This book is divided into three sections: 1) Components of exocytotic pathways; 2) Biophysical insights from synthetic and reconstituted systems; and, 3) Physiological systems of exocytosis. The first section begins with a description of how secretory organelles form and are packaged with appropriate constituents for exocytosis. The second includes two chapters on recently published reconstituted systems of SNARE-mediated fusion. The final third of the book summarizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms of exocytosis and its regulation in diverse systems.
This book is a reference for researchers and students in the fields of exocytosis and membrane trafficking who hope to gain a broad understanding of how these processes operate in various cell types. Historical perspectives on exocytosis are also presented and discussed.
Key Features:
Comprehensive and cohesive molecules-to-systems presentation of key features of secretory pathways.
Presents a single volume description of exocytosis regulatory mechanisms in many different cell types.
A number of chapter authors are highly regarded researchers in the field.
Detailed descriptions are provided of diverse systems of exocytosis including yeast exocytosis and exosomal secretion.
Incorporates methodologies that are routinely used by biophysicists to study exocytosis and membrane fusion including electrochemistry, electrophysiology, reconstitution assays, and high-resolution fluorescence imaging.
Author(s): Arun Anantharam, Jefferson Knight
Series: Biophysical Society–IOP Series
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 371
City: Bristol
PRELIMS.pdf
Acknowledgements
Editor biographies
Arun Anantharam
Jefferson Knight
List of contributors
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Purpose and scope of this e-book
References and recommended reading
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Biogenesis of secretory granules
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Secretory protein sorting—beginning in the TGN
2.3 The roles of lipids in the early events of SG formation
2.4 Scission of nascent IGs from the TGN
2.5 Granule maturation—a multi-step process
2.6 Granule subpopulations in regulated secretory cells
2.7 Exploring SG biogenesis—where we are and going forward
Acknowledgments
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Exocytotic SNARE complex assembly, disassembly, and regulation
3.1 Introduction to exocytotic SNARE proteins and fusion events at the neuronal plasma membrane
3.2 Mechanisms of SNARE complex assembly
3.2.1 Act I: closed syntaxin-1 and Munc18
3.2.2 Act II: opening syntaxin-1 with Munc13 and/or CAPS
3.2.3 Act III: zippering up the SNARE complex
3.2.4 Finale: membrane fusion
3.3 Negative regulation of the SNARE complex assembly by tomosyn-1 and amisyn
3.4 Disassembly of the SNARE complex and reuse of the SNARE proteins
3.5 SNARE-mediated membrane fusion beyond 2022: functional diversity of non-canonical SNARE proteins
Acknowledgements
References and further reading
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Secretory granule motions adjacent to the plasma membrane and granule membrane protein mobility: implications for exocytosis
4.1 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Fusion pore stability and dynamics
5.1 Techniques for studying fusion pores
5.2 Functional considerations
5.3 The energy landscape of membrane fusion
5.4 Fusion pore states
5.5 Conclusions
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Mechanical regulation of exocytosis and endocytosis
Overview
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Membrane tension and membrane homeostasis
6.3 Coupling of exo- and endocytosis
6.3.1 Synaptic transmission
6.3.2 Phagocytosis
6.3.3 Membrane sealing
6.3.4 Cell spreading
6.3.5 Cell migration
6.3.6 Axon outgrowth and guidance
6.4 Regulation of exocytosis by membrane tension
6.5 Regulation of endocytosis by membrane tension
6.6 Outlook
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 A dynamin perspective on endocytosis and coupling to exocytosis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Dynamin’s role in endocytosis
7.2.1 Dynamin isoforms
7.2.2 Dynamin 2 and neuropathies
7.2.3 Dynamin endocytotic partners
7.2.4 Clathrin-independent, dynamin-dependent endocytotic pathways
7.3 Mechanochemical properties of dynamin leading to membrane fission
7.3.1 Dynamin assembly and fission assays
7.3.2 Dynamin structure
7.4 Coupling endocytosis and exocytosis
7.5 Summary
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Understanding the molecular mechanism of fusion pores through reconstruction
8.1 Introduction
8.2 SNARE-mediated membrane fusion
8.3 The mystery of fusion pores
8.4 Interrogation of fusion pores using liposomes
8.5 Isolation of nascent fusion pores using nanodiscs
8.6 Dissection of pore properties using electric recording
8.7 Reconstitution of expanded fusion pores
8.8 Future directions
Acknowledgments
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Pore-spanning membranes: a tool for studying neuronal fusion
9.1 Introduction
9.2 In vitro fusion assays
9.3 Setting up a single-vesicle assay based on pore-spanning membranes
9.4 Single-vesicle fusion assay—lipid mixing
9.5 Impact of synaptotagmin-1 on fusion efficiency and kinetics
9.6 Single-vesicle fusion assay—content release
9.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Effects of anesthetics on membrane fusion and exocytosis
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Historical background
10.2 Neurotransmission
10.2.1 Anesthetics change neurotransmitter release from cells
10.2.2 Changes in membrane properties
10.3 Current hypotheses of general anesthesia
10.3.1 Lateral pressure profile
10.4 Membrane–membrane interactions
10.4.1 Anesthetics and membrane fusion
10.5 Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Exocytosis in yeast: major players and mechanisms
11.1 Membrane trafficking in the yeast physiology
11.2 The role and regulation of the exocyst in vesicle tethering during exocytosis
11.3 The role and regulation of SNAREs in vesicle tethering and fusion during exocytosis
11.4 Small Rab GTPases
11.5 The cytoskeleton and small Rho GTPases: roles in exocytosis
11.6 Outstanding questions
References
CH012.pdf
Chapter 12 Stimulus–secretion coupling in the adrenal medulla
12.1 Anatomy and innervation
12.2 Cholinergic transmission in the medulla: the role of nicotinic receptors
12.3 Cholinergic transmission in the medulla: the role of muscarinic receptors
12.4 Peptidergic transmission in the medulla: the role of PACAP
12.5 Spontaneous versus evoked activity in the medulla
12.6 Activity-dependent remodeling of the adrenal medulla
12.7 Concluding perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
CH013.pdf
Chapter 13 Synaptic vesicle dynamics at the calyx of Held and other central synapses
13.1 Regulation of release probability at the calyx of Held
13.2 Regulation of release probability at other synapses
13.3 Synaptic vesicle pools at the calyx of Held
13.4 Vesicle pools at other synapses
13.5 Visualization of synaptic vesicle dynamics at the calyx of Held and other synapses
13.6 Physiological relevance of vesicle pools at the calyx of Held and other central synapses
13.7 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
CH014.pdf
Chapter 14 Mechanisms of exocytosis in mammalian fertilization
14.1 Overview of fertilization
14.2 Triggers of acrosomal exocytosis in mammalian sperm
14.3 Early stages of the AR: Rabs, Ca2+, and cAMP
14.4 Other regulatory proteins that control Ca2+-induced acrosomal exocytosis: complexins, synaptotagmins, and Munc proteins
14.5 Mammalian oocytes undergo constitutive exocytosis prior to oocyte maturation
14.6 Release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores in the egg is the trigger for cortical granule exocytosis after fertilization
14.7 SNARE proteins mediate constitutive exocytosis and CGE
Acknowledgments
References
CH015.pdf
Chapter 15 Molecular regulation of multivesicular endosome fusion and exosome secretion
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Exosomes in physiology
15.3 Exosomes in disease states
15.4 The diversity of multivesicular endosomes, intraluminal vesicles, and exosomes
15.5 Exosome analysis methods
15.5.1 Bulk collection of sEVs
15.5.2 Direct imaging of MVE fusion events
15.6 Mechanisms by which MVE secretion releases exosomes
15.6.1 Stage 1: ILV biogenesis and cargo sorting
15.6.2 Stage 2: MVE maturation
15.6.3 MVE acidification
15.6.4 Stage 3: MVE trafficking
15.6.5 Stage 4: MVE docking
15.6.6 Stage 5: MVE fusion
15.6.7 Stage 6: exosome secretion
15.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
