Exploring Poisonous Plants: Medicinal Values, Toxicity Responses, and Therapeutic Uses

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
About the Editor
Preface
Contributors
SECTION A General Information
Chapter 1 Poisonous Plants: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Phytochemistry of Poisonous Plants and Their Classification by Chemical Structure
1.3 Diagnosis and Treatment of Intoxication in Some Ruminants
1.4 Effect of Poisonous Plants on Animals (Livestock) and Prevention of Poisoning
1.5 Categories of Plant Toxins
1.6 Plant Toxins as Suicidal Poison
1.7 Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 2 Biotechnological Approaches in Poisonous Plants
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Aspects of Poisonous Plant History
2.3 Plant Poisoning Causes
2.4 Active Compound and Pharmacological Activity
2.5 Bioassays Approach
2.6 DNA Barcoding Approach
2.6.1 Target DNA-Based Methods
2.6.1.1 DNA Microarray
2.6.1.2 PCR Primers
2.6.1.3 Species-Specific PCR Primers
2.6.1.4 Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
2.7 High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS)
2.8 DNA Barcoding Combined with High-Resolution Melting (Bar-HRM) Analysis
2.9 Biomarkers Approach for Poisonous Plant
2.10 Conclusion
Note
References
Chapter 3 Uses of Poisonous Plants in Nanoscience
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Common Poisonous Plants
3.3 Bioactive Compounds (Phytochemicals)
3.4 Nanotechnology
3.5 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
3.6 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
3.6.1 Silver Nanoparticles
3.6.1.1 Thevetia Peruviana
3.6.1.2 Catharanthus Roseus
3.6.1.3 Datura Metel
3.6.1.4 Convolvulus Arvensis
3.6.1.5 Portulaca Oleracea
3.6.2 Gold Nanoparticles
3.6.2.1 Gymnocladus Assamicus
3.6.2.2 Nerium Oleander
3.6.2.3 Plumeria Alba
3.6.2.4 Terminalia Catappa
3.6.3 Platinum Nanoparticles
3.6.3.1 Bacopa Monnieri
3.6.3.2 Prunus x Yedoensis
3.6.4 Copper Nanoparticles
3.6.4.1 Hagenia Abyssinica
3.6.5 Palladium Nanoparticles
3.6.5.1 Gymnema Sylvestre
3.6.6 Nickel Nanoparticles
3.6.6.1 Citrullus Colocynthis
3.6.7 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
3.6.7.1 Cassia Fistula
3.6.8 Iron Oxides Nanoparticle
3.6.8.1 Calotropis Procera
3.6.9 Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles
3.6.9.1 Jatropha Curcas
3.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
Notes
References
Chapter 4 Conservation Practices of Poisonous Plants: Present Status
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Need for Conservation of Poisonous Plants
4.3 Principles of Biodiversity Conservation
4.4 Factors Related to Species Rarity of Medicinal/Poisonous Plants
4.5 Traditional Methods of Conservation
4.5.1 In Situ Conservation
4.5.1.1 Advantages of In Situ Conservation
4.5.1.2 Disadvantages of In Situ Conservation
4.5.1.3 Natural Parks
4.5.1.4 Wild Nurseries
4.5.1.5 Biosphere Reserves
4.5.1.6 Conservation Reserves
4.5.1.7 Community Reserves
4.5.2 Ex Situ Conservation
4.5.2.1 Botanic Gardens
4.5.2.2 Gene Banks
4.5.2.3 Seed Banks
4.5.2.4 Pollen Bank
4.5.2.5 DNA Bank
4.5.2.6 Field Gene Banks
4.5.2.7 Cultivation Practice
4.6 Modern Techniques of Conservation
4.6.1 Cryobank or Cryopreservation Technique of Conservation
4.6.2 Tissue Culture Techniques Used for Conservation
4.7 Prospects for Conservation of Poisonous Plants
4.8 Conclusion
Notes
References
SECTION B Poisonous Plants (Botanical Description, Distribution, Phytochemical Constituents, Pharmacological Studies, Toxic Response, Traditional, and Other Potential Uses and Future Remarks)
Chapter 5 Abrus Precatorius (Rosary Pea)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Botanical Description
5.3 Traditional Uses
5.4 Phytoconstituents
5.5 Toxicology
5.6 Pharmacological Activity
5.7 Anti-Diabetic Activity
5.8 Anti-Microbial and Anti-Viral Activity
5.9 Anti-Asthmatic Activity
5.10 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
5.11 Larvicidal Activity
5.12 Anti-Proliferative Activity
5.13 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Acknowledgements
Notes
References
Chapter 6 Aconitum Napellus (Monkshood)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Botanical Description
6.2.1 Morphology
6.2.1.1 Leaves
6.2.1.2 Flowers
6.2.1.3 Roots
6.3 Distribution
6.4 Phytochemical Constituents
6.5 Pharmacological Studies
6.6 Toxic Response
6.6.1 Toxicity in Humans
6.6.2 Mechanism of Toxicity in Human
6.6.3 Clinical Management
6.7 Traditional and Other Potential Uses
6.8 Future Remarks
Notes
References
Chapter 7 Acorus Calamus (Sway or Muskrat Root)
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Botanical Description
7.3 Distribution
7.4 Phytochemical Constituents
7.5 Pharmacological Studies
7.5.1 Antioxidant Activity
7.5.2 Hepatoprotective Activity
7.5.3 Antibacterial Activity
7.5.4 Insecticidal Activity
7.5.5 Immunomodulatory Activity
7.5.6 Antidiarrheal Activity
7.5.7 Anticonvulsant Activity
7.5.8 Sedative Activity
7.5.9 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity
7.5.10 Antispasmodic Activity
7.5.11 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
7.5.12 Anthelmintic Activity
7.5.13 Effect on Cardiovascular System
7.5.14 Hypolipidemic Activity
7.5.15 Cytoprotective and Antiulcer Activity
7.5.16 Bronchodilator Activity
7.5.17 Anticancer Activity
7.5.18 Antifungal Activity
7.5.19 Antiviral Activity
7.6 Toxic Response
7.7 Traditional and Other Potential Uses
7.8 Future Remarks
Notes
References
Chapter 8 Agapanthus Orientalis (Lily of the Nile)
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Botanical Description and Ecology
8.3 Ethnobotany
8.4 Toxicity of A. Orientalis
8.5 Traditional and Modern Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Uses and Applications of A. Orientalis
8.6 Phytochemistry of A. Orientalis
8.7 Applications of A. Orientalis
8.8 Plant Breeding to Produce Stress-Tolerant Varieties
8.9 Conclusion
Note
References
Chapter 9 Antiaris Toxicaria (Upas Tree)
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Taxonomic and Botanical Description
9.1.2 Species Distribution
9.1.3 Toxic Response/Poison
9.2 Phytochemical Constituents
9.3 Traditional and Other Potential Uses
9.4 Pharmacological Studies
9.4.1 Anticonvulsant/Neuroprotective Activity
9.4.2 Antioxidant Activity
9.4.3 Antimicrobial Activity
9.4.4 Anticancer/Anti-Tumor Activity
9.4.5 Cardiovascular Activity
9.5 Conclusion and Future Remarks
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
Chapter 10 Aristolochia Indica (The Indian Birthwort)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Botanical Description
10.3 Distribution
10.4 Phytocompounds
10.5 Pharmacological Activity of Reported Phyto-Compounds of Aristolochia Indica
10.5.1 Antioxidant Activity
10.5.2 Antimicrobial Activity
10.5.3 Antidiarrhoeal Activity
10.5.4 Antidiabetic Activity
10.5.5 Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Activity
10.5.6 Anticancer Activity
10.5.7 Antivenom Activity
10.5.8 Anti-Feedant Activity
10.5.9 Anti-Pruritic Activity
10.5.10 Anti-Implantation and Interceptive Activity
10.5.11 Abortifacient Activity
10.5.12 Antifertility Activity
10.6 Toxic Response
10.7 Traditional Uses
10.8 Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 11 Atractylis Gummifera (Stemless Atractylis)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Botanical Description
11.3 Distribution
11.4 Phytochemical Constituents
11.5 Pharmacological Studies
11.6 Toxic Response
11.7 Traditional and Other Potential Uses
11.8 Conclusion and Future Remarks
Notes
References
Chapter 12 Atropa Belladonna (Deadly Nightshade)
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Botanical Description
12.2.1 Habit and Habitat
12.2.2 Propagation Strategies
12.2.2.1 Seed-Based Propagation
12.2.2.2 Cutting-Based Propagation
12.2.2.3 In Vitro Propagation
12.3 Distribution
12.4 Phytochemical Constituents
12.5 Pharmacological Studies
12.6 Toxic Response
12.7 Traditional and Other Potential Uses
12.8 Future Remark
Acknowledgment
Notes
References
Chapter 13 Calotropis Gigantea (Crown Flower or Giant Milkweed)
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Botanical Description
13.3 Distribution
13.4 Phytochemical Constituents
13.5 Pharmacological Studies
13.5.1 Potent Inhibitor of Corona Virus (Covid 19)
13.5.2 Anticancer and Cytotoxic Properties
13.5.3 Antimicrobial Activity
13.5.4 Wound Healing and Procoagulant Properties
13.5.5 Anthelmintic and Nematocidal Activities
13.5.6 Anti-Tussive and Anti-Asthmatic Properties
13.5.7 Sedative, Anti-Depressant, and Anxiolytic Activities
13.6 Toxic Response
13.7 Traditional and Other Potential Uses
13.7.1 Nanoparticle Synthesis
13.7.2 Biofuel Generation
13.7.3 Fiber Source
13.7.4 Reclamation of Barren Land
13.7.5 Esthetic and Ornamental Value
13.8 Conclusion and Future Remarks
Notes
References
Chapter 14 Colchicum Autumnale (Naked Ladies)
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Botanical Description
14.3 Distribution
14.4 Phytochemical Constituents
14.5 Pharmacological and Therapeutic Activities of Colchicum Autumnale
14.6 Toxic Response
14.7 Traditional and Other Potential Uses
14.8 Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 15 Conium Maculatum (Hemlock or Poison Hemlock)
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Distribution
15.3 Phytochemical Constituents
15.4 Pharmacological Studies
15.5 Mode of Action
15.6 Toxic Response
15.7 Ecological Role
15.8 Traditional and Other Potential Use
15.9 Conclusion and Future Remarks
Notes
References
Chapter 16 Datura Stramonium (Thorn Apple or Devil's Trumpet)
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Botanical Description
16.3 Distribution
16.4 Phytochemical Constituents
16.5 Pharmacological Studies
16.5.1 Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity
16.5.2 Anti-Cancer and Cytotoxic Activity
16.5.3 Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity
16.5.4 Larvicidal, Repellant, and Insecticidal Activity
16.5.5 Antidiabetic
16.5.6 Antiasthmatic
16.6 Toxicological Evaluation of Datura Stramonium
16.7 Traditional and Other Potential Uses
16.8 Conclusion and Future Remarks
Notes
References
Chapter 17 Digitalis Purpurea (Foxglove Plant)
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Botanical Description
17.2.1 Habit and Habitat
17.2.2 Propagation Methods
17.2.2.1 Conventional Method of Propagation
17.2.2.2 In Vitro Propagation
17.2.2.3 Propagation for Enhanced Glycoside Production
17.3 Distribution
17.4 Phytochemical Constituents
17.4.1 Cardiac Glycosides in D. Purpurea
17.5 Pharmacological Studies
17.5.1 Pharmacokinetics
17.6 Toxic Response
17.7 Traditional and Other Potential Uses
17.8 Future Prospects
Acknowledgment
Notes
References
Chapter 18 Gloriosa Superba (Glory Lily)
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Global Distribution
18.3 Phytography
18.4 Traditional and Other Potential Uses
18.5 Phytochemical Constituents
18.5.1 Colchicine
18.6 Pharmacological Profile
18.6.1 Anti-Anxiety
18.6.2 Antimicrobial
18.6.3 Anti-Nemic
18.6.4 Antibacterial Activity
18.6.5 Antifungal Activity
18.6.6 Anthelmintic Activity
18.6.7 Anti-Inflammatory
18.6.8 Antioxidants
18.6.9 Anti-Cancerous
18.6.10 Anti-Coagulant/Anti-Thrombotic
18.7 Toxic Response
18.7.1 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Colchicine
18.7.2 Mechanism of Colchicine Fatal Action
18.7.3 Clinical Effects
18.7.4 Illustrative Cases
18.8 Cultivation
18.8.1 Propagation Through Tubers and Seeds
18.8.2 In Vitro Micropropagation and Tissue Culture
18.8.3 Planting Management
18.8.4 Nutrient Management
18.8.5 Yield and Harvest
18.9 Genetic Diversity and Improvement
18.10 Current Status and Future Remarks
18.11 Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 19 Nerium Oleander (Oleander or Nerium)
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Taxonomy
19.3 Distribution
19.4 Chemical Constituents
19.5 Ethno-Medicinal Value of Nerium Oleander
19.6 Biological Activities
19.6.1 Antioxidant Activity
19.6.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
19.6.3 Antimicrobial Activity
19.6.4 Larvicidal Activity
19.6.5 Anti-Cancer Activity
19.6.6 Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses
19.6.7 Antiviral Activity
19.7 Toxicity
19.8 Conclusion and Future Remarks
Acknowledgement
Notes
References
Chapter 20 Ricinus Communis (Castor Oil Plant)
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Botanical Description
20.3 Distribution
20.4 Poisonous Compounds Found in Ricinus Communis
20.4.1 Ricin
20.4.1.1 Ricin (RCA-II, RCA60, Ricin D)
20.4.2 Ricinoleic Acid
20.4.3 Ricinus Communis Agglutinin
20.4.4 Ricinine
20.4.5 Allergenic Compounds
20.4.6 Ricinus Lipase
20.5 Phytochemical of Ricinus Communis
20.5.1 Alkaloids
20.5.2 Flavonoids
20.5.3 Benzoic Acid Derivatives
20.5.4 Coumarins
20.5.5 Tocopherols
20.5.6 Terpenoids
20.5.6.1 Monoterpenoids
20.5.6.2 Diterpenoids
20.5.6.3 Sterols
20.5.6.4 Triterpenoids
20.5.7 Fatty Acids
20.5.8 Other Compounds
20.6 Pharmacological Efficacy of Ricinus Communis
20.6.1 Antimicrobial Activity
20.6.2 Antidiabetic Activity
20.6.3 Anti-Cancer Activity
20.6.4 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
20.6.5 Antioxidant Activity
20.6.6 Analgesic Activity
20.6.7 Anthelmintic Activity
20.6.8 Anti-Fertility Activity
20.6.9 Antiulcer Activity
20.6.10 Antiasthmatic Activity
20.7 Conclusions
Notes
References
Chapter 21 Thevetia Peruviana (Yellow Oleander)
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Botanical Description
21.2.1 Taxonomic Description
21.2.2 Plant Description
21.3 Distribution
21.4 Phytochemical Constituents
21.4.1 Cardiac Glycosides
21.4.1.1 Early Studies on Cardiac Glycosides
21.4.1.2 Structure of Cardiac Glycosides/Cardenolides
21.4.2 Other Phytochemical Constituents
21.5 Pharmacological Studies
21.5.1 Studies on Cardiac Glycoside Activities
21.5.1.1 Cytotoxic Activity/Anticancer Activity/Apoptotic Activity/Antitumour Activity
21.5.1.2 Neuroprotective Action
21.5.2 Studies on Other Activities
21.5.2.1 Antiviral Activity
21.5.2.2 Wound Healing Activity
21.5.2.3 Antispermatogenic Activity
21.5.2.4 Antioxidant Activity
21.6 Toxic Response
21.6.1 Studies on Yellow Oleander Seed Poisoning (YOP/YOSP) and Case Reports
21.6.2 Mechanism of Toxicity
21.6.2.1 Schematic Representation of Alterations in Ionic Distributions
21.6.3 Symptoms and Diagnosis
21.6.4 Specific Detection
21.6.5 Treatment
21.6.6 Animal Toxicity
21.7 Traditional Uses
21.8 Other Potential Uses
21.8.1 Industrial Uses
21.8.2 Use in Biodiesel
21.8.3 Anti-Termite Activity
21.8.4 Molluscicidal and Pesticidal Activity
21.8.5 Antimicrobial Activity
21.8.6 Antifungal Activity
21.8.7 Use in Nanoparticles
21.9 Future Perspectives
Notes
References
Chapter 22 Toxicodendron Succedaneum (Rhus or Wax Tree)
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Botanical Description and Ecology of Toxicodendron Succedaneum
22.3 Distribution of T. Succedaneum
22.4 Ethnobotany of T. Succedaneum
22.5 Phytochemistry of T. Succedaneum
22.6 Biological Activity of T. Succedaneum
22.7 Toxicity of T. Succedaneum
22.8 Conclusion
Notes
References
Index