This is the first textbook in this field of increasing importance for the food and cosmetics industries. It is indispensable for future students of food technology and food chemistry as well as for engineers, technologists and technicians in the food industries. It describes the principles of food physics starting with the very basics – and focuses on the needs of practitioners without omitting important basic principles. It will be indispensable for future students of food technology and food chemistry as well as for engineers, technologists and technicians in the food industries. Food Physics deals with the physical properties of food, food ingredients and their measurement.
Author(s): Ludger O. Figura, Arthur A. Teixeira
Edition: 2
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 638
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
1: Water Activity
1.1 Water Activity
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Example
Example
Attention
1.2 Solid Boundary Surfaces
Definition
Definition
1.3 Adsorption Equilibrium
Definition
Definition
Definition
Definition
1.4 Porous Surfaces
Attention
Example
1.5 Sorption Isotherms
1.6 Moisture Content
Attention
Example
Attention
Example
Example
1.7 Hygroscopicity
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Example
1.8 BET Equation for Foods
Example
Example
1.9 GAB Equation for Food
1.10 Sorption Enthalpy
Example
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1.11 Other Models
Definition
1.12 Shelf Life of Food Related to Water Activity
Example
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1.13 Laboratory Determination of Sorption Isotherms
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1.14 Standard for Sorption Isotherms
Definition
Further Reading
Summary
References
2: Mass Density
Definition
2.1 Weighing and Mass
Attention
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Example
Remark
Attention
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Example
Definition
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Example
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2.2 Laboratory Methods for Determining Density
Example
Example
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Example
Definition
Further Reading
Summary
References
3: Disperse Systems: Particle Characterization
Definition
Example
Example
3.1 Particle Size Distributions
Example
Example
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Example
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Attention
Attention
Example
Example
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Attention
3.2 Measurement of Particle Size Distributions
Example
Attention
Example
Further Reading
Summary
References
4: Rheological Properties
4.1 Elastic Properties
4.1.1 Stress, Pressure, Uniaxial Tension, Young´s Modulus
Definition
Example
4.1.2 Three-Dimensional Stress, Bulk Compression
4.1.3 Shear, Shear Modulus
4.1.4 Transverse Strain, Poisson´s Ratio
4.2 Rheological Models
4.3 Viscous Behavior, Flow
4.3.1 Shear Rate
Definition
Definition
Definition
Definition
Example
Example
Example
Example
4.3.2 Newtonian Flow Behavior
Example
Attention
Definition
4.3.3 Non-Newtonian Flow Behavior
4.3.4 Comparison: Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
Attention
4.3.5 Pseudoplastic Flow Behavior
Definition
4.3.6 Thixotropic Flow Behavior
4.3.7 Dilatant Flow Behavior
4.3.8 Rheopectic Flow Behavior
4.3.9 Plastic Flow Behavior
Definition
Example
4.3.10 Overview: Non-Newtonian Flow Behavior
Examples
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Examples for Misinterpretations
4.3.11 Model Functions
4.3.12 Ostwald-de Waele Law
Definition
Definition
Attention
Definition
4.3.13 Model Functions for Plastic Fluids
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4.4 Temperature Dependency of Viscosity
Example
Example
4.5 Viscosity of Solutions
Definition
4.6 Viscoelasticity
Attention
Definition
4.7 Rheological Measurement
4.7.1 Rotational Rheometers
Example
Example
Example
Example
4.7.2 Oscillation Test
Definition
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4.7.3 Further Measurement Systems
Further Reading
Summary
References
5: Texture
5.1 Measurement
Definition
Example
5.2 Test Options
5.3 Stress Relaxation
Example
5.4 Creep Test
Definition
5.5 Deborah´s Number
Example
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Remark
5.6 Oscillating Load
5.7 Fracture Tests
5.8 Texture Profile Analysis
Further Reading
Summary
References
6: Interfaces
Definition
6.1 Interfacial Tension
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6.1.1 Curved (Convex/Concave) Interfaces
Example
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Attention
Example
Example
Example
6.1.2 Temperature Dependence of Interfacial Tension
Example
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6.1.3 Concentration Dependence of Interfacial Tension
Definition
Attention
6.1.4 Emulsions
Example
Definition
6.1.5 Liquid-Liquid-Gas Interface
Definition
Definition
Example
6.1.6 Solid-Liquid-Gas Interface
6.2 Kinetic Phenomena at Interfaces
Definition
6.3 Measurement
Definition
Example
Example
Further Reading
Summary
References
7: Permeability
7.1 Steady State Diffusion in Solids
Definition
7.2 Conductivity, Conductance, Resistance
7.3 Steady State Transport Through Solid Multi-layers
7.4 Food Packaging
Definition
Example
Example
7.4.1 Composite Films
Example
Example
7.5 Permeation as a Molecular Process
Attention
7.6 Temperature Dependency
7.7 Measurement of Permeability
Example
Example
7.8 Analogous Transport Phenomena: Heat and Electricity
Further Reading
Summary
References
8: Thermal Properties
8.1 Temperature
8.2 Heat and Enthalpy
Definition
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Definition
8.3 Thermodynamics: Basis Principles
8.3.1 Laws of Thermodynamics
Definition
Attention
8.4 Heat capacity
Example
8.4.1 Ideal Gases and Ideal Solids
8.4.2 Heat Capacity of Real Solids
Example
8.5 Classification of Phase Transitions
8.6 Heat Transfer in Food
8.6.1 Heat Radiation
8.6.1.1 Emissivity
8.6.2 Heat Conduction Transfer
8.6.2.1 One-Dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction Across a Flat Plate
8.6.2.2 Three-Dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction
8.6.2.3 One-Dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction Across Multiple Layers
8.6.2.4 One-Dimensional Steady State Conduction Across a Single Layer Cylindrical Wall
8.6.2.5 One-Dimensional Steady State Conduction with Multi-layer Cylindrical Wall
8.6.3 Convection Heat Transfer
8.6.3.1 Heat Transfer Coefficient
8.6.3.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
8.6.4 Heat Transfer by Phase Transition
Example
Remark
8.6.5 Thermal Conductivity
8.6.5.1 Solids
Example
Definition
Definition
8.6.5.2 Multilayer Solids
Example
8.6.5.3 Temperature Dependency of Thermal Conductivity
8.6.5.4 Liquids
8.6.5.5 Gases
8.6.5.6 Apparent Thermal Conductivity
8.6.6 Thermal Diffusivity
8.6.7 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity
8.6.7.1 Steady State Techniques
8.6.7.2 Transient State Techniques
8.7 Caloric Value of Foods
8.7.1 Caloric (Energy) Requirement of the Human Body
Example
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Attention
Example
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8.7.2 Caloric Value of Food
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Example
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8.7.3 Measurement of Caloric (Combustion) Values
8.8 Thermal Analysis
8.8.1 Thermogravimetry (TG)
8.8.2 Heat Flow Calorimetry
8.8.2.1 ΔT-Measuring System
8.8.2.2 Power Compensation System
8.8.2.3 Evaluation of a DSC Plot
Example
8.8.2.4 Temperature Modulated DSC
8.8.2.5 Experimental Conditions for MDSC Experiments
8.8.3 Combustion Calorimetry
Example
Further Reading
Summary
References
9: Electrical Properties
9.1 Electrical Conductivity
Attention
9.1.1 Temperature Dependence of Electrical Conductivity
9.1.2 Electrolyte Solutions
Attention
Example
Example
9.1.2.1 Frequency Dependency
9.1.2.2 Temperature Dependency of Equivalent Conductivity
Example
9.1.3 Conductivity of Solid Foods
9.2 Capacitance and Inductance
Example
Example
9.3 Impedance and Admittance
Definition
9.3.1 Frequency Dependance of Impedance
Attention
9.4 Measurement of Electrical Conductivity and Impedance
9.5 Zeta Potential
Definition
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Attention
Remark
9.6 Plasma
Definition
9.7 Applications
Further Reading
Summary
References
10: Magnetic Properties
10.1 Magnetic Material Properties
10.1.1 Paramagnetism
10.1.2 Ferromagnetism
10.1.3 Diamagnetism
10.1.3.1 Magnetic Refrigeration
10.2 Magnetization
10.2.1 Hysteresis in Magnetization
Definition
10.2.2 Metal Separation
10.2.3 Lorentz Force
10.2.4 Induction Cooker
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10.3 Magnetic Resonance
Definition
Example
Definition
Definition
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Definition
10.3.1 Electron Spin Resonance
Further Reading
Summary
References
11: Electromagnetic Properties
11.1 Electromagnetic Waves
11.2 Electric Polarization
11.2.1 Temperature Dependency
Remark
11.2.2 Frequency Dependency
Attention
11.2.3 Complex Permittivity
11.3 Microwaves
Example
11.3.1 Conversion of Microwaves into Heat
Example
Example
11.3.2 Penetration Depth of Microwaves
Example
Attention
Example
Attention
11.3.3 Microwave Heating
11.4 Terahertz Waves
Definition
11.5 NIR
Definition
Definition
Definition
Further Reading
Summary
References
12: Optical Properties
12.1 Refraction
12.1.1 Measurement of Refractive Index
12.2 Polarization
Definition
Example
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Definition
12.3 Reflection, Absorption, and Transmission
12.4 Scattering and Diffraction
12.5 Colorimetry
12.5.1 Color as a Result of Selective Absorption
Example
Example
12.5.2 Physiology of Color Vision
12.5.3 Terminology
12.5.3.1 Color as a Vector
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Definition
Example
12.5.3.2 Visual Color Measurement Methods
Further Reading
Summary
References
13: UV and X-rays
13.1 UV
13.2 X-ray
Example
13.2.1 X-ray Absorption
Example
13.2.2 Imaging Techniques
Definition
Further Reading
Summary
References
14: Radioactivity
Definition
Example
Definition
14.1 Types of Radiation
14.1.1 Activity and Decay
Example
Example
14.1.2 Measurement of Ionizing Radiation (α-, β-, γ-)
Definition
14.1.2.1 Counter Tubes
14.1.2.2 Semiconductor Detectors
14.1.3 Natural Radioactivity
Example
Example
Example
Attention
14.1.3.1 Exposure to the Human Body
14.1.3.2 Irradiation of Food and Packaging Material
14.1.3.3 Industrial Applications of Irradiation in Food Processing
Further Reading
Summary
References
15: Acoustic Properties
15.1 Sound
15.1.1 Speed of Sound
Example
15.1.2 Loudness and Volume
15.1.3 Noise
15.2 Acoustic Quality Assessment
Example: Chewing Noise
15.3 Ultrasonic Sound
Further Reading
Summary
References
16: On-line Sensors
16.1 Terms
Definition
16.2 Control-Directing-Monitoring
Example
Example
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Example
Example
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Example
16.3 Working Principles of On-line Sensors
16.3.1 Piezoresistive Sensors
16.3.2 Mechanical Oscillation
16.3.2.1 Density Measurement
Example
16.3.2.2 Flow Measurement (Coriolis Effect)
16.3.3 Induction (Flow Measurement, Metal Detection)
16.3.3.1 Magnetic-Inductive Flow Sensors
16.3.3.2 Metal Detection
16.3.4 Ultrasound Transit Time
16.3.5 Capacity and Permittivity
16.3.5.1 Capacitive Measurement of Fluid Level
16.3.5.2 Measurement of Humidity
16.3.5.3 Cell Growth
16.3.6 Refraction and Absorption
16.4 Chemo- and Bio-sensors
Definition
Definition
Definition
Definition
Definition
Definition
Definition
Definition
Further Reading
16.5 Abstract
References
Appendix A
A.1 The International System of Units (SI)
A.2 Distribution Functions
Example
A.3 Complex Numbers
Definition
Example
Definition
Example
A.3.1 Complex Physical Quantities
Remark
A.3.2 Electrical Properties
A.3.3 Rheology
A.3.4 Heat Flow Calorimetry
A.4 Greek Letters (Fig. A.6)
A.5 Conversion Chart: Temperature (Table A.19)
A.6 Sugar Conversion Chart: Concentration, Density, Refraction (Table A.20)
A.7 Material Data
A.7.1 Density (Table A.22)
A.8 Color Test Solutions
A.8.1 Preparation of Color Stock Solutions
A.8.2 Color Standard Solutions
Literature
Index
