
Slide Thickness
Cover Glass Thickness
Immersion Media
Interaction of the Specimen with Light
Objective
Magnification
Numerical Aperture
Resolution
Aberrations
Light Transmission
Optical Transfer Function
Image Filter
Chapter 3: Introduction to Simple (Handheld) Microscopes
Introduction
Working of Lens
Magnification
Type of Lenses
Various Forms of Handheld Microscope/Magnifier
Applications
Advantage and Disadvantage of Handheld Microscope
References
Chapter 4: Forensic Applications of Simple (Handheld) Microscopes
Introduction
Sample Preparation
Observation of Physical Evidence under Handheld Microscope
Fingerprints
Questioned Documents
Hair
Fibres/Thread/Fabric
Paint
Glass
Gunshot Residue
Bite Marks
Conclusion
Reference
Chapter 5: Introduction to Compound Microscope
Introduction
Principle
Parts of Compound Microscope
Types of Compound Microscopes
The Working Mechanism of the Compound Microscope
Handling of the Compound Microscope
Magnification of the Compound Microscope
Choice of Objectives and Eyepieces
Advantages of the Compound Microscope:
Disadvantages of the Compound Microscopes:
Applications
Precautions
References
Suggested Reading
Chapter 6: Forensic Applications of Compound Microscope
Introduction
Micrometry
Procedure
Sample Collection and Preservation Methods
Sample preparation and observation for the examination of microscopic evidence
Hair Sample
General Examination of Hair
Scale Casting of Hair Sample
Permanent Mount
Determination of Natural Fall or Pulled Out Hair from Skin and Sex Determination from Hair Root
Fibres
Microscopic Examination of Natural Textile Fibre
Saliva/Saliva Stain
Blood Sample
Blood cell counting
Semen Sample
Vaginal Fluids
Urine
Insect’s Larvae
Microorganism (Bacteria, Fungi and Yeast Cells)
Sample Preparation for Microorganisms
Staining Techniques
Preparation of Gram Stains
Procedure for Gram Staining
Diatoms
Sample Preparation for Diatom for Microscopic Examination
Pollen Grains/Spores
Fingerprint Pores
Histology of Tissue
Procedure
Precaution (Do’s and Don’t)
Do’s
Don’ts
References
Chapter 7: Introduction to Comparison Microscope
Introduction
Principle and Working Mechanism
Different Parts of Microscope
Applications
Advantages
Limitations
Precautions
References
Chapter 8: Forensic Applications of Comparison Microscope
Introduction
The Standard Operating Procedure
Procedure
Calibration
Standardization
Precautions
Forensic Applications of Comparison Microscope
Ballistics
Impression Evidence
Tool Marks
Other Evidence
DOs and DON’Ts
DOs
DON’Ts
References
Chapter 9: Introduction to Fluorescence Microscope
Introduction
Principle
Techniques in Fluorescence Microscopy
Diascopic Fluorescence Microscopy
Episcopic Fluorescence Microscopy
Types
Epifluorescence Microscopy
Confocal Microscopy
Typical Components of Fluorescence Microscope
Fluorophores
Light Source or Illuminator
Filters
Filter Cubes
Excitation Filter
Dichroic Mirror
The Emission Filter
Objective Lenses
Working
Applications
Advantages
Limitations
Precautions
Suggested Reading
Chapter 10: Forensic Application of Fluoroscence Microscope
Introduction
Safety Procedure
Basic Steps of Slide Preparation
Forensic Examination/Observation of the Various Evidence Under The Fluorescence Microscope (XRF)
General Procedure
Semen
Sample Preparation
Sample Preparation for XRF Analysis
Fibre Examination
Gun Shot Residue
Paint Analysis
Latent Fingerprint Detection and Examination
Detection of Body Fluids with an Alternate Light Source
Hair
Bone and Teeth
Drug of Abuse and Controlled Substances
Questioned Document Examination
Examination of Fake and Original Historical and Archaeological Artefacts and Paintings
Soil Examination
Advantages and Limitations
Do’s and Don’ts/Precautions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Introduction to Stereo Microscope
Introduction
Working Principle
Different Parts/Construction of the Microscope/Instrumentation
Advantages and Limitations of Stereo Microscope
General Applications
Precautions
References
Chapter 12: Forensic Applications of Stereomicroscope
Introduction
Working Principle & Parts of a Stereomicroscope
Parts of Stereomicroscope
Types of Stereomicroscope
Greenough Stereomicroscope
Common Main Objective (CMO) Stereomicroscope
Greenough Vs CMO Stereomicroscopy
Applications of Stereomicroscope in Forensic Science
Hair Examination
Fibre Examination
Examinations in Forensic Palynology
Examination of Questioned Documents
Examination of the Fired Cartridge Cases and Bullets
Examination of Paint Chips
Examination of Tool Marks
Fingerprint Examination
Examination of Crystal Structure
Advantage & Limitations of Using Stereomicroscope
Advantages
Disadvantages
Precautions to Be Taken While Using a Stereomicroscope
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 13: Introduction to Polarized Light Microscope
Introduction
Different Parts
Polarizer and Analyser
Polarizing Objective (Strain-free Objective)
Polarizing Condenser
Polarizing Rotating Stage
Bertrand Lens
Centrable Revolving Nosepiece
Eyepiece with Crosswire
Compensator Plate
Principle and Working
Preparation of Sample
Applications
Advantages and Limitations
Precautions
References
Chapter 14: Forensic Applications of Polarized Microscope
Introduction
Sample Preparation
Melt-recrystallization Technique of Sample Preparation
Chemical Recrystallization
Solvent Evaporation Technique of Sample Preparation
Use of Polarizing Light Microscope in Forensics
Glass
Fibre
Hair
Soil
Advantages
Disadvantages
Case Study
Reference
Chapter 15: Introduction to Dark-Field Microscope
Introduction
Light Microscopy – Bright Field and Dark Field
Creation of a Dark Field
Condensers in Darkfield Microscopy
Specimen Identification
Advantages
Disadvantages
Precautions
Applications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Forensic Applications of Dark Field Microscope
Introduction
Working Principle
Sample Preparation
Forensic Applications
Blood
Diatoms
Insects
Hair
Body Fluids
Spermatozoa
Pollens
Examination/Observation of Various Evidence
Advantages and Limitations
Advantages
Limitations
Do’s and Dont’s/Precautions
References
Chapter 17: Introduction to Phase Contrast Microscope
Introduction
What is Phase Difference?
Principle
Construction, Parts and Working Mechanism of the Instrument
Construction and Parts of a Microscope
The Working Mechanism of the Instrument
Applications
General
Forensics
Other Phase-contrast based Microscopy Techniques
Advantages and Limitations
Advantages
Limitations
Conclusion
References and Suggestive Readings
Chapter 18: Forensic Applications of Phase-Contrast Microscope
Introduction
Forensic Applications
Teeth
Glass
Latent Fingerprints
Biological Fluids
Diatoms
Sample Preparation
Forensic Examination
Advantages and Limitations
Precautions
References
Chapter 19: Introduction to Electron Microscopy
Introduction
Components of Electron Microscope
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Construction of TEM
Lens System
Vacuum System
Phosphor or Fluorescent Screen (Imaging Device)
Imaging Methods
Brightfield Imaging
Darkfield Imaging
Working of Transmission Electron Microscope
Applications of TEM
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Instrumentation of SEM
Thermionic-Emission (TE) gun
Field-Emission (FE) gun
Schottky-Emission (SE) gun
Working of SEM
Applications of SEM
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 20: Forensic Applications of Electron Microscope
Introduction
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
General Procedure for Sample Preparation for SEM (Figure 20.3):
Coating the Non-conducting Samples with Gold/Palladium using SputterCoater:
A brief description of the sputter coating procedure is shown in Figure 20.4.
Forensic Applications of Scanning Electron Microscope
Examination of Physical Materials
Gunshot Residues
Fibres
Ballistics
Paint
Glass
Detection of Forgery
Examination of Biological Materials
Hair
Pollen Grains
Red Blood Corpuscles
Diatoms
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Forensic Applications of Transmission Electron Microscope
Particles/Trace Evidence/Nanomaterials
Diatoms
Precautions
References
Chapter 21: Introduction to Atomic Force Microscopy: Basic Concept and Applications
Introduction
Imaging Modes of AFM
Force Distance Curve
Molecular Recognition Imaging
Multifrequency Imaging
High-Speed Imaging in Real-Time
Applications in Biology and Medicine
AFM in Assessing Cell Adhesion and Cellular Mechanical Alterations
AFM in Assessing Cell Morphology
AFM in Evaluating the Molecular Recognition Ability of Cells
Applications of AFM in Drug Discovery and Development
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 22: Forensic Applications of Atomic Force Microscope
Introduction
Sample Preparation
General Instructions for Imaging
Examination/Observation of the Various Evidence under the Microscope
Age Estimation of Bloodstains
Document Forgery
Hair Analysis
Diatom Test
Fingerprint
Gunshot Residues
Explosive Detection
Soil Sample Analysis
Pressure Sensitive Adhesives Analysis
Forensic Analysis of Fibre
Advantages and Limitations
Do’s and Don’ts/Precautions
References
Chapter 23: Forensic Histopathology
Introduction
Objectives of Forensic Histopathology Practice
Obtaining the Tissue at Autopsy
Tissue Preparation for Examination
Histological Stains
Role of Immunohistochemistry
Case Illustrations
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
Case 7
Case 8
Conclusion
References
Index