This ground-breaking volume presents a unique contribution to the development of social and political psychology both in Turkey and globally, providing a complex analysis of intergroup relations in the diverse Turkish context.
Turkey is home to a huge variety of social, ethnic and religious groups and hosts the largest number of refugees in the world. This diversity creates a unique opportunity to understand how powerful forces of ethnicity, migration and political ideology shape intergroup processes and intergroup relations. Bringing together novel research findings, the international collection of authors explore everything from disability, age and gender, Kurdish and Armenian relations as "traditional minorities", the recent emergence of a "new minority" of Syrian refugees and Turkey’s complex political history. The theories and paradigms considered in the book – social identity, intergroup contact, integrated threat, social representations – are leading approaches in social and political psychology, but the research presented tests these approaches in the context of a very diverse and dynamic non-WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic) society, with the goal of contributing toward the development of a more intercultural and democratic social and political psychology.
Bringing together cutting-edge research and providing important insights into the psychological underpinnings of a singular societal situation from a variety of perspectives, this book is essential reading for students studying the psychology, politics and social science of intergroup relations, as well as practitioners interested in conflict resolution.
Author(s): Hüseyin Çakal, Shenel Husnu
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 388
City: London
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Acknowledgements
Editor's Introduction
Intergroup Relations: The Traditional Minorities
Intergroup Relations: The New Minorities
Intergroup Relations and Political Culture
References
Part I: Intergroup Relations: The Traditional Minorities
1. Fathoming Forgiveness: Armenians and Turks in Turkey
The Spread: The Armenian-Turkish Conflict
The Knot: Identity and Intergroup Forgiveness
The Interviews
The Plot Thickens: The Analysis
Theme 1: Antecedents of the Conflict
Power Conflict
Othering
Non-Recognition of Rights
Theme 2: Necessary Conditions for Forgiveness to Sprout
Rights-Based Conditions
Political Conditions
Confrontation with the Past
Theme 3: Possible Outcomes of Forgiveness
Collective Grief
Dialogue
Theme 4: Rejection
The Solution
Notes
References
2. Perceptions of Discrimination and Social Contact among Alevis and Sunnis in Turkey: Findings from Two Field Studies
Perceptions of Discrimination and Social Contact among Alevis and Sunnis in Turkey: Findings from Two Field Studies
Intergroup Contact Theory
Intergroup Contact and Perceived Discrimination
Alevis and Sunnis in Turkey
Overview of Studies
Study 1
Method
Participants and Procedure
Materials
Social Contact Scale
Perceived Discrimination Scale
Results
Descriptives and Correlations
Regression Analyses
Discussion
Study 2
Method
Participants and Procedure
Measures
Results
Descriptives and Correlations
Discussion
General Discussion
References
3. Disability and Discrimination: Microaggression Experiences of People with Disabilities in Turkey
Method
Participants
Interviewees
Researchers
Interviews
Procedure
Recruiting Interviewees
Analysis
Results
Denial of Personhood
Denial of Privacy
Denial of Experience
Assumption of Helplessness
Patronising
Secondary Gain
Spread Effect
Alienation
Overt Discrimination
Systemic Discrimination
Discussion
Notes
References
4. How Does Culture Relate to Benevolent and Hostile Sexism?
Ambivalent Sexism
Hofstede's Culture Dimensions and Their Associations with Ambivalent Sexism
The Purpose of the Current Study
Method
Participants
Measures
Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI)
Hofstede's Culture Dimensions Scale
Demographic Information
Procedure
Results
Preliminary Analyses
Hypothesis Testing
Discussion
Note
References
5. Young People's Attitudes toward Older People: Prejudices, Stereotypes, Inter-group Evaluations, and Frequency of Contact
Stereotypes and Ambivalent Ageism
A Prescriptive Intergenerational-Tension Ageism
Inter-group Evaluation
Frequency of Contact
Overview of Studies
Study 1
Method
Participants
Measures
A Prescriptive Intergenerational-Tension Ageism Scale
Ambivalent Ageism Scale
Stereotypes Content Model Scale
Frequency of Contact Scale
Sociodemographic Form
Procedure
Results and Discussion
Factor analyses
Descriptive statistics and Bivariate correlations
Regression analyses
Study 2
Method
Participants
Measures
Prejudice Scales
Stereotypes Scale
Group Evaluation Scale
Group status Scale
Frequency of Contact Scale
Social - Demographics
Procedure
Results
Factor Analyses
Descriptive statistics and Bivariate correlations
Regression analyses
General Discussion
References
6. Missing the Good Old Days: Investigating Outgroup Attitudes through Collective Nostalgia and Global Identification
Kurds as an Ethnic Minority
Armenians as Ethnic and Religious Minority
LGBTQ+ Individuals as an "Invisible" Outgroup
Syrian Refugees as the New "Other"
Overview of the Study and Predictions
Method
Participants and Procedure
Measures
Religiosity
Social Class
Global Identification
Collective Nostalgia
Outgroup Attitudes
Results
Discussion
References
Part II: Intergroup Relations: The New Minorities
7. Acculturation and Adaptation of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Role of (Dis)Concordance of Acculturation Orientations and Identity Threat
Mutuality in Acculturation: The Concordance Model of Acculturation
Perceived Identity Threat
Present Research
Hypotheses
Method
Participants and Procedure
Socio-demographics
Own and Perceived Acculturation Orientations
Perceived Discrimination
Sociocultural Adaptation
Psychological Adaptation
Results
Predicting Psychological and Sociocultural Adaptation: Own and Perceived Acculturation Orientations and Perceived Discrimination
Predicting Psychological and Sociocultural Adaptation: Perceived Discordance of Acculturation
Discussion
Note
References
8. Acceptance of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Roles of Perceived Threat, Intergroup Contact, Perceived Similarity and Temporary Settlement
Intergroup Contact and Perceived Similarity
Perceived Threats
The Role of Perceived Refugee Settlement Intentions
The Current Research
Study 1
Method
Data and Participants
Measures
Results
Measurement Model
Descriptive Results
Social Acceptance
Discussion
Study 2
Method
Data and Participants
Measures
Results
Descriptive Results
Explanatory Results
Discussion
Study 3
Method
Data and Participants
Measures
Analysis
Results
Measurement Model
Descriptive Results
Explanatory Results
Discussion
General Discussion
Notes
References
9. Predicting Acceptance of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Group Norms and Competitive Victimhood as Mediators of Sub versus Common Ingroup Identity and Intergroup Contact
Syrian Refugees in Turkey
Positive and Negative Intergroup Contact
Identification Effect: Ethnic and Religious Identity
Group Norms Shape Intergroup Relations
Competitive Victimhood
Present Study
Purpose
Hypotheses
Method
Participants and Procedure
Measures
Results
Discussion
References
10. "Syrian" Refugees at the Gaze of Kurds and Arabs in Mardin: Understanding Social Representations and Acculturation Expectations from a Decolonial Approach
Decolonial Approach
Liminal Mardin and "New" Minorities
Social Representations about Refugees
Acculturation Expectations
Method
Analysis
Results and Discussion
Liminality
Us versus Them
Expectations of Acculturation
Expression and Regulation of Threat
Practices
Discussion
Notes
References
11. Extended Contact with Turks and Syrian Refugees' Intention to Migrate: The Mediating Roles of Ingroup and Outgroup Identification
Extended Contact Theory
Roles of Social Identicalities and Intentions to Migrate
Method
Participants and Process
Initial Analysis
Measures
Results
Discussion
Note
References
12. Intergroup Contact Among Majority and Minority Status Groups in Turkey: Extending Theory and Practice
Intergroup Contact in Conflict Settings
Improving Intergroup Relations with Direct and Indirect Contact
Majority-Minority Perspectives
The 'Risk' of Negative Intergroup Contact
Contact and Collective Action Motivation
Contact and Positive Individual Outcomes
Contact Research in Turkey
The Turkish-Kurdish Intergroup Context
Intergroup Level Outcomes
Direct Contact Studies
Indirect Contact Studies
Collective-Level Outcomes
Direct Contact Studies
Indirect Contact Studies
Individual-Level Outcomes
Areas for Future Development
Need for Methodological Innovation
Need for Research on the Facilitators and Inhibitors of Contact
Need for an Applied-Developmental Approach
Need for Interventions Specific to Context, Target and Outcome
References
Part III: Intergroup Relations and Political Culture
13. Social Representations of Peace and Attitudes towards Human Rights in Turkey
Qualitative Strand
Method
Participants and Procedure
Measures
Results
Discussion
Quantitative Strand
Method
Participants
Measures
Results
Initial Analyses
Serial Multiple Mediation Analysis
Discussion
General Discussion
Notes
References
14. Military Coups, States of Emergency and Their Effects on Political Culture and National Identity in Turkey
Political Culture in Turkey
The Interruption of Democracy in Turkey: A Brief Look
Social Identity Content and Salience
Evaluating Narratives in Coups and States of Emergency
Method
Procedure
Audio and Video
Photographs
Newspapers
Notes and Recordings
Other Material
Analysis
Results
Main Category 1: Framing of the Coup
Defining the Republic
Something to Save
Main Category 2: Calling to the People - Defining the Citizen
National Sentiment
Religious Rhetoric
Discussion
Notes
References
15. Routes to Collective Action among Opposition Voters: Testing Efficacy, Anger and Injustice in Turkey's Repeated Elections
Paths toward Collective Action in a Post-Election Period
The Political Context of Turkey
Political Identifications
Repeated Elections in 2015
Current Research
Method
Participants and Procedure
Materials
Control Variables
Results
Discussion
Notes
References
16. Collective Action in Turkey: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go Next?
A Brief Historical Background of Protests and Mobilisations in Turkey
Aim of the Chapter
Approaches to Collective Action in Social Psychology
Antecedents of Collective Action
Social Identification
Perceived Injustice and Emotions
Collective Efficacy
Political Ideology and Religiosity
Intergroup Contact
Outcomes of Collective Action
Empowerment
Identity-Related Changes
Well-Being and Positive Emotions
Solidarity and Prejudice Reduction
Societal Outcomes
Note
References
17. Conclusion
Index
