No one reacts or responds to a drug in exactly the same way, just as no two persons are exactly alike. Individual and ethnic differences in drug response have been consistently found in clinical practice. This book covers all the important factors that explain how and why drug treatments used in psychiatry affect individuals and ethnic groups differently. It will increase understanding of how biological differences interact with social, cultural and environmental factors to bring about overall effects of medications, particularly in individuals from various ethnicities. This book uniquely brings these varied aspects together to consider a holistic approach to drug therapy across diverse biological make-up and cultures. This information has direct practical use in the clinical setting.
Author(s): Chee H. Ng, Keh-Ming Lin, Bruce S. Singh, Edmond Y. K. Chiu
Series: Cambridge Medicine
Edition: 1
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2008
Language: English
Commentary: 38537
Pages: 201
Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 9
Figures......Page 11
Tables......Page 12
Contributors......Page 13
Foreword......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 17
1 Introduction......Page 19
Introduction......Page 23
Race......Page 24
Acculturation......Page 25
Relation between the two cultures......Page 26
Influence of culture on the prevalence and expression of symptoms......Page 28
The Hutterites......Page 29
Neurasthenia in China......Page 30
Culture-bound syndromes......Page 31
Cultural contributions to DSM-IV......Page 33
Current perspectives in psychiatric diagnosis......Page 35
Therapeutic response to treatments......Page 38
Conclusion......Page 39
REFERENCES......Page 40
Introduction......Page 45
Drug-metabolizing enzymes......Page 47
Diet and its effect on P450 enzymes......Page 49
Genetic polymorphisms in gene encoding receptors, transporters, or other therapeutic targets......Page 50
Non-biologic factors that affect drug response......Page 51
REFERENCES......Page 52
Introduction......Page 56
Non-genetic factors influencing drug responses: dietary and sociocultural......Page 57
Pharmacogenetic differences in drug metabolism......Page 58
Drug-metabolizing enzymes......Page 59
Ethnic differences in medication metabolism......Page 61
Pharmacokinetic differences......Page 62
Pharmacodynamic differences......Page 63
Benzodiazepine ethnic differences......Page 64
First-generation antipsychotics......Page 65
Clozapine......Page 66
Olanzapine......Page 68
Aripiprazole......Page 69
Drug–drug interactions......Page 70
Conclusion......Page 71
REFERENCES......Page 72
Serotonin transporter......Page 80
Serotonin receptor 2A......Page 82
Serotonin receptor 6......Page 83
G-protein b3 subunit......Page 84
Norepinephrine transporter......Page 85
Genetic studies of mood stabilizers......Page 86
Genetic studies of antipsychotic drugs......Page 90
CYP2D6......Page 93
Conclusions......Page 95
REFERENCES......Page 96
Psychopharmacotherapy in the Chinese population......Page 105
Variations in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychotropics in the Chinese population......Page 108
The clinical responses of psychotropic drugs in Chinese populations......Page 110
Concluding remarks......Page 111
REFERENCES......Page 112
Tricyclics......Page 115
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)......Page 116
Racial discrepancies in the use of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs)......Page 118
Efficacy and safety......Page 119
Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hispanics......Page 120
Pharmacogenetics and the Mexican American population......Page 121
Drug–diet and drug–herbal interactions......Page 122
Conclusions......Page 123
REFERENCES......Page 125
Introduction......Page 129
Biological factors and clinical implications......Page 130
Research participation......Page 132
REFERENCES......Page 133
9 Complementary medicines in mental disorders......Page 136
REFERENCES......Page 140
Culture and attitudes towards medications......Page 141
Medication compliance in pharmacotherapy......Page 144
Measurement of attitudes towards psychotropic drugs......Page 147
Summary......Page 149
REFERENCES......Page 150
Antipsychotics prescribing......Page 153
Antidepressant prescribing......Page 158
Anxiolytics and hypnotics prescribing......Page 159
REFERENCES......Page 160
Introduction......Page 162
Types......Page 163
Dosages......Page 164
Antidepressants......Page 165
Discussion......Page 166
REFERENCES......Page 167
Introduction......Page 169
The problems......Page 170
Priorities and hopes for the future......Page 172
Coda......Page 174
REFERENCES......Page 175
14 Integrating theory, practice and economics in psychopharmacology......Page 176
New drug discovery approaches......Page 178
Maximizing effectiveness in practice settings......Page 179
Clinical application of pharmacogenomics and individualized medicine......Page 180
Application of pharmaco-economics in psychopharmacology......Page 182
REFERENCES......Page 183
15 Research directions in ethno-psychopharmacology......Page 187
Ethno-psychopharmacology in the new era of pharmacogenetics......Page 188
Aiming for an integrated model of ethno-psychopharmacology......Page 190
Future research directions......Page 192
Conclusions......Page 193
REFERENCES......Page 194
Index......Page 195
