European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring: EWSHM 2022 - Volume 1 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 253)

Preface
Organization
Program Chairs
Program Committee
Contents
Seismic Structural Health Monitoring for Civil Structures
Structural Health Monitoring for Architectural Heritage: Case Studies in Central Italy
1 Introduction
2 Dynamic Behavior of Masonry Structures: Vibration Sources
2.1 Effects of Environmental Factors: Temperature, Humidity, Weather Events
2.2 Anthropic Effects: Crowd, Traffic, Visitors, Bell Ringing
3 Conclusions
References
Structural Monitoring of a Tall Building Under Ambient Conditions and Earthquake
1 Introduction
2 Seismic Identification of Building by Different Methodologies
2.1 ARX Method
2.2 N4SID Method
3 Comparison of Identified and Estimated Damping Ratios
4 Inter-story Drift Ratio Calculation with TMM
5 Conclusion
References
Impact of Decision Scenarios on the Value of Seismic Structural Health Monitoring
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Framework
2.1 Bayesian Decision Analysis
2.2 Bayesian Decision Analysis in Seismic Emergency Management
3 Application
3.1 Decision Scenarios
3.2 Description of the Case Study
3.3 Results
4 Conclusion
References
Dynamic Identification of the Sant’Andrea Pulpit in Pistoia (Italy): Some Preliminary Notes
1 Introduction
2 Dynamic Test Campaign
2.1 The Sant’Andrea Pulpit
2.2 The Testing Layout
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 AVTs
3.2 ITs
4 Conclusions
Appendix
References
Piezo Sensors Based Operational Strain Modal Analysis for SHM
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Setup
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Seismic Assessment of the Carillon Tower in the Philippines Using a Finite Element Model Updated with Operational Modal Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Structural Modeling and Modal Analysis with ETABS
2.1 Structural Modeling
2.2 Modal Analysis
3 Operational Modal Analysis
4 Model Tuning
5 Time History Analysis
6 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Application of Innovative High Accuracy GNSS Based System to the Monitoring of Civil Structures
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Setup of the Test
2.2 Data Acquisition
3 Results
3.1 Time Domain
3.2 Frequency Domain
4 Comparison with the Reference Accelerometers
5 Conclusion
References
Seismic Monitoring of Masonry Structures Using Smart Bricks: Experimental Application to Masonry Walls Subjected to In-Plane Shear Loading
1 Introduction
2 Smart Brick
2.1 Production Process
2.2 Strain-Sensing Principle
3 Experimental Investigation
3.1 Full-Scale Masonry Wall Specimens
3.2 Diagonal Compression Tests
4 Conclusions
References
Sensitivity Analysis of the Environmental Effect on the Dynamics of Concrete Historical Architectures with Structural Joints
1 Introduction
2 Case Study
3 Simplified Young’s Modulus-Temperature Model
4 Sensitivity Analysis
5 Conclusions
References
Structural Health Monitoring Systems Operating in a 5G-Based Network
1 Introduction
2 Project SICURA
3 Structural Health Monitoring Systems Network
4 Preliminary Results
5 Conclusion
References
SHM in Wind Turbine Technology
Rapid Assessment of Offshore Monopile Fatigue Using Machine Learning
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Areo-Hydro-Sevo-Elastic Simulations
2.2 Damage and Fatigue Calculations
3 Results
3.1 Short-Term Damage
3.2 Accumulated Damage
3.3 Meta-model Development and Evaluation
3.4 Meta-model Application
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Offshore Wind Turbine Jacket Damage Detection via a Siamese Neural Network
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Setup
3 Methodology
3.1 Data Acquisition
3.2 Data Preprocessing
3.3 Data Split
3.4 Siamese Neural Network
4 Results
5 Conclusions and Discussion
References
Towards a Fleetwide Data-Driven Lifetime Assessment Methodology of Offshore Wind Support Structures Based on SCADA and SHM Data
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Sensors and Data
2.2 DEM Estimation Models
2.3 Long-Term DEM Estimation
3 Results
3.1 10-Min DEL Prediction Models
3.2 Long-term Assessment of 10-Min DEL Predictions to a Lifetime DEM
4 Conclusions
References
On the Minimum Required Sampling Frequency for Reliable Fatigue Lifetime Estimation in Structural Health Monitoring. How Much is Enough?
1 Introduction
2 Objective
3 Measurement Campaign
4 Method and Results
4.1 Constant Amplitude Stress History (Sine Wave)
4.2 Stress History from Strain Gauge Acquisition
5 Conclusions
References
Analysis of Icing on Wind Turbines by Combined Wireless and Wired Acceleration Sensor Monitoring
1 Introduction
2 Setup of Measurement
3 Analysis of Recordings During Ice Alert Periods
3.1 Influence of Ice onto Rotor Modes
3.2 Decay and Damping Factor During Shutdown
4 Simulation
4.1 Free Vibrations
4.2 Excitation of the Tower Structure Due to Icing
5 Conclusions
References
Periodic System Approximation for Operational Modal Analysis of Operating Wind Turbine
1 Introduction
2 Modal Analysis and Approximation of LTP-system
2.1 Dynamic Model
2.2 Approximation of the Floquet Modes
3 Validation of the Approximation
4 Identification: Application to an Aero-Servo-Elastic Wind Turbine Model
4.1 Frequency Spectrum Analysis
4.2 Subspace Identification Method
4.3 Identification
5 Conclusion
References
Structural Health Monitoring of Offshore Jacket Platforms via Transformers
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Data Acquisition
2.2 Data Description
2.3 Data Reshape
2.4 Data Split
2.5 Transformers for Time-Series
3 Results
4 Conclusions
References
Machine Learning Techniques for Damage Detection in Wind Turbine Blades
1 Introduction
2 Machine Learning
2.1 Multivariate Gaussian Anomaly Detection (MGAD)
2.2 Autoencoders (AEs)
3 Experimental Campaigns
4 Damage Detection Methodologies
4.1 Multivariate Gaussian Anomaly Detection (MGAD)
4.2 Anomaly Detection Autoencoder
5 Conclusions
References
Nonlinear Ultrasonic Guided Wave Methods for SHM
Sparse Array (Nonlinear) Guided Wave Imaging for Localization of Damage inComposites
1 Introduction
2 Guided Wave Imaging Algorithms
2.1 Reconstruction Algorithm for the Probabilistic Inspection of Damage (RAPID)
2.2 Delay and Sum DAS
3 3D FE Simulation
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Comparison of Different Imaging Methods
4.2 Influence of Shape Factor
4.3 Influence of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
4.4 Influence of Applied Time Window
5 Conclusion
References
Experimental Investigation of Modulation Transfer Phenomenon Due to Shear Horizontal Ultrasonic Wave Interaction with Local Nonlinearity
1 Introduction
2 Acoustic Equivalent of the Luxemburg–Gorky (L–G) Effect
3 Experimental Setup
4 Experimental Results
5 Conclusions
References
Verification and Validation Approaches for Demonstrating the Value of SHM
Damage Diagnostics on Post-buckled Stiffened Panels Utilizing the Digital-Twin Concept
1 Introduction
2 Supervised Baseline Model
2.1 Intuition
2.2 Feature Extraction
2.3 k-Nearest Neighbors Models
3 Damage Diagnostics
3.1 Novelty Detection
3.2 Experimental Assessment
4 Results
4.1 Load and Mode Predictions
4.2 Damage Detection
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Train-Track-Bridge Interaction Analytical Model with Non-proportional Damping: Sensitivity Analysis and Experimental Validation
1 Introduction
2 TTBI Coupled Model Formulation
2.1 Track Model
2.2 Bridge Model
2.3 Spatial Domain and Time Domain Discretization
3 Ballasted Railway Bridge Case Study and Experimental Campaign
4 Univariate and Multivariate Covariance-Based Sensitivity Analysis
5 Model Updating Optimization Procedure
6 Conclusions
References
On the Probability of Localizing Damages Based on Mode Shape Changes
1 Introduction
2 Statistical Damage Localization
3 Probability of Localization
3.1 Constructing POL Curves
3.2 Fisher Information for Mode Shapes
4 Application to a 6-DOF System
4.1 Experiment Description
4.2 Constructing POL Curves
4.3 Discussion
4.4 Validation
5 Conclusion
References
An SHM Data-Driven Methodology for the Remaining Useful Life Prognosis of Aeronautical Subcomponents
1 Introduction
2 Prognostic Models
2.1 Gaussian Process Regression
2.2 Non-Homogeneous Hidden Semi Markov Model (NHHSMM)
3 Case Study
3.1 Specimen Definition
3.2 Test Definition
3.3 Health Indicator Fusion
3.4 Remaining Useful Life Prognosis
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Cross-Correlation Based Algorithm for SHM De-bonding Analysis of Typical Aeronautical Structures via OFDR
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Experimental Campaign
3.1 Test Article and Test Rig
3.2 Calibration Test
3.3 Absolute Readout from Residual Strain After Manufacturing
3.4 Absolute Readout Under Static Load
4 Results and Conclusion
References
Experimental Demonstration of Structural Health Monitoring Design Map for an Airborne Primary Structure
1 Introduction
2 SHM Design Map
3 An Example of a Numerically Calculated SHM Design Map
References
Adaptive Multi-category Train Scheduling Validation Based on Fatigue Reliability of a Long-Span Suspension Bridge
1 Introduction
2 The Framework of Train Scheduling Validation Based on Fatigue Damage Using Monitoring Data
3 The Case-Study Suspension Bridge
4 The WIM Measurements
5 Fatigue Damage Calculation Based on Distribution Under Two Types of Trains
6 Conclusions
References
Measuring Dynamic Response of the Wilford Suspension Bridge with a Vision-Based Measurement System: A Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Computer-Vision for Measuring Bridge Response
2.2 Measurement Analysis
3 Dynamic Response of the Wilford Suspension Bridge
3.1 Experimental Setup
3.2 Measurement Interpretation
3.3 Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Gaussian Process Latent Force Models for Virtual Sensing in a Monopile-Based Offshore Wind Turbine
1 Introduction
2 Mathematical Formulation
2.1 System Model
2.2 Input Model
2.3 Latent Force Model
3 In-Situ Validation
3.1 Measurement Setup and Data Processing
3.2 System Model
3.3 Results
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Predictive Maintenance of Aircraft Primary Structures Based on Load Monitoring
1 Introduction
2 Load Monitoring Test Cases
2.1 The Wing Box of a General Aviation Aircraft
2.2 The Adaptive Winglet
3 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Nonlinear SHM Methods for High Sensitivity
Identification of Contact Acoustic Nonlinearities of Subsurface Cracks Located at Free-Edges
1 Introduction
2 Investigated Specimen
3 Experimental Setup and Measurement Procedure
4 Experimental Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Some Exceptional Features of Flexural Wave Scattering by a Cluster of Nonlinear Scatterers on a Beam
1 Introduction
2 Multiple Scattering with Nonlinear Scatterers
3 Two-Scatterer Tunable Filter
4 Three-Scatterer Frequency Converter
5 Conclusions
References
Investigation of Thermoelastic Modulation Phenomenon Due to Frictional Dissipation on Crack Interfaces
1 Introduction
2 Theory
2.1 Thermoelasticity
2.2 Heat Dissipation Due to Wave-Crack Interaction
3 Simulations and Results
3.1 Numerical Model
3.2 SH Wave Interaction with Frictional Crack
3.3 The Influence of the Normal Stress
3.4 Modulation
4 Summary and Discussion
References
Investigation of the Vibro-Modulation Effect in the Pressure Changing Nonlinear Surface Contact
1 Introduction
2 Analytical Approach Using Harmonic Balance
3 Experimental Setup
4 Results
5 Conclusions
References
Towards the Next Generation of Performance Indicators Supported by SHM
The Sensitivity Enhancement of Distributed Fiber Optical Sensors
1 Introduction
2 Experiment Setup
3 Temperature Measurement Sensitivity Enhancement
4 Strain Measurement Sensitivity Enhancement
5 Conclusion
References
OFDR-Based Integral Process Monitoring and SHM System for Composites Manufactured by Resin Infusion Under Flexible Tooling
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
2.1 Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) Based Pressure Sensing
3 Experimental Setup
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Wireless Sensing Systems for Structural Health Monitoring
Structural Health Monitoring System for Micro-hydraulic Power Stations Through Water Level Monitoring with a Wireless Network of Optical Sensors
1 Introduction
2 Monitoring System Setup
3 Characterization of the System
3.1 Power Consumption
3.2 Calibration
4 Validation
5 Conclusions
References
Wireless Module for SHM Applications Based on Solitary Waves
1 Introductions
2 Wireless Solitary Wave Transducer
3 Experimental Setup
4 Experimental Results
5 Conclusions
References
A New Real-Time SHM System Embedded on Raspberry Pi
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Hardware
2.2 Software
3 Results
4 Conclusion
References
Structural Health Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks with Nonsimultaneous Sampling
1 Introduction
2 Damage Detection Using Wireless Sensor Networks
2.1 Autocovariance Functions
2.2 Asynchronous Sampling
2.3 Damage Detection
3 Numerical Experiment
3.1 Initial Clock Offset
4 Conclusion
References
Integrated Approaches for SHM: Models, Data and Experiments
SHM/NDE Research at the Laboratory of Active Materials and Smart Structures
1 Introduction
2 Active Guided-Wave SHM of Composites
2.1 Wave Damage Interaction Coefficients (WDIC)
2.2 Detection of Multilayer Delamination
3 Passive SHM via Acoustic Emission
3.1 Can One “Hear” the Length of Crack?
3.2 Crack Resonances Superposed on Sensor Aperture Response
3.3 Acoustic Emission in Composites
4 NDE Research for Composite Materials
4.1 ABT Selective Excitation of Quasi-S0 and Quasi-SH0 Modes in Composites
4.2 Eddy Current Detection of Composite Flaws and Damage
References
Integration of Fatigue Estimation into Experimentable Digital Twins for Structural Applications
1 Introdution
2 Review on Experimentable Digital Twins
3 Additional Values by Integration of Fatigue Estimation into EDTs
4 Implementation of Fatigue Estimation into EDTs
4.1 Estimation of Life Fraction Costs for Missions
4.2 Mitigate Unpredicted and Undesirable Behavior
5 Conclusions
References
Using SHM for the Representation of Structural Components over Their Service Life Within Digital Twins
1 Introduction
2 SHM as the Linking Element Between Physical and Virtual Structures
3 Application for a Cantilever Beam Example
3.1 Modelling and Simulation
3.2 Measurement and Physical Representation
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Crack Size Estimation with an Inverse Finite Element Model
1 Introduction
2 Inverse Finite Element Method Overview
3 iFEM Extension for Crack Size Estimation
3.1 Crack Size Estimation Routine
3.2 Crack’s Strain Field Pre-extrapolation
4 Case Study
5 Results and Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
Shape Sensing of Stiffened Plates Using Inverse FEM Aided by Virtual Strain Measurements
1 Introduction
2 Theory
2.1 Inverse Finite Element Method
2.2 Modal Expansion
2.3 Smoothing Element Analysis
3 Experimental Study
3.1 Setup
3.2 Virtual Sensing
3.3 iFEM Analysis
4 Conclusions
References
Concrete Bridges Continuous SHM Using MEMS Sensors: Anomaly Detection for Preventive Maintenance
1 Introduction
2 Case Study: Structural and SHM System Details
2.1 Structure Description
2.2 Structure SHM System Description
3 Numerical Model of the Viaduct
4 Anomaly Detection and Verification of Intervention Effectiveness
5 Multidisciplinary Approach for a Long-Term Diagnostic
5.1 Long-Term Data Analytics
5.2 Twin: Finite Element Dynamic Characterization of Structure Due to Different Temperature Conditions
6 Conclusions
References
Mechanics Informed Approach to Online Prognosis of Composite Airframe Element: Stiffness Monitoring with SHM Data and Data-Driven RUL Prediction
1 Introduction
2 Lamb Wave Based Stiffness Estimation as Health Indicator
3 Prognosis Using Particle Filter
4 Experimental Setup
5 Results
6 Conclusion
References
A Performance Metric to Evaluate Frequency-Based Damage Indicators
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Precision-Recall Curve
2.2 Noise Corrupted Data
3 Experimental Validation
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Frequency Range
4.2 Noise Corrupted Data
5 Conclusion
References
An Influence of Temperature on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Embedded into Additive Manufactured Structure
1 Introduction
2 Samples
3 Experimental and Numerical Investigation
4 Conclusions
References
Model-Based Remote Health Monitoring of Ballast Conditions in Railway Crossing Panels
1 Introduction
2 Instrumented Crossing Panels and Measurement Data
3 MBS Model
4 Goodness of Fit Measure
5 Ballast Models
6 Sensitivity Analysis
7 Evaluation of Calibration Procedure
8 Conclusion
References
Experimental and Numerical Study of Lamb Waves Generation Efficiency by Lead Zirconate Titanate Transducers Embedded in a Composite Laminate
1 Introduction: State of the Art
2 Composite Plate Modelling with Surface/Embedded Wave Generator
2.1 Input Parameters Describing
2.2 Geometry
2.3 Boundary and Domain Conditions
2.4 Mesh
2.5 Out-of-plane Displacement Results
2.6 Mesh Optimization
3 Out-of-plane Displacement by LDV
3.1 Measurement Parameters
3.2 Scanning LDV Results
4 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
A Contactless Approach to Monitor Rail Vibrations
1 Introduction
2 Image Processing
2.1 Phase-Based Displacement Extraction
2.2 Phase-Based Motion Magnification
3 Finite Element Model of the Rail
4 Experimental Setup and Results
4.1 Experimental Setup
4.2 Experimental Results (Acceleration Data)
4.3 Experimental Results (Video Data)
5 Conclusion
References
Hierarchical Model Verification and Validation for Structural Health Monitoring Using Dynamic Substructuring
1 Introduction
2 Structural Health Monitoring: An Overview
3 Dynamic Substructuring: Theory and Background
4 Case Study: Assembly of a Plate by Dynamic Substructuring
5 Conclusions
References
Comparison Between Model Prediction and Measured Response of a Prestressed Concrete Bridge Tested to Failure
1 Introduction
2 Alveo Vecchio Viaduct and Load Test Protocol
3 Prediction Models
4 Monitoring System
5 Load Test and Results
6 Discussion
7 Conclusions
References
Design Criteria for Structural Health Monitoring Systems. Application to the Construction of Arches Using the Cantilevered Cable-Stayed Technique. Tajo Bridge Experience
1 Introduction
2 Design Criteria for Structural Health Monitoring Systems (SHMS)
2.1 Application to the Tajo Bridge Construction Project
3 Structural Monitoring During the Construction Process of the Tajo Bridge
3.1 Monitoring of the Stress Experienced by the Suspension and Restraint Stays
4 Conclusions
References
A Self-supervised Classification Algorithm for Sensor Fault Identification for Robust Structural Health Monitoring
1 Introduction
2 Detection and Isolation of a Faulty Sensor in Health Monitoring Devices
2.1 Review of Labels Extraction and Failure Report Clusters Identification
2.2 Learning Discriminative Features from Failure Investigations
2.3 Classification Algorithms
3 Case Study: Low-Cost Wearable Device
4 Conclusions
References
The Application of the SVD-FDD Hybrid Method to Bridge Mode Shape Estimation
1 Introduction
2 Operational Mode Analyses
2.1 The SVD Method
2.2 The FDD Method
3 Numerical Simulation
3.1 Numerical Simulation Model
3.2 Simulated Responses of the Vehicle and Bridge
3.3 Result and Discussion
4 Field Experiment
4.1 Specifications of Field Experiment
4.2 Result and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Impact Damage Identification on Composite Structures
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Set-Up
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
Composite and Monolithic DFOS Sensors for Load Tests and Long-Term Structural Monitoring of Road Infrastructure
1 Introduction
1.1 Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing (DFOS)
1.2 Measuring Fibres and Layered Cables
2 Composite and Monolithic DFOS Sensors
2.1 Design and Theoretical Background
2.2 Not Only Strains (and Temperatures) but also Displacements
2.3 Installation
2.4 Laboratory Verification
3 Road Embankments – Case Studies
3.1 Strains - Embankment Reinforced with Composite Rebars
3.2 Displacements - Embankment Above Concrete Columns
3.3 Temperatures – The Highest Road Embankments in Poland
4 Road Layers – Case Studies
4.1 Foam-Concrete Substructure Layer
4.2 Static and Dynamic Tests of Asphalt Layers
4.3 Concrete Highway
5 Summary
References
Acoustic Emission for Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure
Investigation of Crack Formation During Long-Term Acoustic Emission Measurements on a Reinforced Concrete Railroad Switch Sleeper in the Context of Structural Health Monitoring
1 Introduction
2 Testing Procedure
2.1 Experimental Setup for AE Measurement
2.2 Experimental Procedure
2.3 Method of AE Monitoring
3 Results
3.1 Results of Transmission Measurements
3.2 Results of Source Location
4 Conclusions
References
Acoustic Emission-Based Detection in Restricted-Access Areas Using Multiple PZT Disc Sensors
1 Introduction
2 Thin PZT Sensors
2.1 Theoretical Background
2.2 Criteria for Sensor Selection
3 Experimental Setup
3.1 Selected Sensors for Measurements
3.2 Measurement Set-Up
4 Results and Discussion
5 Proposed Technology Using Multiple Thin PZT Sensors
6 Conclusions
References
Entropy-Based Technique for Denoising of Acoustic Emission Signals
1 Introduction
2 Methodology and Theoretical Background
2.1 Information Entropy Theory
2.2 Entropy Based Denoising Algorithm Formulation
3 Experimental Setup
3.1 Analysis
4 Results
4.1 Results and Discussions
5 Conclusions
References
Piezoelectric MEMS Acoustic Sensor Array for Wideband Acoustic Emission Sensing
1 Introduction
2 The First-Generation Piezoelectric MEMS AE Sensors
3 The Second-Generation Piezoelectric MEMS AE Sensors
4 Fabrication Process
5 Conclusions
References
An Improved Shear-Horizontal Wave AE Sensor and an Explanation of SH Wave Mechanics
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Considerations
3 The Acoustic Emission (AE) Radiation Field Challenge
4 The Omni-Directional Shear Horizontal Wave Sensor
4.1 Sensor Testing and Verification
5 Sensor Testing and Verification
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Vehicle-Based Indirect SHM for Infrastructure
Damage Detection and Localization for Indirect Bridge Monitoring Exploiting Adversarial Autoencoder and Wavelet Transform
1 Introduction
2 Numerical Model: Vehicle-Bridge Interaction
3 Methodology
3.1 Adversarial Autoencoder Based Damage Detection and Assessment
3.2 Wavelet Transform Based Damage Localization
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Damage Detection and Assessment
4.2 Damage Localization
5 Conclusion
References
Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges Using Dynamic Vehicle Force
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 State-Space Equation
2.2 Regularized Least Square Minimization
2.3 Damage Detection
3 Feasibility Investigation by Simulation
3.1 Analytical Models
3.2 Damage Detection
4 Laboratory Experiment
4.1 Experiment Summary
4.2 Damage Detection from Experiment
5 Conclusions
References
Fundamental Study on Extracting Vibration of Pole Structure from Vehicle Footage
1 Introduction
2 Modal Parameters of a Full-Scale Steel Pole
2.1 Laboratory Experiment
2.2 Modal Parameter Identification Using Accelerometers
3 Modal Parameter Extraction Using Image Processing
3.1 Theory of Phase-Based Motion Magnification
3.2 Motion Magnification Around 1stBending Mode
3.3 Wave Pattern Extraction
4 Conclusions
References
The Behavior Analysis of Spatial Singular Mode Angle Due to Addition of Noise to the Data in an Actual Bridge Experiment
1 Introduction
2 Vehicle-Bridge Interaction Theorem
3 Experiment on Actual Bridge
3.1 The Verification of Acceleration and the Frequency
4 SSMA Calculation from Original or Smoothed Data
5 Conclusion
References
Effects of Operational Traffic Variability on iSHM
1 Introduction
2 Research Context
2.1 Modelling Vehicle-Bridge Interaction
2.2 Damage Detection
2.3 Optimum Traffic Conditions for Indirect SHM
3 Methodology
4 Modelling and Data Synthesis
5 Observations
5.1 Stage 1
5.2 Stage 2
6 Critique
7 Conclusions
References
Weld Condition Monitoring Using Expert Informed Extreme Value Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Case Study
3.1 Data Description
3.2 Application of Extreme Value Analysis
3.3 Expert Assessment
3.4 Time History Analysis
4 Conclusions
References
Vehicle-Based Indirect SHM of an Austrian Railway Bridge: Simulation and In-Situ Test
1 Introduction
2 Train and Bridge Model
2.1 Mechanical Models
2.2 Dynamic Calculation of Bridge and Train Vibrations
3 In-Situ Tests
3.1 Dynamic Measurements of Railway Bridge – Forced Vibration Tests
3.2 Dynamic Measurements of Moving Train
4 Conclusion
References
SHM of Engineering Structures Using Smart Multifunctional Materials and Systems
Structural Health Monitoring of FRP-Reinforced Concrete Bridges Using Vibration Responses
1 Introduction
2 Vibration-Based Damage Detection Methods
2.1 Natural Frequency Changes
2.2 Mode Shape Changes
3 Bridge Description
4 Field Load Test
5 Finite Element Model
6 Results and Discussion
7 Conclusion
References
Strain Monitoring of a Structural Adhesive Bond by Embedding a Polymer Optical Fiber
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals and Principles
3 Materials, Properties and Specimen Manufacture
3.1 Polymer Optical Fiber
3.2 Adhesive
3.3 Manufacture of POF-Integrated Thick-Adherend Lap-Shear Joints
4 Experiment and Measuring Devices
5 Results and Discussion
5.1 Transmission Measurements with Variation Coupling
5.2 Far-Field Measurement with Coupling at Maximum Acceptance Angle
6 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Electromechanical Testing of Smart Lime Mortars for Structural Health Monitoring
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Results
4 Conclusions
References
On the Numerical Modeling of Interlaminar Sensors in a Composite Stiffener: Optimization Under Fracture Mechanical Aspects
1 Introduction
2 Cohesive Zone Models
3 Numerical Model of the Composite Stiffener
3.1 Numerical Setup
3.2 Application of Cohesive Bonding Properties
3.3 Parameter Selection and Validation
3.4 Sensor Positions and Configurations
4 Results
4.1 Effect on Force and Cohesive Damage
4.2 Evaluation Criterion
4.3 Structural Sensor Effect
5 Conclusions
References
Metrological Evaluation of New Industrial SHM Systems Based on MEMS and Microcontrollers
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Set-Up Description
3 Experimental Performance Assessment of the Industrial SHM System
3.1 Modelling of Inter-sensing Nodes Time Relationships
3.2 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Monitoring Road Infrastructures with Self-sensing Asphalt Pavements
1 Introduction
2 Materials
3 Methodology
3.1 Mechanical Characterization
3.2 Electrical Properties
3.3 Piezoresistivity Assessment
4 Results
4.1 Mechanical Properties of GNP and MWCNT Asphalt Mixtures
4.2 Effect of GNP and MWCNT on the Electrical Resistivity
4.3 Piezoresistive Performance
5 Conclusions
References
Multifunctional Super-Fine Stainless Wires Reinforced UHPC for Smart Prefabricated Structures
1 Introduction
2 Mechanical Behaviors of SSWs Reinforced UHPC
2.1 Flexural Strength
2.2 Flexural Toughness
2.3 Dynamic Impact Toughness and Dissipation Energy
3 Electrically Conductive and Self-sensing Properties of SSWs Reinforced UHPC
3.1 Electrically Conductive Properties
3.2 Self-sensing Properties
4 Micro Structures of SSWs Reinforced UHPC
5 Conclusions
References
Framework for Strain Measurements at Cyclic Loaded Structures with Planar Elastoresistive Sensors Applying Electrical Impedance Tomography
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals
2.1 EIT
2.2 Montgomery Method
3 Experimental Framework
4 Experimental Results
5 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Impedancemetry for Cure Monitoring and SHM of CFRP
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Measurement Results: Cure Monitoring and Issue Detection
4 Design and Development of New Bench
5 Preliminary Experimental Results with New Bench
6 Conclusion et Perspectives
References
Interface Engineering of Embedded Mechanoluminescence-Perovskite Self-powered Pressure Sensor for Improved Performance
1 Introduction
2 Device Preparation
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Smart Bricks for Monitoring Strain in Full-Scale Masonry Structures: Recent Advances and First Field Application
1 Introduction
2 Smart Brick
2.1 Manufacturing Process
2.2 Strain-Sensing Behavior
3 Experimental Investigation
3.1 Smart Bricks Calibration
3.2 Full-Scale Masonry Building Prototype
4 Conclusions
References
Multifunctional, Smart, Non-Newtonian Polymer Matrix with Improved Anti-impact Properties Enabling Structural Health Monitoring in Composite Laminates
1 Introduction
1.1 Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
1.2 Shear Stiffening Gel (SSG)
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Results Rheology
3.2 Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Smart Fiber-Based Sensor Systems for Hydraulic Engineering
1 Introduction
2 Damage Mechanisms
3 Intelligent Structures
4 Fiber Composites: Multi-material-model
5 Sensor Materials
5.1 Carbon Fiber Based Sensors
5.2 PVDF Fiber Based Sensors
5.3 POF Based Sensors
6 Summary/Results
7 Outlook
References
Broadband Micro-gyroscope Signal Amplification for Enhanced Measurement Sensitivity
1 Introduction
2 Nonlinear Modeling of the Micro-ring Gyroscope
3 The Linearized Equations of Motion
4 Results
5 Conclusions
References
A Sensitivity Study of Different Actuators for the Electromechanical Impedance Method in 3D-Printed Material
1 Introduction
2 Experiment Setup
3 Signature Analysis
4 Damage Analysis
5 Conclusion
References
Human Performance Monitoring
Integrated Vision-Body Sensing System for Tracking People in Intelligent Environments
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Object Detection
2.2 Object Mapping
2.3 Object Tracking
2.4 Real-Time Framework
3 Experimental Setup
4 Results
4.1 Object Detection
4.2 Object Mapping
5 Discussion
References
Wearable Sensor Platform to Monitor Physical Exertion Using Graphene Motion Tape
1 Introduction
2 Hardware
3 Methodology
3.1 Theory
3.2 Dataset
3.3 Models
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Reconstruction Quality
4.2 Paradigm Comparison
5 Conclusions
References
Stranger Detection and Occupant Identification Using Structural Vibrations
1 Introduction
2 Structural Vibration-Based Stranger Detection and Occupant Identification
2.1 Sensing, Footstep Detection, and Feature Extraction
2.2 Modeling Footstep-Induced Vibrations Using Infinite Gaussian Mixtures
2.3 Stranger Detection and Occupant Identification by Posterior Estimation
3 Evaluation with Walking Experiment
4 Conclusion and Future Work
References
Fractional Calculus as a New Perspective in the Viscoelastic Behaviour of the Intervertebral Disc
1 Introduction
2 General Aspects
2.1 Creep and Stress Relaxation Test
2.2 Fractional Formulation
2.3 Fractional Rheological Model
3 Rheological Models for Intervertebral Disc in Literature
4 Conclusions
References
Author Index
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index