Originally published in 1994, the first edition of Field Sampling Methods for
Remedial Investigations soon became a premier resource in this field. The “Princeton
Groundwater” course designated it as one of the top books on the market that
addresses strategies for groundwater characterization, groundwater well installation,
well completion, and groundwater sampling. This long awaited third edition provides
most current and most cost-effective environmental media characterization methods
and approaches supporting all aspects of remediation activities. This book integrates
recommendations from over one hundred of the most current US EPA, State EPA, US
Geological Survey, US Army Corps of Engineers, and National Laboratory environmental guidance and/or technical documents.
This book provides guidance, examples, and/or case studies for the following
subjects:
• Implementing the EPA’s latest Data Quality Objectives process
• Developing cost-effective statistical and non-statistical sampling designs
supporting all aspects of environmental remediation activities, and available
statistical sample design software
• Aerial photography, surface geophysics, airborne/surface/downhole/building
radiological surveys, soil gas surveying, environmental media sampling,
DNAPL screening, portable X-ray fluorescence measurements
• Direct push groundwater sampling, well installation, well development, well
purging, no-purge/low-flow/standard groundwater sampling, depth-discrete
ground sampling, groundwater modeling
• Tracer testing, slug testing, waste container and building material sampling,
pipe surveying, defining background conditions
• Documentation, quality control sampling, data verification/validation, data
quality assessment, decontamination, health and safety, management of investigation waste
A recognized expert on this subject, author Mark Byrnes provides standard operating
procedures and guidance on the proper implementation of these methods, focusing
on proven technologies that are acknowledged by EPA and State regulatory agencies
as reputable techniques.
Author(s): Mark Edward Byrnes
Edition: 3
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 435
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
About the Contributors
Acronyms and Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 Summary of Major Environmental Laws and Regulations
2.1 Environmental Laws
2.1.1 CERCLA, NCP, and SARA Compliance
2.1.1.1 Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study Process
2.1.1.2 CERCLA Five-Year Review
2.1.2 RCRA Compliance
2.1.2.1 Solid Waste
2.1.2.2 Hazardous Waste
2.1.3 TSCA Compliance
2.1.4 NEPA Compliance
2.1.5 CWA Compliance
2.1.6 SDWA Compliance
2.1.7 CAA Compliance
2.2 Regulations Pertaining to Radionuclides
Bibliography
3 Designing a Defensible Sampling Program
3.1 General Considerations When Designing a Sampling Program
3.2 DQO Implementation Process
3.2.1 Planning Meeting
3.2.2 Scoping
3.2.3 Regulatory Agency Interviews
3.2.4 Global Issues Meeting
3.2.5 Seven-Step DQO Process
3.2.5.1 Step 1: State the Problem
3.2.5.2 Step 2: Identify the Goals of the Study
3.2.5.3 Step 3: Identify Information Inputs
3.2.5.4 Step 4: Define the Boundaries of the Study
3.2.5.5 Step 5: Develop the Analytic Approach
3.2.5.6 Step 6: Specify Performance Or Acceptance Criteria
3.2.5.7 Step 7: Develop the Plan for Obtaining Data
3.2.6 Preparing a DQO Summary Report
3.2.7 Preparing a Sampling and Analysis Plan
3.2.8 Groundwater Modeling to Support Site Characterization and Remediation
3.2.8.1 Site Characterization
3.2.8.2 Initial Remedy Selection and Design
3.2.8.3 Remedy Design and Implementation
3.2.8.4 Remedy Evaluation, Optimization, and Uncertainty Analysis
3.2.8.5 Long-Term Monitoring and Monitoring Network Optimization
3.2.8.6 Attainment Demonstration and Rebound Studies
3.2.8.7 Groundwater Modeling Summary
References
4 Field Investigation Methods
4.1 Nonintrusive Methods
4.1.1 Aerial Photography
4.1.2 Surface Geophysical Surveying
4.1.2.1 Ground-Penetrating Radar
4.1.2.2 Electromagnetic Induction
4.1.2.3 Magnetics
4.1.2.4 Electrical Resistivity
4.1.2.5 Seismic Surveying
4.1.2.6 Common Geophysical Techniques Used to Identify Unexploded Ordnance
4.1.3 Airborne Gamma Spectrometry Radiological Surveying
4.1.3.1 Instrumentation
4.1.3.2 Flight Line Direction and Speed
4.1.3.3 Flying Heights and Spacing
4.1.4 Global Positioning Environmental Radiological Surveyor
4.1.5 In Situ Gamma Spectroscopy Surveying
4.1.6 Nonintrusive Building Characterization Methods
4.1.6.1 RadScan 800 Surveying
4.1.6.2 Laser-Assisted Ranging and Data System Surveying
4.1.6.3 In Situ Object Counting System
4.1.7 Air Sampling Supporting Environmental Investigations
4.1.8 Air Sampling Supporting Worker Safety
4.2 Intrusive Methods
4.2.1 General Media Sampling
4.2.1.1 Sample Types
4.2.2 Soil Gas Surveying
4.2.2.1 Field Screening Soil Gas Surveying Method
4.2.2.2 Mobile Gas Chromatograph Soil Gas Surveying Method
4.2.2.3 BESURE Soil Gas Surveying Method
4.2.2.4 AGI Sample Module Soil Gas Surveying Method
4.2.3 Downhole Screening Methods
4.2.3.1 Ribbon NAPL Sampler
4.2.3.2 Downhole Gross Gamma Logging
4.2.3.3 Downhole High-Purity Germanium Logging
4.2.3.4 Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Measurements
4.2.4 Soil Sampling
4.2.4.1 Shallow Soil Sampling
4.2.4.2 Deep Soil Sampling
4.2.5 Sediment Sampling
4.2.5.1 Stream, River, and Surface Water Drainage Sampling
4.2.5.2 Pond, Lake, Retention Basin, and Tank Sampling
4.2.6 Surface Water and Liquid Waste Sampling
4.2.6.1 Stream, River, and Surface Water Drainage Sampling
4.2.6.2 Pond, Lake, Retention Basin, and Tank Sampling
4.2.7 Groundwater Sampling/Testing
4.2.7.1 Direct Push Method
4.2.7.2 Monitoring Wells
4.2.7.3 Well Development
4.2.7.4 Well Purging
4.2.7.5 Groundwater Sampling After Well Installation
4.2.7.6 Tracer Testing
4.2.7.7 Slug Testing
4.2.8 Drum and Waste Container Sampling
4.2.8.1 Soil Sampling From Drums and Waste Containers
4.2.8.2 Sludge Sampling From Waste Drums and Waste Containers
4.2.8.3 Liquid Sampling From Waste Drums and Waste Containers
4.2.9 Buildings Material Sampling
4.2.9.1 Swipe Sampling
4.2.9.2 Concrete Sampling
4.2.9.3 Paint Sampling
4.2.10 Pipe Surveying
4.2.11 Remote Surveying
4.2.11.1 ANDROS Mark VA-1
4.3 Defining Background Conditions
Bibliography
5 Sample Preparation, Documentation, and Shipment
5.1 Sample Preparation
5.2 Documentation
5.2.1 Field Logbooks
5.2.2 Photographic Logbook
5.2.3 Field Sampling Forms
5.2.4 Identification and Shipping Documentation
5.2.5 Sample Labels
5.2.6 Chain-Of-Custody Forms and Seals
5.2.7 Other Important Documentation
Reference
6 Quality Control Sampling
7 Data Verification and Validation
7.1 Data Verification
7.2 Data Validation
Bibliography
8 Data Quality Assessment
8.1 DQA Step 1: Review the Project’s Objectives and Sampling Design
8.2 DQA Step 2: Conduct a Preliminary Data Review
8.3 DQA Step 3: Select the Statistical Method
8.4 DQA Step 4: Verify the Assumptions of the Statistical Method
8.5 DQA Step 5: Draw Conclusions From the Data
References
9 Equipment Decontamination
9.1 Chemical Decontamination Procedure
9.1.1 Large Equipment Decontamination Procedure
9.1.2 Sampling Equipment Decontamination Procedure
9.1.2.1 Organic and Inorganic Decontamination Procedure (EPA Region 4 2020)
9.1.2.2 Alternative Solvent Rinse Organic and Inorganic Decontamination Procedure (EPA Region 4 2020)
9.1.2.3 Organic and Inorganic Decontamination Procedure (EPA 2002)
9.2 Radiological Decontamination Procedures
9.2.1 Tape Method
9.2.2 Manual Method
9.2.3 HEPA Vacuum Method
9.2.4 High-Pressure-Wash Method
Bibliography
10 Health and Safety
10.1 Training Requirements
10.2 Medical Surveillance
10.3 Hazard Overview
10.4 Engineering Controls
10.5 Air Monitoring
10.6 Radiological Screening Instruments
10.7 Site Control
10.8 Personal Protective Equipment
References
11 Management of Investigation-Derived Waste
Appendix General Reference Tables
Reference
Index
