Fine Sediment in Open Water is mainly written for professional engineers working in estuaries and coastal systems. It provides the basis for a fundamental understanding of the physical, biological and chemical processes governing the transport and fate of fine sediment in open water and explains how this understanding can steer engineering studies with numerical models. This is a unique treatment of processes at a variety of spatial and temporal scales, from the micro-scale (colloid scale) to system-wide scales, and from intra-tidal time periods to decades.Beginning with the processes governing the transport and fate of fine sediment in shallow open water, the first eight chapters are dedicated to the hydrodynamic, soil mechanics and biological processes which determine fine sediment concentrations in the water column, in/on the bed and the exchange of sediment between bed and water column. The next two chapters treat the net fluxes of fine sediment as a function of asymmetries in forcing and sediment properties. These fundamental processes form the basis for the subsequent chapters on modeling in which the governing equations are presented, and tools are provided to aggregate and parameterize the various processes elaborated in the first eight chapters. Further, any numerical model study should be based on a conceptual model, as illustrated in the final five chapters, which provide examples of numerical modeling studies on the transport and fate of fine sediment in a coastal sea, an estuary, a tidal river, a lake, and around and within a harbor basin.Related Link(s)
Author(s): Johan C. Winterwerp, Thijs van Kessel, Bas S. van Maren, Bram C. Van Prooijen
Series: Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering, 55
Publisher: World Scientific Publishing
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 643
City: Singapore
Contents
Preface
1. Introduction
Focus on near-shore marine environments
Transport modes
Capacity and below-capacity conditions
Setup of this book
2. Cohesive Sediment Properties
2.1 Microscopic cohesive sediment properties1
2.2 Macroscopic cohesive sediment properties
2.3 The critical state model
3. The Benthic Boundary Layer
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Boundary layer flow
3.2.1 Turbulence
3.2.2 Turbulent boundary layer in steady flow
3.2.3 Effect of stratification on the turbulent boundary layer
3.2.4 Wave boundary layer
3.3 Bed shear stresses
3.3.1 Bed shear stress in steady and tidal flow
3.3.2 Bed shear stress for waves
3.3.3 Effects of stratification on the bed shear stress
3.3.4 Some further thoughts on the bed shear stress
3.4 Vertical mixing of particles
3.4.1 Equilibrium profiles
3.4.2 Deviations from the parabolic eddy diffusivity profile
3.4.3 Deviations from the Rouse profile
3.4.4 Assessment of the settling velocity
3.5 Turbidity and water quality
4. Settling and Deposition
4.1 The settling velocity of mud flocs
4.2 The deposition rate of mud flocs
4.3 Flocculation dynamics
4.4 Hindered settling
5. Consolidation and Strength
5.1 Normal consolidation
5.2 Over-consolidation and stress history
5.3 Consolidation of slurries
6. Erosion of Cohesive Sediment: Pick-Up Functions at Below-Capacity Conditions
6.1 Traditional erosion formulas
6.2 Modes of erosion
6.3 Surface and floc erosion of a cohesive bed
6.3.1 Critical shear stress for erosion
6.3.2 Surface erosion rate
6.3.3 Floc erosion
6.4 Mass erosion from a cohesive bed
6.5 Entrainment of cohesive sediment from the fluff layer
6.6 Erosion of sand–mud mixtures
6.7 Biological effects
6.8 The effects of navigation
7. Fluid Mud
7.1 High-concentration mud suspensions
7.2 Fluid mud formation
7.2.1 Fluid mud formation from deposition
7.2.2 Fluid mud formation from liquefaction
7.3 Fluid mud properties
7.4 Wave damping by fluid mud
7.5 Fluid mud transport
7.5.1 Fluid mud transport by gravity and drag
7.5.2 Fluid mud transport by waves
7.6 Fluid mud and navigation
8. Biological Effects
8.1 Bio-stabilization
8.2 Bio-deposition
8.2.1 Bio-flocculation
8.2.2 Bio-pelletization
8.3 Bioturbation
8.4 Bio-irrigation
8.5 The role of vegetation
9. Transport and Fate of Mud in Estuaries and Tidal Basins
9.1 Baroclinic effects
9.1.1 Gravitational circulation
9.1.2 Secondary effects
9.1.3 SPM-induced density currents
9.2 Barotropic effects
9.2.1 Asymmetry in peak tidal velocity
9.2.1.1 Effect of river flow and second ETM
9.2.1.2 Asymmetry in vertical mixing
9.2.2 Asymmetry in slack water duration
9.2.2.1 Eulerian scour lag
9.2.2.2 Lagrangian scour lag
9.2.2.3 Eulerian settling lag
9.2.2.4 Lagrangian settling lag
9.2.3 Asymmetry in compound channels
9.2.4 Stokes drift
9.3 Other asymmetry effects
9.3.1 Effects of wind
9.3.2 Effects of waves
9.3.3 Effects of floc size and settling velocity
9.4 Net and gross transport in estuaries
9.5 Harbor siltation
10. Transport and Fate of Mud in Coastal Waters
10.1 Tidal propagation in coastal waters
10.2 Effects of Earth’s rotation
10.2.1 Patos Lagoon
10.2.2 North Sea — The Dutch coastal zone
10.3 Effects of winds
10.3.1 Wind effects at global scale
10.3.2 Wind effects at regional scale
10.4 Net and gross transport rates in coastal waters
10.5 Fairway siltation
11. The Governing Equations
11.1 General
11.2 The 3D shallow water equations
11.3 The 2DH shallow water equations
11.4 The continuous model concept
12. Model Schematization
12.1 Sub-grid effects
12.2 Schematization of bed processes
12.3 Schematization long-term SPM transport
13. Good Mud-Modeling Practice
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The conceptual model
13.3 From a conceptual to a numerical model
13.3.1 Model type
13.3.2 Modeling domain
13.3.3 Below-capacity conditions
13.3.4 Data requirements
13.4 Setup of a numerical model
13.4.1 Spatial and temporal scales
13.4.2 Horizontal and vertical grid resolution
13.4.3 The bed
13.4.4 SPM fractions
13.5 Model calibration
13.5.1 Calibration of hydrodynamics
13.5.2 Phenomenological calibration of sediment transport
13.5.3 Quantitative calibration
13.5.4 Model uncertainty
13.5.5 Sensitivity analyses
13.5.6 Model evaluation
13.6 Good Modeling Practice guidelines
13.6.1 GMP — Step I: Conceptual model
13.6.2 GMP — Step II: Hydrodynamic model
13.6.3 GMP — Step III: Mud model
13.6.4 GMP — Step IV: Uncertainty
13.6.5 GMP — Step V: Application
14. Modeling spm in Shallow Seas: The North Sea
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Conceptual model
14.2.1 Model purpose
14.2.2 System understanding
14.2.3 Model requirements
14.3 Hydrodynamic model
14.4 Sediment transport model
14.4.1 Model setup
14.4.2 Calibration
14.5 Model application
14.5.1 Effects of sand mining
14.5.2 Effect of harbor maintenance
14.5.3 Crucial system understanding aspects
15. Modeling spm in Estuaries: The Scheldt Estuary
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Conceptual model
15.2.1 Purpose of the study
15.2.2 Research questions
15.2.3 System understanding
15.2.4 Model requirements
15.3 Hydrodynamic model
15.4 Sediment transport model
15.4.1 Sediment fractions, properties and boundary conditions
15.4.2 Phenomenological calibration
15.5 Model application
15.5.1 Crucial system understanding aspects
16. Modeling spm in Tidal Rivers: The Lower Ems River
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Conceptual model
16.2.1 Purpose of the study
16.2.2 Aims and research questions
16.2.3 System understanding
16.2.4 Model requirements
16.3 Hydrodynamic model
16.3.1 Grid resolution
16.3.2 Calibration and validation
16.3.3 Analysis hydrodynamics
16.4 Sediment transport model
16.4.1 Model setup
16.4.2 Qualitative calibration
16.4.3 Quantitative calibration
16.5 Model application
16.5.1 Crucial system understanding aspects
17. Modeling spm in Shallow Lakes: Lake Markermeer
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Conceptual model
17.2.1 Purpose of the study
17.2.2 Aims and research questions
17.2.3 System understanding
17.2.4 Model requirements
17.3 Hydrodynamic model
17.3.1 Model domain and grid resolution
17.3.2 Calibration and validation
17.3.3 Analysis of hydrodynamics
17.4 Sediment transport model
17.4.1 Model setup
17.4.2 Calibration and validation
17.4.3 Calibration procedure
17.4.3.1 Calibration in 1DV mode
17.4.3.2 Calibration in 3D mode
17.4.3.3 Validation
17.5 Model application
17.5.1 Crucial system understanding aspects
18. Modeling spm in Harbor Basins: Port of Antwerp
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Conceptual model
18.2.1 Purpose of the study
18.2.2 Aims and research questions
18.2.3 System understanding
18.2.4 Model requirements
18.3 Hydrodynamic model
18.3.1 Grid design and boundary conditions
18.3.2 Calibration and validation
18.3.3 Analysis hydrodynamics
18.4 Sediment transport model
18.4.1 Sediment fractions, properties and boundary conditions
18.4.2 Phenomenological calibration
18.5 Model application
18.5.1 Crucial system understanding aspects
Appendix A Measuring Fine Sediment Properties
A.1 Sampling and storage
A.2 Bulk and dry density, organic and carbonate content
A.3 Particle size distribution
A.4 Atterberg limits
A.5 Zeta potential
A.6 Mechanical properties — Rheology
A.7 Mechanical properties — Slump test
A.8 Settling and consolidation
A.9 Capillary suction time
Appendix B Terminology
Nomenclature
Bibliography
Index
