Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Mexico

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Regions
Human Cultures and Plant Diversity in the Mountains of Mexico: An Introduction
Introduction
The Biocultural Diversity of the Mountains of Mexico
The Book
References
Ethnobotanical Knowledge in Mexico: Use, Management, and Other Interactions Between People and Plants
Introduction
Research Strategy
BADEPLAM
Field Studies
Ethnobotanical Diversity of Mexico
Diversity of Management Forms
Diversity of Domestication Processes
Perspectives
Appendix 1
References
Agroforestry Complexes in the Mountain Regions of Mexico
Introduction
Mexican Mountains, Biocultural Diversity, and Agroforestry Complexes
The Mountains, Their People, and History
Case Studies
Living in the Cold Mountains of Mexico Through Agrosilviculture
Agroforestry and Rituality in Ayuujk Montains
Homegardens and Ornamentality in Cuanajo, Michoacn
Milpas of the Mountain as Agroforestry Complex
Agrosilviculturization in Urban Contexts: Community and Collective Gardens in Peri-Urban Mexico City
Subhumid and Semiarid Mountains of Mexico and Agrosilviculture
Tempered-Subhumid Transition and Agroforestry Management
Agrosylviculture of Palms: Landscape Traditional Management
Interactionships Between Habitants and Diversity in Semiarid Agroforestry Complexes
Metepantles: Agroforestry Terraces and Semiterrace of a Template-Semiarid Zone of Tlaxcala, Mexico
Concluding Remarks
Appendix 1 (IPNI)
Appendix 2
References
Wild, Weedy and Domesticated Plants for Food Security and Sovereignty
Introduction
General Research Methods
La Montaña de Guerrero Region
The Mazahua of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
The Rarmuri of Cuiteco
Peoples of the Tehuacn-Cuicatln Biosphere Reserve
Discussion
Biocultural Diversity and Diversity of Food Patterns
References
Ethnobotany in the Sierra Tarahumara, Mexico: Mountains As Barriers, Conduits, and Generators of Plant-People Interactions and...
Introduction
Rarmuri: Guardians of the Sierra Tarahumara
Aspects of Interactions and Relationships Between the Rarmuri and Their Plant-world Environment
Benefits of Ethnobotanical Research in the Sierra Tarahumara
Conclusion
Appendix 1
References
Rarmuri Ethnobotany: Peasant Subsistence and Biodiversity Conservation at Local Scale
Introduction
The Sierra Tarahumara
The Ejido Cuiteco
Research Methods
Plant Species Used in Cuiteco
Environmental Units
Rarmuri Economy and Plant Resources
Timber Commercial Extraction
Firewood
Agriculture
Noncrop Edible Plants
Medicinal
Conclusion
References
Wild Food and Traditional Knowledge of the Kumiai from Baja California
Introduction: Wild Food as Cultural Heritage
From the High Sierra to the Coast: The Wild Food Corridor
Discovering Landscape and Culture Through Wild Foods: Experiences with Plants and Animals
Utensils
From the Sierra: Piñón (Pine Forest)
Jojoba
From the Valleys: Bellota (Acorns)
Wild Leaves
Agaves and Cacti
Uses in Contemporary Food
A Landscape of Opportunities and Diversity to Be Discovered
References
Wixaritari or Huichol Ethnobotany of the Southern Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico
Introduction: The Wixaritari or Huichol Culture
The Wixaritari Territory
Methodology
Relations Between the Wixaritari and the Plants
Craft Plants
Ceremonial, Sacred, or Religious Use Plants
Edible Plants
Timber Plants
Medicinal Plants
Other Uses
Perspectives
References
Traditional Management and Diversity of Opuntia: General Panorama in Mexico and a Case Study in the Meridional Central Plateau
Introduction
Methods
Literature Review
Site of the Case Study
Ethnobotany of Opuntia and the Nopalera System in the Case Study
Participatory Workshop
Results
Opuntia in Mexican Cultures
Management of Spatial Areas of Opuntia
The Monte or Nopalera
Home Gardens
Traditional Products of Opuntia Species
Prickly Pears and Sweet Products
Queso De Tuna and Melcocha: Opuntia Sweets
Colonche: A Traditional Fermented Juice
Traditional Varieties of Opuntia, Classification, and Attributes
Conclusion
References
Ethnobotanical Knowledge Within the Sierra Gorda, Querétaro, Mexico
Introduction
The Sierra Gorda
Environment
Biological Diversity
Historical and Cultural Context
Anthropogenic Ecosystems: Agroecosystems
Ethnobotanical Categories
Ethnobotanical Knowledge
Plant Uses
Relevant Plant Uses
Plants from Natural Vegetation and Agroecosystems
Discussion and Projections
Appendix
References
Ethnobotany of the Sierra Norte de Puebla
Introduction: The Territory and the People
Ethnobotanical Exploration in the Sierra Norte de Puebla
The Useful Flora and Non-timber Forest Products
Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
Agricultural Systems and Traditional Agriculture
The Milpa
Permanent Parcels (without fallow period)
Milpa in Acahuales or ``Coamil´´ (short, 2 to 5 years fallow periods)
Milpa with Ilite (Alnus spp.) (short, 4 to 5 years fallow)
Slash-and-Burn Milpas (long, 20 to 25 years fallow period)
The Frijolares
The Squashes
The Chilares (chili peppers plots)
The Homegardens
The Coffee Plantations or Cafetales
Perspectives
References
Preserving Healthy Eating Habits: Quelites in the Food System of a Nahua Mountain Community, Mexico
Introduction
Methods
Study Area
Fieldwork
Socioeconomic Data
Data Analysis
Results
General Observations on the Food System
Quelite Species and Sources
Preparation
Frequency and Quantity of Consumption
Relationship Between Sociodemographic Factors and Quelite Knowledge and Use
Quelite Preferences and Knowledge Among Children and Young People
Discussion
Quelite Species
Sources of Quelites
Preparation
Amounts Consumed
Socioeconomic and Sociodemographic Factors and Quelite Knowledge and Consumption
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Ethnobotany of the Nahua People: Plant Use and Management in the Sierra Negra, Puebla, Mexico
Introduction
Study Site
Interviews, Vegetation, and Ethnobotanical Sampling
Ethnobotany of the Sierra Negra
Importance of Ornamental Plants
Medicinal Plants
Edible Plants and Their Importance in Local Food Patterns
Plants Used as Fuel
Ecological Complementarity and Multiple Use of Ecosystems in Plant Use
Ecological and Sociocultural Strategies Influencing Plant Management
Conclusion
Appendix 1 Plants used by local people in Sierra Negra, Puebla, Mexico
References
Cuicatec Ethnobotany: Plants and Subsistence in San Lorenzo Ppalo, Oaxaca
Introduction
The Cuicatec
The Community Studied: San Lorenzo Ppalo
Research Methods
Results
Inventory of Useful Plants
Extraction Rates of Plant Resources
Distribution and Abundance of the Main Plant Resources
Discussion and Conclusions
References
Ixcatec Ethnobotany: Plant Knowledge in the Mountains Surrounding the Tehuacán Valley
Introduction
The Ixcatec and Their Territory
A Subsistence Strategy Based on Diversity
The Essential Plants for Livelihood
Nourishment and Edible Plants
Plants and Healthcare
Ceremonial Plants
Ornamental and Luxury Plants
The Feeding and Care of Domestic Animals
Firewood
Housing
Utensils and Other Uses
The Palm: From Mats, Baskets, and Hats to Artisanal Contemporaneous Designs
Maguey as Sources of Sacred and Spirituous Drinks
Conclusion
Appendix 1
References
Wool Textiles of the Sierra de Zongolica, Mexico. The Reshaping of Craft Traditions and Biocultural Landscapes
Introduction
Theoretical and Methodological Bases
Textiles Representing Nature and Human Linkages
Biocultural Landscapes in Mountainous Regions
Methodological Underpinning for a Participatory and Dialogical Ethnobotany
Landscape Dynamics in the Sierra de Zongolica
Main Historical and Socioeconomic Conditions
Tree Cover Changes as Part of Regional Land Use Changes
Weaving as Part of the Biocultural Landscape
Women Artisans: Weavers of Life
Wool Textile Production Process
Dye Plants
Sheep Wool
Weaving Knowledges
Changes, Innovations, and Losses
Perspectives
References
Ethnobotanical Knowledge and the Patterns of Plant Use and Management in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve and the Chich...
Introduction
Sources of Information for the Study of the Ethnobotany of the Mountain Zones of Morelos, Mexico
Ethnobotany of the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve
Ecological Context
Sociocultural Context of the Peoples in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve
Patterns of Use and Management of the Flora of the REBIOSH
Useful Flora
Provenance of Useful Species
Growth Habit
Plant Use Categories
Ecological Status
Management Categories
Use of Medicinal Plants in the REBIOSH: Current Issues and Strategies for Their Sustainable Management
The Traditional Management of Copal: A Case of Sustainable Appropriation of the Tropical Deciduous Forests in the REBIOSH
Ethnobotany of the Chichinautzin Biological Corridor
Ecological Context
Rural Settlements
Ethnobotany of the COBIO
Use of Medicinal Plants in the Chichinautzin Biological Corridor
Threats to the Traditional Knowledge About Plants in the COBIO
Conclusions
References
Mazahua Ethnobotany: Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Management, and Local People Subsistence
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Site
Data Collection
Mapping of Environmental Units
Distribution and Abundance of Useful Plants
Temporal Availability of Useful Plants
Results
Environmental Units
Distribution of Useful Plants in the Environmental Units
Temporal Availability of the Main Useful Plants
Conclusions and Perspectives
Appendix 1 Useful plants of the Mazahua village of Francisco Serrato. Habitats: 1 = ruderal; 2 = agricultural areas as weeds; ...
References
Risk Management of Availability of Plant and Fungi Resources Among the Purépecha in Michoacn, Central-Western Mexico
Introduction
Methods
Study Area
Ethnobotanical Studies
Data Analyses
Results
Local Ecological Knowledge of Wild Plants and Mushrooms
Perception on Distribution, Abundance, Extraction, and Motivations for Management
Management of Wild Plants and Mushrooms
Ecological Risk of Wild Plants and Mushrooms
Distribution, Regulations, and Access to Wild Plants and Mushrooms
Discussion
Management and Management Intensity
Rules of Access to Resources as a Factor Motivating Management
Conclusion
References
Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Biodiversity Conservation in the Tierra Caliente Region of Michoacn
Introduction
Methods
Delimitation of the Tierra Caliente Region in Michoacn
Review of Literature, Reports, Databases, and Herbarium Specimens
Case Studies
The Tierra Caliente of Michoacn
Environmental Description
Plant Diversity
The Population of the Tierra Caliente Region in Michoacn
The State of Ethnobotanical Documentation in the Tierra Caliente of Michoacn
The Useful Plant Species of the Tierra Caliente of Michoacn Region
The COINBIO Project and Valuing of Traditional Ecological Knowledge for Conservation
The Trees of the Ejido Huacana: A Collaborative Exercise
The Guacamayas Calentanas A.C. Self-Management Initiative for Biocultural Conservation
Reflections, Perspectives, and Concluding Remarks
References
Ethnobotanical Science in the Clouds: Useful Plants of Northeastern Oaxaca, Mexico
Introduction
Methods
Study Area
Ethnobotanical Information
Species Determination of Plant Specimens
Data Analysis
Results
Geographical and Ecological Aspects of Ethnofloristic Approach Sampling
Taxonomic Aspects of Useful Plants
Traditional Knowledge
Distribution of Traditional Knowledge Among Ethnic Groups
Discussion
Geographical and Ecological Aspects of the Ethno-Floristic Sampling Approach
Taxonomic Aspects of Useful Plants
Traditional Knowledge
References
Biocultural Ethnobotany of the Zapotec Mountains of Oaxaca
Introduction
Ethnobotanical Background for Oaxaca, Sierra Norte, and Sierra Sur
Floristic Diversity in the Mountains of Oaxaca
Outline of Oaxaca´s Cultural Diversity
Biocultural Ethnobotany of the Zapotec Mountains
Zapotec Ethno-Agroecology: Milpas, Home Gardens, and Coffee Plantations in Zoogochí, Sierra Norte
The Milpa
Homegardens
The Coffee Plantation
Gathering and Food Consumption
Complementarity of Mountain Agroecosystems: Las Delicias, Sierra Norte
Agroecosystems
Categories of Plant Use
Mountains Are Living Pharmacies: Coatln, Sierra Sur
Final Comments
Dedication
References
Nopal de Monte: Cacti Named and Used by a Mixtec Community in Mountainous Oaxaca
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Collaborators
Traditional Knowledge
Uses and Use Value Index
Discussion
Perspectives
References
Floristic Diversity on Rubber Plantations and Their Importance for Subsistence at Foothill Landscapes of Mexico
Introduction
The Rubber Plantations in the Uxpanapa Valley, Veracruz, Mexico
Methods
Study Area
Vegetation Sampling
Characterization of Rubber Plantation Management
Results
Vegetation and Structure in Rubber Plantations of Uxpanapa
Useful Species in Rubber Plantations
General Characteristics of the Rubber Plantations
Characteristics of Management Practices
Discussion
Perspectives
References
Ethnobotany of the Highlands of Chiapas
Introduction
Background of Ethnobotanical Studies in the Highlands of Chiapas
Forest Management
Useful Plants in the Highlands
Medicinal Ethnobotany in the Highlands of Chiapas
Plants and Worldview
Final Thoughts
Referens
Perspectives of the Ethnobotanical Research in Mexico
Abstract
Ethnobotany in Mexico
Contemporary Theoretical Challenges for Ethnobiological Sciences
Methodological Approaches
Final Comment
References
Part II: Plant Profiles
Agastache spp. Lamiaceae. Important Species of Hyssop in Mexico
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Phytochemistry
Local Medicinal Uses
Pharmacological Studies
Horticulture and Other Uses
References
Agave americana L. Agave angustifolia Haw. Agave atrovirens Karw. ex Salm-Dyck. Agave asperrima Jacobi. Agave bovicornuta Gent...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Local Fermented Beverage Uses
Local Distilled Beverage Uses
Local Handicraft and Other Uses
Local Construction Uses
Local Fiber and Handicrafts
Appendix 1
References
Amaranthus crassipes Schltdl Amaranthus cruentus L. Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell Amaranthus fimbriatus (Torr.) Benth. ex S...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Amaranthus crassipes Schltdl
Amaranthus cruentus L.
Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thellung
Amaranthus fimbriatus (Torr.) Benth. ex S. Watson
Amaranthus graecizans L.
Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.
Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson
Amaranthus polygonoides L.
Amaranthus powellii S. Wats
Amaranthus retroflexus L.
Amaranthus scariosus Benth
Amaranthus spinosus L.
Amaranthus viridis L.
Amaranthus watsonii Standley
Local Food Uses
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Handicraft and Other Uses
References
Amphipterygium adstringens (Schltdl.) Standl. Amphipterygium glaucum (Hemsl. & Rose) Hemsl. & Rose Amphipterygium molle (Hemsl...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Socioecological Impact
References
Aristolochia spp. Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia Species
Synonyms
Local Names*
Botany and Ecology
Aristolochia L.
Aristolochia subg. Aristolochia*
Aristolochia subsection Pentandrae Duch
Aristolochia ser. Hexandrae F. Gonzlez
Aristolochia subser. Hexandrae F. Gonzlez
Aristolochia subser. Anthocaulicae F. Gonzlez
Aristolochia ser. Thyrsicae F. Gonzlez
Aristolochia subg. Siphisia (Duch.) O.C. Schmidt*
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Handicraft and Other Uses
The Phytochemical Paradox of Aristolochia Consumption
Consulted Herbaria
References
Brahea aculeata (Brandegee) H. E. Moore Brahea armata S. Watson Brahea brandegeei (Purpus) H. E. Moore Brahea calcarea Liebm. ...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Biocultural Importance
Local Handicraft and Other Uses
References
Bursera bipinnata (Moc. y Sessé ex DC.) Engl.Bursera copallifera (Sessé & Moc. Ex DC.) BullockBursera fagaroides (Kunth) Engl....
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Bursera bipinnata
Bursera copallifera
Bursera fagaroides
Bursera glabrifolia
Bursera linanoe
Bursera morelensis
Bursera simaruba
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Local Handicraft and Other Uses
References
Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill Capsicum chinense Jacq. Caps...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
The Genus Capsicum
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Local Handicraft and Other Uses
References
Chamaedorea Willd. Chamaedorea alternans H. Wendl. Chamaedorea arenbergiana H. Wendl. Chamaedorea cataractarum Mart. Chamaedor...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Local Handicraft Uses
Local Ornamental and Marketable Uses
Local Ceremonial Uses
References
Crescentia alata Kunth Crescentia cujete L. Bignoniaceae
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Local Handicraft and Other Uses
References
Cucurbita argyrosperma Huber ssp. argyrosperma Cucurbita argyrosperma Huber ssp. sororia (L.H. Bailey) Merrick and Bates Cucur...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Other Uses
References
Escontria chiotilla (F. A. C. Weber ex K. Schum.) Rose Cactaceae
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Management and Domestication
References
Gaultheria acuminata Schltdl. and Cham. Ericaceae
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Ritual Uses
Management
Socioeconomic Importance
References
Gossypium aridum (Rose y Standley ex Rose) Skovsted Gossypium armourianum KearneyGossypium barbadense Linnaeus Gossypium david...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Subgenus Houzingenia: American Diploid Wild Species
Section Houzingenia
Subsection Houzingenia
Subsection Integrifolia
Subsection Caducibracteolata
Section Erioxylum
Subsection Erioxylum
Subsection Selera
Subgenus Karpas: American Tetraploid Species
Local Uses
Subgenus Houzingenia
American Domesticated Cottons
Gossypium barbadense
Gossypium hirsutum
Conservation
Final Remarks
References
Hintonia latiflora (Sessé et Mociño ex DC.) Bullock Hintonia octomera (Hemsl.) Bullock Hintonia standleyana Bullock Rubiaceae
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Phytochemistry
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Handicraft and Other Uses
Socioecological Impact
References
Litsea glaucescens Kunth Lauraceae
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Biocultural Importance
Local Handicrafts and Other Uses
References
Magnolia mexicana DC. Magnoliaceae
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Conservation
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Local Handicraft and Other
Economic Aspects
References
Melothria pendula L. Melothria pringlei (S.Watson) Mart.Crov. Melothria trilobata Cogn. Cucurbitaceae
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Local Handicraft and Other Uses
Management
References
Myrtillocactus Console Myrtillocactus cochal (Orcutt) Britton & Rose Myrtillocactus eichlamii Britton & Rose Myrtillocactus ge...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Local Handicraft and Other Uses
Management and Domestication
References
Nicotiana alata Link & Otto Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Watson Nicotiana clevelandii A. Gray Nicotiana glauca Graham Nicot...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Handicraft and Other Uses
References
Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray Phaseolus coccineus L. Phaseolus dumosus Macfad. Phaseolus filiformis Benth. Phaseolus glabellus...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray
Phaseolus coccineus L.
Phaseolus dumosus Macfadyen
Phaseolus filiformis Benth.
Phaseolus glabellus Piper
Phaseolus leptostachyus Benth.
Phaseolus lunatus L.
Phaseolus maculatus Scheele
Phaseolus ritensis M. E. Jones
Phaseolus salicifolius Piper
Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Local Food Uses
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Handicraft and Other Uses
References
Physalis philadelphica Lamarck Physalis angulata L. Physalis chenopodifolia Lamarck Physalis cinerascens (Dunal) C. L. Hitchk....
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Physalis philadelphica Lamarck
Physalis angulata L.
Physalis chenopodifolia Lamarck
Physalis cinerascens (Dunal) C. L. Hitchck. var. cinerascens
Physalis pubescens L.
Physalis acutifolia (Miers) Sandith
Physalis coztomatl Moc. and Sessé ex Dunal
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Local Handicraft and Other Uses
References
Polaskia chichipe (Rol.-Goss.) Backeb. Polaskia chende (Gosselin) A.C. Gibson and K.E. Horak Cactaceae
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Management and Domestication
References
Sabal mauritiiformis (H. Kars.) Griseb. & H. Wendl. Sabal mexicana Mart. Sabal pumos (Kunth) Burret Sabal uresana Trel. Sabal ...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Local Construction, Handicraft and Other Uses
References
Sechium chinantlense Lira & Chiang. Sechium compositum (J.D. Smith) C. Jeffrey Sechium edule ssp. edule Sechium edule ssp. syl...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Other Uses
References
Solanum americanum Mill. Solanum cardiophyllum Lindl. Solanum demissum Lindl. Solanum douglasii Dunal Solanum elae agnifolium ...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Other Uses
References
Spondias mombin L. Spondias purpurea L. Spondias radlkoferi J. D. Smith Anacardiaceae
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Spondias mombin L.
Spondias purpurea L.
Spondias radlkoferi J.D. Smith
Local Medicinal Uses
Spondias mombin L.
Spondias purpurea L.
Spondias radlkoferi J.D. Smith
Local Food Uses
Spondias mombin L.
Spondias purpurea L.
Spondias radlkoferi J.D. Smith
Biocultural Importance
Spondias spp.
Spondias mombin L.
Spondias purpurea L.
Spondias radlkoferi J.D. Smith
References
Stenocereus (A. Berger) Riccob. Cactaceae Stenocereus alamosensis (J.M. Coult.) A.C. Gibson and K.E. Horak Stenocereus benecke...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Management and Domestication
References
Vanilla cribbiana Soto Arenas Vanilla hartii Rolfe Vanilla helleri A.D. Hawkes Vanilla inodora Schiede Vanilla insignis Ames V...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Local Medicinal Uses
Local Food Uses
Other Local Uses
Management
Conservation
Conclusions
References
Zea diploperennis Iltis, Doebley, n Zea perennis (Hitchc.) Reeves & Mangelsd. Zea luxurians (Durieu & Asch.) R.M. Bird Zea nic...
Synonyms
Local Names
Botany and Ecology
Uses
References