Evolutionary Diversity as a Source for Anticancer Molecules

Front Cover
Evolutionary Diversity as a Source for Anticancer Molecules
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: Evolutionary mechanism for biosynthesis of diverse molecules
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Models for evolutionary study
1.3. Evolution of secondary metabolite pathways
1.3.1. Gene clusters for evolution of secondary metabolites
1.3.2. The evolutionary origin of clusters
1.4. Cell fitness coupling for natural metabolite production
1.5. Chemical diversity of natural products
1.6. Occurrence of flavonoids in the plant kingdom
1.7. Biomolecular activity of secondary metabolites
1.8. Evolution of anticancer drug discovery
1.9. Factors influence the production of secondary metabolites
1.9.1. Genetic factors
1.9.2. Ontogenic factors
1.9.3. Morphogenetic factors
1.9.4. Environmental factors
1.10. Future prospective
References
Chapter 2: Impact of ploidy changes on secondary metabolites productions in plants
2.1. An introduction to ploids (or polyploids)
2.2. Morphological effects, meiotic and breeding behavior
2.3. Role of ploids (auto, allo and induced) in secondary metabolites production
2.4. Perspectives
References
Chapter 3: Effect of climate change on plant secondary metabolism: An ecological perspective
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Evolutionary theory based on secondary metabolites
3.3. Effect of climate change on secondary metabolites
3.4. Impact of climate change on secondary metabolites of medicinal plants
Phenological changes
Shifting ranges
Effect of increased CO2 on medicinal plants
Effect of elevated ozone
Impact of ultraviolet radiation
Global warming and secondary metabolite production
Adaptation with climate change and global warming
3.5. The expression of secondary compounds in plants
3.6. Early stage of plant evolution
3.7. Environmental factors triggering the secondary metabolism
3.7.1. Abiotic
Light/solar radiation
Moisture stress
Temperature
3.7.2. Biotic factors
3.7.3. Multiple stress effect
3.8. The regulation of plant secondary metabolism by interactions of heat shock and elevated CO2
3.9. Ecological roles of secondary metabolites
3.9.1. Alkaloids
3.9.2. Phenolic compounds
3.9.3. Terpenes
3.10. The ecosystem feedback of plant secondary metabolites for the climate change
3.11. Secondary metabolites as worthy asset for the biological system: Further support
3.12. Conclusions and future prospective
References
Chapter 4: Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from natural resources: Metabolomics and molecular appro ...
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Metabolomics approach
4.2.1. Global untargeted metabolomics (discovery)
4.2.2. Targeted metabolomics
4.3. Metabolomics technologies
4.3.1. Mass spectrometry (MS)
Direct MS analysis
MS coupled with chromatographic techniques
4.3.2. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)
4.4. Molecular approach
4.4.1. Molecular (DNA) cloning
4.4.2. Reading and rewriting DNA (DNA synthesis and sequencing)
4.4.3. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
4.4.4. Gel electrophoresis
4.4.5. Molecular hybridization
4.4.6. DNA mutation
4.4.7. Arrays
4.5. Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 5: Single-celled bacteria as tool for cancer therapy
5.1. Introduction
5.2. The anti-tumor effect through the release of bacterial substances
5.3. The anti-tumor effect through enhancement of human immunity
5.4. The anti-tumor effect through the production of biofilms
5.5. The anti-tumor effect through the use of viruses along with bacteria
5.6. The anti-tumor effect through bacteria-mediated anti-angiogenesis therapy
5.7. The anti-tumor effect through live tumor-targeting bacteria
5.8. The anti-tumor effect through the use of live bacteria as a tumor suppressor
5.9. The anti-tumor activity through the use of engineered bacteria
5.10. The anti-tumor activity of bacteria in combination with radiotherapy
5.11. The anti-tumor activity of bacteria through tumor-specific antigens and antibodies
5.12. The anti-tumor activity of bacteria through gene transfer
5.13. The anti-tumor activity of bacteria through gene silencing
5.14. The anti-tumor activity of bacteria through gene triggering strategies
5.15. Future prospective
References
Chapter 6: Metabolic pathways for production of anticancer compounds in cyanobacteria
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Diversity and evolutionary significance of cyanobacteria
6.3. Exploration of secondary metabolites
6.4. Structural and functional diversity of anticancerous metabolites
6.5. Biosynthetic pathway
6.5.1. Nonribosomal peptides
6.5.2. Ribosomal peptides
6.5.3. Alkaloids
6.5.4. Isoprenoids
6.6. Future perspectives
6.7. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 7: Prophyletic origin of algae as potential repository of anticancer compounds
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Metabolites or bioactive substances present in marine algae having anticancer properties
7.2.1. Marine algae
7.3. Anticancer therapy via apoptosis
7.4. Death receptor mediated pathway or extrinsic pathway
7.4.1. Mitochondrial pathway or intrinsic pathway
7.5. Other: A typical forms of cell death
7.6. Anticancer compound isolated from marine algae
7.6.1. Polysaccharides
7.6.2. Fucoidans polysaccharides
7.6.3. Phycocyanin (PC)
7.6.4. Chlorophyll from algae
7.6.5. Pheophytin
7.6.6. Carotenoids
7.6.7. β-Carotene
7.6.8. Fucoxanthin
7.6.9. Siphonaxanthin
7.6.10. Pheophytin
7.6.11. Stypodiol diacetate
7.6.12. Glycoprotein
7.6.13. Yessotoxins
7.6.14. Elatol
7.6.15. Sargachromanol E (SE)
7.6.16. Cannabinoids
7.6.17. Monoterpenes
7.7. Anticancer properties of reported marine algal family
7.7.1. Cyanobacteria
7.7.2. Chlorophyceae (green algar)
7.7.3. Rhodophyta
7.7.4. Phaeophyta
7.8. Conclusions
References
Further reading
Chapter 8: Metabolic versatility of fungi as a source for anticancer compounds
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Plant-fungal interactions and its metabolic diversity
8.3. Genetic aspects of plant-fungal interactions
8.4. Biochemical aspects of plant-fungal interactions
8.5. Signal transduction pathway in plant-fungal interactions
8.6. The potent anticancer compounds produced by terrestrial endophytic fungi
8.7. The potent anticancer compounds produced by deep-sea sediment fungi
8.8. The potent anticancer compounds produced by algae-associated fungi
8.9. The potent anticancer compounds produced by mangrove endophytic fungi
8.10. The potent anticancer compounds produced by sponge associated fungi
8.11. Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Structural information of natural product metabolites in bryophytes
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Exploration of bryophytes for medicinal usage
9.3. Bryophytes as a source of biologically active molecules
9.4. Different types of secondary metabolites found in bryophytes
9.4.1. Saccharides and lipids
9.4.2. Terpenoids
9.4.3. Plant hormones (plant growth regulators)
9.4.4. Phenylpropanoids
9.4.5. Phenolic components
Flavonoids
Other phenolic compounds
Isoprenoids
Monoterpenes
Sesquiterpenes
Diterpenes
Triterpenes and phytosterols
9.5. Bioactive molecules from bryophytes reported with different pharmacological activities
9.5.1. Cytotoxicity
9.5.2. Antimicrobial effects of bryophytes
9.5.3. The antioxidant property of bryophytes
9.5.4. Insect antifeedant, mortality, and nematocidal activity
9.5.5 Plant growth inhibitory activity
9.6 Bryophytes as a potential biopharming agents
9.7 Chemical syntheses of bryophyte components
9.8 Biotechnological applications for effective utilization of bryophytes for therapy
9.8.1 In vitro culturing of bryophytes
9.8.2. Genetic engineering
Transgenic moss
9.9. Challenges and future prospects
9.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10: Landscape of natural product diversity in land-plants as source for anticancer molecules
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Plant diversity and their anticancer potential
10.3. Microbial antitumor products
10.4. Anticancer property of fungi
10.5. Responses of cancer cells to the lichen compounds
10.6. Therapeutic potential of bryophytes against cancer
10.6.1. Bryophytes derived cytotoxic compounds
10.7. Ferns a treasury of anticancer agents
10.8. Anticancer property of gymnosperm
10.8.1. Harringtonine
10.8.2. Taxol
10.9. Anticancer potential of angiosperms
10.9.1. Polyphenols
10.9.2. Flavonoids
10.9.3. Brassinosteroids
10.10. Conclusion
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 11: Anticancer natural product from marine invertebrates
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Sponges
11.3. Cnidaria
11.4. Bryozoa
11.5. Molluscs
11.6. Echinoderms
11.7. Conclusions
References
Further reading
Chapter 12: Melatonin: A journey from bovine pineal gland to a promising oncostatic agent
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Evolutionary history of melatonin
12.3. Synthesis of melatonin in animals
12.4. Synthesis of melatonin in plants
12.5. Role of melatonin in integrity of genome and DNA repair
12.6. Melatonin and telomerase activity
12.7. Conclusion
12.8. Challenge and future perspective
References
Chapter 13: Spice up your food for cancer prevention: Cancer chemo-prevention by natural compounds from common dietary spices
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Role of diet in cancer origin and progression
13.3. Anticancer activities of select spices used in daily diet
13.3.1. Garlic and onion
13.3.2. Chili pepper/capsicum (Capsicum annum L.)
Potential genotoxicity of capsaicin
Application of capsaicin for use in the clinic
13.3.3. Ginger
Pre-clinical studies of ginger and its constituents
Clinical studies for using ginger
13.3.4. Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
Antitumor activities of curcumin
Hurdles to clinical application of curcumin
Clinical trials of curcumin for clinical use: Application in patients
13.3.5. Cinnamon
13.3.6. Cloves
13.3.7. Saffron
13.3.8. Jamaican pepper (Pimenta dioica)
13.4. Concluding summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14: Significance of nutraceuticals in cancer therapy
14.1. History of nutraceuticals
14.2. Drawbacks in conventional cancer treatments
14.2.1. Chemotherapy
14.2.2. Chemoresistance
14.3. Importance of nutraceuticals in cancer therapy
14.3.1. Chemoprevention and chemosensitization
14.4. Various nutraceuticals and their application in cancer therapy
14.4.1. Curcumin
14.4.2. Resveratrol
14.4.3. Genistein
14.4.4. Emodin
14.4.5. EGCG
14.4.6. Quercetin
14.4.7. Lycopene
14.4.8. Piperine
14.4.9. Gingerol
14.5. Conclusion and future prospective
References
Chapter 15: Common techniques and methods for screening of natural products for developing of anticancer drugs
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Extraction of compounds
15.2.1. Different types of extraction methods
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE)
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)
Pulsed electric field extraction (PEF)
15.3. Fractionation
15.3.1. Fractionating techniques
Solvent-solvent partitioning methods
Fractionation based on acid-base nature of solvent
15.4. Purification
15.4.1. Different purifications techniques
Distillation
Hydro distillation and steam distillation (HD and SD)
15.5. Crystallization
15.5.1. Single solvent
15.5.2. Mix solvent
15.6. Chromatography
15.6.1. Thin layer chromatography
15.6.2. Column chromatography
15.6.3. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
15.7. Physical methods for basic structure elucidation
15.7.1. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)
15.7.2. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
15.8. Antioxidant assay
15.8.1. Antioxidant measurements valuation technique for the plant extract
Hydrogen atom transfer
15.8.2. Total radicle trapping antioxidant parameter or TRAP assay
Oxygen radicle absorbance capacity or ORAC assay
Crocin bleaching or beta carotene method
Lipoprotein peroxidation assay
15.9. Single electron transfer
15.9.1. N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine or DMPD assay
15.9.2. Ferric reducing antioxidant power or FRAP assay
15.9.3. Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity or CUPRAC assay
15.9.4. Potassium ferricyanide reducing power or PFRAP assay
15.10. Hydrogen atom and single electron transfer
15.11. Chelation power of antioxidant
15.11.1. Ferrozine assay
15.12. Lipid oxidation
15.12.1. Peroxide value assessment
15.12.2. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
15.13. Anticancer assay
15.13.1. Anticancer evaluation method
Cell viability assays
Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing or ECSI
DNA synthesis-based assay
Dye exclusion assays
Clonogenic assay
Cell migration assays
Wound curative assay
Boyden chamber assay
Capillary chamber cell migration assay
ROS assay
15.14. Methods to detect ROS
15.14.1. Fluorescence-dependent methods
15.14.2. Dihydroethidium (DHE) staining
15.14.3. Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA)
15.14.4. Amplex red
15.14.5. Chromatographic method
15.14.6. Electrochemical biosensors
15.15. Conclusion
References
Index
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